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1 z/tpf EE V1.1 z/tpfdf V1.1 TPF Toolkit for WebSphere Studio V3 TPF Operations Server V1.2 IBM Software Group TPF Users Group Fall 2006 LINUX FOR TPFERS Name: Peter Lemieszewski Venue: Education AIM Enterprise Platform Software IBM z/transaction Processing Facility Enterprise Edition Any references to future plans are for planning purposes only. IBM reserves the right to change those plans at its discretion. Any reliance on such a disclosure is solely at your own risk. IBM makes no commitment to provide additional information in the future.
2 topics Review Info rmation, please Shells in Linux Where am I? The pwd command and more on the bash shell A Closer Look At Files Permissons Finding things The grep and find commands What s the difference? The diff and patch commands 2
3 Review What is Linux? Linux is really just a part of the operating system the kernel. All the rest is GNU Project stuff: diff, Perl, language libraries, gcc, etc. What s GNU? Point your web browser to to learn more. Remember, GNU s Not UNIX What is commonly referred to as Linux is really GNU/Linux What is an example of GNU Project stuff? Info reader allows you to read (hypertext) manuals in Info format The GNU Project distributes most of its on-line manuals this way. Just issue info to see all the manuals Top level info file is /usr/local/info/dir info info for a tutorial on using info. 3
4 Info Example File: dir, Node: Top This is the top of the INFO tree This (the Directory node) gives a menu of major topics. Typing "q" exits, "?" lists all Info commands, "d" returns here, "h" gives a primer for first-timers, "memacs<return>" visits the Emacs manual, etc. In Emacs, you can click mouse button 2 on a menu item or cross reference to select it. * Menu: Miscellaneous * As: (as). The GNU assembler. * Bfd: (bfd). The Binary File Descriptor library. * Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities. * Ld: (ld). The GNU linker. * ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives <snip> Text creation and manipulation * sed: (sed). Stream EDitor. Utilities * Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell. * Gzip: (gzip). The gzip command for compressing files Info: (dir)top, 2108 lines --Top Welcome to Info version 4.6. Type? for help, m for menu item. 4
5 Info Maniac How can we find out about the compiler? info gcc What if we are interested in finding out everything we can about this compiler option -fstrict-aliasing? Search using /fstrict-aliasing & enter Search again using / & enter Other sources of help: Man pages also provide information about commands Some commands allow the --help option 5
6 More Info Let s type in info, and then h to see what first-timers can learn 6
7 Shells in linux Shells are what DOS users would call a command processor It waits for commands from the user There are two basic categories: C shell Bourne style shell (and offshoots like the Bash shell and Korn shell) Linux systems usually come with GNU s Bash shell The Bourne Again Shell If the default prompt is $ after login, a Bourne style shell is used If the default prompt is % after login, a C style shell is used 7
8 Where Am I? The pwd (Print Working Directory) command tells you where you are After several cd commands, it s easy to forget where you are. The Bash shell allows you to control the prompt: Using the primary prompt environment variable, PS1 Enter PS1= [$PWD] on the command line. We can also export this command: export PS1= [$PWD] to.bashrc What else can we do with PS1? info bash for a complete list of settings 8
9 Where Am I? and How do I get there from here? Some z/tpf directories in the Poughkeepsie Lab: /ztpf/cur/base/rt /ztpf/cur/base/cp /ztpf/cur/base/ol /ztpf/cur/base/lst The cd command can take you to these directories It is tedious to always type in the entire directory name The cd command lets you set a default path, called CDPATH Add export CDPATH=.:~:/ztpf/cur/base:/ztpf/cur to.bashrc Then cd rt or cd cp or cd lst to get there The alias environment variable allows you to create synonyms Add alias zcr="cd /ztpf/cur/base/rt to.bashrc Then, zcr will execute the aliased command 9
10 PS1, alias,.bashrc &.bash_profile Many bash shell scripts will unset PS1 These are referred to as non-interactive shell scripts.bash_profile is only executed once each session.bashrc is read whenever an interactive shell session is invoked For example, when a non-interactive shell script completes execution Recommendation: place environment variables needed during your shell session into.bashrc info bash 10
11 More on where am I bash and prompts Let s type in info bash, Look for more information on PS1 Then set up PS1, CDPATH and alias in.bashrc 11
12 A closer look at files The ls command displays contents of a directory based on options specified. Format: ls <options> <filelist> Some useful options (they can be combined): OPTION -a -i -l (lower case L) -R DESCRIPTION List all files List inode number List everything verbosely List subdirectories recursively 12
13 A closer Look at files Wildcard characters The <filelist> is optional for the ls command And can contain wildcard characters interpreted by the shell Useful wildcards: Wildcard *? [ ] Meaning Used to match any number of characters Used to match any single character Used to specify a range or set of ranges Can also be used in any combination Examples ls *.* ls *.mak ls c*.c* ls?.txt ls xlma.??? ls jcd[0-9].asm ls x[a-m]?[0-9].* 13
14 Permissions group speak All Linux userids are assigned to one (or more) groups Groups speak to the kind of work that a user can do e.g. applications, administrators, zmigration, etc. Use id and group to find out which groups a particular userid is in 14
15 Permissions read, write & execute Let s revisit ls l output drwxrwxrwx 2 lemie users :03 testing -rwxrwxrwx 1 lemie users :39 testx -rw-rw-rw- 1 lemie users :39 testy -rw-rw-r-- 1 lemie users :35 tstz.txt 15
16 Permissions read, write & execute Let s revisit ls l output drwxrwxrwx 2 lemie users :03 testing d in column 1 refers to a directory -rwxrwxrwx 1 lemie users :39 testx -rw-rw-rw- 1 lemie users :39 testy -rw-rw-r- 1 lemie users :35 tstz.txt 16
17 Permissions read, write & execute Let s revisit ls l output drwxrwxrwx 2 lemie users :03 testing -rwxrwxrwx 1 lemie users :39 testx -rwxrwxrwx 1 lemie users :39 testy -rwxrwxrwx 1 lemie users :35 tstz.txt - in column 1 refers to a file 17
18 Permissions read, write & execute Let s revisit ls l output drwxrwxrwx 2 lemie users :03 testing -rwxrwxrwx 1 lemie users :39 testx -rw-rw-rw- 1 lemie users :39 testy -rw-rw-r-- 1 lemie users :35 tstz.txt What about these other 9 fields? 18
19 Permissions read, write & execute -rwxrwxrwx 1 lemie users :35 tstz.txt These 9 fields define 3 sets of permissions for a file or directory Owner Group General users (anyone and everyone) Each set of permissions define read, write and execution capabilities. Directory execution refers to the ability to cd into that directory. File execution refers to the ability to use the filename as though it were a command 19
20 Permissions chmod -rwxrwxrwx 1 lemie users :35 tstz.txt Each set of permissions is also defined and referenced by 3 bits from right to left: Execute bit position 1 (value:1) Write bit position 2 (value:2) Read bit position 3 (value:4) The chmod command allows permissions to be set numerically: chmod 777 tstz.txt chmod 744 tstz.txt 20
21 Permissions user and group associations -rwxrwxrwx 1 lemie users :35 tstz.txt Column 3 refers to user association In this example, user lemie owns the file. Column 4 refers to group associations. In this example, this file belongs to group users. Commands chown and chgrp can be used to change these associations 21
22 More on permissions Let s type in some ls commands, Look at the settings for some files and directories Then use chmod, chown and chgrp on some files 22
23 Finding things grep Format: grep <options> pattern <files> Grep searches one or more input files for a given pattern Similar to VM s scanfile or Window s Search facility Useful options: Option -i -r -v -e pattern Ignore case Meaning Recursive directory search Print all lines that do not match Search for pattern. Useful when pattern begins with dash Examples grep i ebw000 *.asm grep r ienv * grep v grep e chain *.mac 23
24 Finding things find Format: find <pathname(s)> [<conditions> <actions to perform on results>] find is a powerful & complex command for finding groups of files that meet conditions. Useful options: Option -name pattern -exec command {} \; -type c -print -mtime +n -n n Meaning Find files whose names match pattern Run command on each file found using {} for the filename and append a semicolon Find files whose type is c & can be b, c, d, p, l, s, f Print the matching results Find files modified more than n, less than n, exactly n days ago Examples find /ztpf/cur/base/include/tpf - name '*to2*.h' find name *.asm exec cp {} /home/lemie/bak ; find /ztpf/cur -type d -name include find./ -mtime -2 24
25 Grep + find Redirecting output Linux lets output from commands be redirected to files and other commands to stdout > filename will redirect output to a file called filename. Example: ls l > mylist.txt >> filename will redirect output to a file called filename and if it exists already, append the output to the end of the file Example ls l >> mylist.txt command will redirect output as input to another command Example: ls l wc l Example: ls l less Linux allows stderr redirection too: Example: make cviq.o 1>cviq.out 2>cviq.err 25
26 Grep + find Redirecting output from find and piping it to grep is an efficient way to search for patterns in specific files Example: in the z/tpf realtime directory, there is a field called SECTION2_SIZE that is used in some C/C++ programs. Where is it defined? A recursive grep could work. It might be difficult to browse through many results Try searching through include files for this field: cd /ztpf/cur find./ -name '*.h' -print xargs grep -i section2_size > home/lemie/s2.txt 26
27 Grep + find shell scripts & xargs An alternative to typing long commands pasting it into a shell script and naming it myfind.sh Edit the shell script and execute it. In the current directory: Correct permissions must be set for myfind.sh To execute the command:./myfind.sh xargs reads arguments from standard input and executes the command that was passed as a parameter using those arguments It simplifies the passing of command output from one command to another 27
28 More on finding things Let s type in the grep and find commands presented earlier 28
29 What s the difference? The diff command Format: diff <options> <directory options> file1 file2 Diff will compare two text files Output consists of lines of context for each file They are not based on line numbers file1 is flagged by < and file2 is flagged by > Redirect output to a file if there are many differences Useful options: Option -b -B -r Meaning Ignore repeating blank spaces Ignore repeating blank lines Recursive diff Examples diff b cviq.asm /home/lemie/cviq.asm grep r ienv * diff -r /home/lemie/rt /home/lemie/rt-backup 29
30 What s the difference? patches Format: patch <options> <original_file <patchfile>> The patch command will replace an original file with a new patched version. The original file will be moved to original_file.orig or original_file~ Useful options: Option -b Meaning Backup the original file -d dir Issue a cd dir commandbefore starting patch command 30
31 What s the difference? patches why they re important The output from the diff command is a patch file The resultant patch file is used input to the patch command Fixes to GNU/Linux are distributed as patch files Patches are crucial components of source control systems such as CVS 31
32 More on diff & patch Let s try the diff and patch commands presented earlier 32
33 Trademarks IBM, and WebSphere are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT, and the Windows logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both. Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. Notes Performance is in Internal Throughput Rate (ITR) ratio based on measurements and projections using standard IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput that any user will experience will vary depending upon considerations such as the amount of multiprogramming in the user's job stream, the I/O configuration, the storage configuration, and the workload processed. Therefore, no assurance can be given that an individual user will achieve throughput improvements equivalent to the performance ratios stated here. All customer examples cited or described in this presentation are presented as illustrations of the manner in which some customers have used IBM products and the results they may have achieved. Actual environmental costs and performance characteristics will vary depending on individual customer configurations and conditions. This publication was produced in the United States. IBM may not offer the products, services or features discussed in this document in other countries, and the information may be subject to change without notice. Consult your local IBM business contact for information on the product or services available in your area. All statements regarding IBM's future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only. Information about non-ibm products is obtained from the manufacturers of those products or their published announcements. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the performance, compatibility, or any other claims related to non-ibm products. Questions on the capabilities of non-ibm products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products. Prices subject to change without notice. Contact your IBM representative or Business Partner for the most current pricing in your geography. This presentation and the claims outlined in it were reviewed for compliance with US law. Adaptations of these claims for use in other geographies must be reviewed by the local country counsel for compliance with local laws. 33
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