Announcements. Operating Systems. Autumn CS4023
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- Elijah Miles
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1 Operating Systems Autumn
2 Outline 1 Announcements 2
3 Announcements Week04 lab strace() program to watch system calls
4 Outline Announcements 1 Announcements 2
5 Definition of Process Process a program in execution unit of work in a modern time-sharing (multitasking) system Terms job and process used almost interchangeably Compare process and thread process execution must progress in sequential fashion needs certain resources (CPU time, memory, files, I/O devices) to accomplish its task resources are allocated to a process either when it is created or while it is executing
6 Process in Memory Announcements A process includes Text section program code, instructions Program counter Stack temporary data such as function parameters, return addresses, local variables Data section global variables Heap dynamically allocated memory during process run time Memory layout of a process (see Wikipedia s data segment)
7 Process State Announcements As a process executes, it changes state new: The process is being created; fork() running: Instructions are being executed waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor terminated: The process has finished execution
8 Process State Transition Diagram
9 Process Control Block (PCB) Information associated with each process Process state Program counter CPU registers accumulators, index registers, stack pointers, etc. CPU scheduling information process priority, pointers to scheduling queues, etc. Memory-management information Accounting information Amount of CPU and real time used, time limits, account numbers, etc. I/O status information
10 CPU Context Switch When CPU switches to another process, the system must save the state of the old process and load the saved state for the new process Context-switch time is overhead; the system does no useful work while switching Time dependent on hardware support
11 CPU (Context) Switch from Process to Process
12 Outline Announcements 1 Announcements 2
13 Moore s Law Effects Announcements Not a law; just a pattern that has so far held up For almost the entire life of the transistor computer processing speed has doubled every 18 months (wikipedia) Nothing like this in any other technology Transportation in over 200 years: 2 orders of magnitude from horseback ~20km/h to Concorde 2,000km/h Computers have done this every decade (at least until 2011)!
14 Ah, Memories... Announcements The first magnetic core memory, from the IBM 405 Alphabetical Accounting Machine
15 Ah, Memories... Announcements Core Memory stored data as magnetization in iron rings
16 Ah, Memories... Announcements Core Memory stored data as magnetization in iron rings Iron cores woven into a 2-dimensional mesh of wires Origin of the term Core Dump
17 Outline Announcements 1 Announcements 2
18 Process Queues Job queue: set of all processes in the system Ready queue: set of all processes residing in main memory, ready and waiting to execute Device queues: set of processes waiting for an I/O device Processes migrate among the various queues
19 Ready Queue And Various I/O Device Queues
20 Representation of Process See also Wikipedia s Processor Scheduler page.
21 Schedulers Announcements Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) selects which processes should be brought into the ready queue Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) selects which process should be executed next and allocates CPU
22 Schedulers (contd.) Announcements Short-term scheduler is invoked very frequently (milliseconds) so must be fast Long-term scheduler is invoked very infrequently (seconds, minutes) so can afford to be slow The long-term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming (mix of active jobs) Processes may often be either: I/O-bound process: spends more time doing I/O than computations, many short CPU bursts CPU-bound process: spends more time doing computations; few very long CPU bursts Many OSs (UNIX, MS Windows) dispense with long-term scheduler
23 Who Schedules the Scheduler We can think of the short-term scheduler as being the overseer deciding what job gets the CPU next But where does this process run? On a different CPU? Not if there s only one! See here for a discussion of how this trick is pulled off
24 Addition of Medium Term Other OSs (such as time-sharing systems) introduce intermediate level of scheduling for jobs that are swapped out for reasons such as memory availability
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