CS 307: UNIX PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT FIND COMMAND
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1 CS 307: UNIX PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT FIND COMMAND Prof. Michael J. Reale Fall 2014
2 Finding Files in a Directory Tree Suppose you want to find a file with a certain filename (or with a filename matching a certain pattern) in a directory and its subdirectories.
3 find command find Very powerful, but also very complex Available on all Unix and Linux distributions Search one or more directory trees for files matching criteria then, performs some action on files (e.g., listing the names, deleting them, etc.)
4 find Syntax find path test action Find executes a 3-step process: 1) Path: find looks in each path listed Searches entire directory tree in each path 2) Test: For each file, applies the tests you specify Goal = create list of files matching criteria 3) Action: once search complete, carries out actions specified on each file in list
5 find Example find ~ -name kata5 print Path ~ Search in my home directory Test -name kata5 Look for files and directories whose name is kata5 Action -print Just print the pathname of the found files and directories
6 Another find Example find. name kata* Path. Search in my current directory (wherever I happen to be) Test -name kata* Search for files/directories whose names match the pattern kata5 NOTE: SINGLE QUOTES, so that the * isn t interpreted by shell Action DEFAULT: -print Most versions have a default of -print
7 Yet Another find Example find. Path. Search in current directory Test DEFAULT: Just include everyone No test provided, so everyone passes Action DEFAULT: -print Basically prints out all files and directories in the directory tree
8 Find Paths
9 Multiple Paths in find You can specify multiple paths: Example: find /bin /sbin /usr/bin name b* Prints out all files and directories in /bin, /sbin, and /usr/bin that begin with the letter b
10 Find Tests
11 Tests There are many different kinds of tests you can do with find However, not all of them are available on all systems We will be talking about two basic tests that should be available on all versions of find: -type -name
12 Test: -type -type Looks for a type of file -type d = directory -type f = ordinary file (Other file types possible as well) Example: find. type f Lists all regular files in your current directory tree
13 Test: -name -name pattern Matches a name to a pattern Can use wildcards (?,*,[]), but you must single-quote them Brace expansion does not seem to work, however. Example: find. type f name *.c Find all regular files ending in.c inside the current directory tree CASE-SENSITIVE To ignore case, use iname instead
14 Negating a Test To negate a single test, put a! before it Make sure to escape it, either with \! or! Example: find ~ -type f \! name *.jpg Find all regular files in your home directory tree that do NOT end in.jpg
15 Permission Errors If you are not allowed in a certain area, you will get a Permission Denied error Example: find / -type d name bin print Can redirect STDERR to one of the bit buckets, if you so desire: Bourne: find / -type d name bin print 2> /dev/null C-Shell: (find / -type d name bin print > /dev/tty) >& /dev/null
16 Find Actions
17 -print and fprint Actions -print Just prints pathnames to screen -fprint file Same as print, only it writes the output to file
18 -ls and fls Actions -ls Display long directory listing -fls file Same as ls, but again writes output to file
19 Multiple Actions You can have multiple actions on the found file list Example: find. -type f -name '*.cpp' -print ls Prints found files but ALSO gives long listing (two separate lines per file)
20 -delete Action -delete Deletes the found files
21 -exec Action -exec command {} \; Allows you to execute any command on the pathname command = the command you wish to execute {} = placeholder for the pathname of each file This may have to be quoted on some shells: {} \; = needed to end the command, but must be escaped Passed to find and not interpreted by shell
22 -exec Example find ~ -type d exec ls ld {} \; Prints long listing of every directory in my home directory tree
23 -ok Action -ok Works exactly like exec, except that it will ask you each time BEFORE it executes the command on each file Type y to allow
24 Problem with exec exec will run the command on each and every match So, 200 files 200 exec calls
25 xargs Command xargs Separate program that runs any command you specify on arguments from STDIN Use pipe to connect it to output from find
26 xargs Example find ~ -type d xargs ls ld Does the same thing as before (lists long listing for each directory in my home directory tree)
27 Another xargs Example find ~ -type f name *.c xargs grep main Gets a list of all regular files ending in.c Searches INSIDE files with grep for the text main
28 COMMAND KATA 13: Find and Execute
29 Command Kata 13: Preparation First, go to ~/cs307 cd ~/cs307 Make directory dkata13 and go to it mkdir dkata13; cd dkata13 Make a script called kata13 script kata13 When we re done: exit
30 Command Kata 13 Find all regular files in your home find ~ -type f Find all directories in your home find ~ -type d Find all files beginning with kata find ~ -type f name kata* Print out contents of all kata files find ~ -type f name kata* exec cat {} \; Do same thing with xargs find ~ -type f name kata* xargs cat List long listing for all directories find ~ -type d exec ls ld {} \; Do same thing with xargs find ~ -type d xargs ls -ld
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