Why secure the OS? Operating System Security. Privilege levels in 80X86 processors. The basis of protection: Seperation. Privilege levels - A problem
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1 Why secure the OS? Operating System Security Works directly on the hardware but can be adapted during runtime Data and process are directly visible Application security can be circumvented from lower layers => good scope because: Hardware is too narrow and inflexible Application and Network is too broad The basis of protection: Seperation Privilege levels in 80X86 processors Physical separation Processes use different physically devices Temporal separation Process (with different security demands) execute at different time Logical separation Processes and objects are logical separated so that they are not aware of each other Cryptographic separation Data and computation is concealed by cryptography to the outside Procedures can access objects only in their own ring or in outer rings Procedures can invoke subroutines only in their own ring I/O OS... function Privilege levels - A problem Reference Monitor Outer ring procedures have a need to execute procedures on a lower ring e.g. An application (level 4) want to save a file (level 3) Solution: A gate (well defined access way) allow the call (execute only) of lower ring procedures To prevent abuse (outer ring asks lower ring to transfer an object to the outer ring) both the current privilege level and the calling privilege level need to be verified Reference Monitors control access to objects Physical - Memory Management Logical - File Management 1
2 Simple Memory protection Tagged Architecture Simple memory protection Fences Each memory segment has a tag which indicates the memory type which implies the allowed operation or explicitly the allowed operations A tagged architecture can have a high granularity Compatibility of code suffers INT INT OP STR R RW X R AND Result AND Result A fence is a predefined address which separates the a process from another (e.g. The OS and the User spaces) Base and Boundary are variable type of fences Base defines a starting address Boundary defines an upper address limit Different types of base and boundary for different spaces can exist Segmentation Paging Higher granularity then fences because it refers to items (data, code) This implies variable length which makes boundary checks problematic Each address reference can be checked for protection Different protection levels can be assigned to objects Shared objects can have different protection levels for the involved parties Same granularity as segmentation but pages are of fixed size The fixed page size enables more effective boundary checks The associate of protection level to the object will not work because pages cannot be associate to a specific object File Access Explicit: The access rights are explicitly defined e.g. ACL or AC-Matrix Implicit: The access rights are bound to some knowledge and who every posses the knowledge get access e.g. cryptography User Management User a subject with access rights Default User Unix: Root (UID 0), daemon, bin... Windows: Administrator, Guest, SUPPORT... Groups a mean to organize users and add granularity Unix: System(GID 0), terminal... Windows: Users, Power Users, Administrator... 2
3 Root in UNIX/LINUX Become root only when absolutely necessary Allow root access only trough su or sudo Allow root access remotely only when using SSH and sudo Think twice before executing a command as root and use absolute path names Do not specify as / root s home directory Restrict the PATH so that it only contains a minimum number of entries Object management -rwxr-xr-x 1 AZ root 10 Apr 15 21:21 file s instead of x in owner and group means that the owners/groups rights and not the users rights are used t for directories means sticky and prevents users other than the owner or root to delete files in such a directory ACL for Linux available under: Setting of rights during object creation Linux the first permission is set by the program but then umask complement logically added (AND) Windows solves this by inheritance - Container objects (directories) pass their ACL rights to child's (files or directories) This inheritance can be blocked and explicit rights can be defined Inherited ACL cannot be edited (grayed) Windows Security Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server Registry The registry contains a lot of security critical information Operating system security configuration User accounts and password Security activities with and for the registry Set security relevant keys (e.g. Disable insecure hash) regedit.exe Protection of registry entries with AC rights Active Directory Windows network use Active Directory to manage identities and broker relationships between distributed resources In AD a two-way transitive trust is assumed by default 3
4 Active Directory Domain/Group Policies The domain model (each domain contains users, groups and machines) forms a tree of domains Additionally users, groups and computers can be organized in Organizational Units (OU). Domain C (Child) Domain B (Child) Domain A (Root) To regulates security policies are used Domain/group policies regulate for one domain/group Inheritance can be controlled Local computer policy A resultant set of policies is build Security Administration Encrypted File System (EFS) EFS can encrypt/decrypt files transparently (Command Line, Explorer and Backup support) when using the NTFS file system How it works File/Directory encrypted symmetrically (AES in 2003 and DES in XP) with a file encryption key (FEK) FEK is encrypted with the users Public Key and eventually with the recovery keys (if enabled) A list of encrypted FEK is attached to the File Event Monitoring Security tool for Windows Event Log service monitors the system Policies configure the event monitor Event viewer shows the events Management Consol See earlier Security Baseline Analyzer Example in the lecture 4
5 Generic Linux Security Linux Kernel 2.4.x and 2.6.x Do not install packages you do not need Verify the Hash Value of the package/files Do not start services and demons you do not need If you want more security in Linux you can use additionally tools System start-up Lock the BIOS Lock LILO (GRUB) Set the permission to lilo.conf Require a PW when booting in single-user (put the user into a root shell) mode Control the start scripts to see what services are started at which run levels Shadow File Passwords are stored in /etc/passwd Root:toarjakdfnjasdjf:0:0:root:/root:/bin /bash PW are hashed but that is not enough because the file can be access by everyone Solution: /etc/shadow Can only be accessed by root Can age PW s syslog system loging utility PAM Plugable authentication module More info: 5
6 PAM.d A file for each PAM aware application File entry Module type control flag module path arguments Module types auth prompt the user for identification account checks aspects of the users account session provides functions before and after session establishment (e.g. environment...) password responsible for updating the user authentication token PAM.d Control flags required must return success; execution continues requisite must return success; failure stop execution optional not required; if the only it determines sufficientif success all remaining are ignored [value1=action1...] extended control flag for more control Arguments A number of argument regulate the reporting behavior (syslog and application) PAM example auth required /lib/security/pam_securetty.so auth required /lib/security/pam_env.so auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_unix.so likeauth nullok auth required /lib/security/pam_deny.so auth required /lib/security/pam_nologin.so account required /lib/security/pam_unix.so password required /lib/security/pam_cracklib.so retry=3 password sufficient /lib/security/pam_unix.so nullok use_authtok md5 shadow nis password required /lib/security/pam_deny.so session required /lib/security/pam_limits.so session required /lib/security/pam_unix.so session optional /lib/security/pam_console.so Security tools for Linux Bastille Tool to investigate the system weaknesses and harden linux Tripwire Assuring system consistency with check sums CRACK Password cracking program for Linux SARA Vulnerability testing (not only for Linux) Nessus Another scanner where you can also write your own attack scripts... Requirements Trusted operating systems Mechanisms Strong Authentication MAC or RBAC Controlled and monitored invocation of processes Virtualization Assurance 6
7 Security Features I Trusted Solaris Based on standard Solaris SUN Microsystems trustedsolaris/ds-ts8/index.html PAM Authorizations Least privilege is enforced MAC and RBAC support (additionally to DAC) Rights profiles Database of functionally-related procedures which can only be called with specific commands and require pre-defined security attributes Labels Define the required trust to access a resource For each resource a senistivity level is defined. Each subject get a upper and lower clearance level assigned. Access is granted when a match occurs Security Features II Secure desktop based on X11 Trusted Path When security sensitive tasks are conducted the source path is verified Selection Confirmation During cut and paste the security level of the copied is verified and the user (if s/he has the right) can up- /downgrad the level of the copied Trusted Networking and Interconnectivity NFS features MAC and DAC Labeled Printing to print the security level is verified concerning the receiving printer (and evtl. the user) Assurance CC certification Trusted Solaries 8.0 Protection Profiles Labeled Security (LSPP) Role Based Access Control (RBACPP) Controlled Access (CAPP) plus Trusted Desktop and Trusted Networking Assurance Level EAL4+ Some Facts Security-Enhanced Linux Open source secure linux Sponsored by NSA SE-Linux builds on standard Linux and enhance it mainly by MAC Architecture is from DTMach, DTOS, Flask Compatibility Application is promised Kernel Module is promised Default policies are provided which require (minimum) modifications SE-Linux is not a trusted OS because functionality and auditing is lacking! 7
8 Features Type enforced AC (MAC) and RBAC Includes a policy tool that is independent from different policy languages Additional documentation for: Native PAM integration NFS fine grained control Limited secure X-Window system Network security by full IPv6 support Books Linux System Security Mann,Mitchell,Krell, Prentice Hall, ISBN Windows XP Professional Security Weber,Bahadur, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, ISBN Windows Server 2003 Security Infrastructures, DeClercq, Elsevier, ISBN Questions? 8
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