POSIX PTHREADS PROGRAMMING
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1 POSIX PTHREADS PROGRAMMING Download the exercise code at Alessandro Capotondi
2 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 2 Thread Management: PThread Creation int pthread_create ( pthread_t *thread, pthread_attr_t *attr, void * (*start_routine) (void *), void *arg); RETURN 0 == SUCCESSS thread: (output) thread id attr: attributes (NULL == default) start_routine: function pointer MUST BE as: void * foo(void*) arg: arguments to routine. NOTE: multiple parameter must be encapsulated into an array or struct
3 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 3 Hello World! With Pthreads 1. Open Ex_1.c 2. Compile 3. Execute! WARNINGS gcc ex_1.c -o ex1 -lpthread./ex1 Father MUST NOT DEALOCATE ARGUMENTS AREA before the child read
4 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 4 Thread Management: PThread Exit Threads terminate by: explicitly calling pthread_exit letting the function return a call to the function exit which will terminate the process including any threads. canceled by another thread via the pthread_cancel routine int pthread_exit ( void *status); NO RETURN VALUE
5 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 5 Thread Management: PThread join int pthread_join( pthread_t thread, void **value_ptr); RETURN 0 == SUCCESS thread: (input) thread to wait value_ptr: (output) thread to wait status at thread_exit()
6 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 6 Exercise 2: Time for coding!! 1. Open Ex_2.c 2. Implement the Fork-Join pattern 3. Compile gcc ex_2.c -o ex2 lpthread -lm 4. Run./ex2
7 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 7 Notes Thread master must records each thread slave handle that it wants wait. Look at this implementation: for (i=0; i < num_threads; i++){ pthread_create(&(threads[i]),...) pthread_join(threads[i],...) } WHAT DO YOU THINK, ABOUT PERFORMACE?
8 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 8 Race Condition Management: Mutex Pthreads Mutex are binary semaphore Declaration: pthread_mutex_t lock; Functions: pthread_mutex_init pthread_mutex_lock pthread_mutex_unlock pthread_mutex_destroy
9 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 9 Mutexes: init int pthread_mutex_init( pthread_mutex_t *mutex, const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr); RETURN 0 == SUCCESS Mutex: (output) pointer to allocated mutex Another way to init using MACROS: pthread_mutex_t lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
10 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 10 Mutexes: lock, trylock, and unlock Lock (blockiny semantic): int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex); Try to Lock (non blocking semantic) int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex); Unlock int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex); Destroy int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
11 Data race example Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 11
12 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 12 Exercise 3: Race Conditions! Open Ex_3.c and look at comments Compile and Run gcc ex_3.c -o ex3 -lpthread./ex3 Check and resolve the race condition!
13 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 13 Example problem solution
14 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 14 Exercise 4: DATA PARALLELISM Open Ex_4.c and look at comments Objective: Implements a data parellel pattern Split loop iterations among threads using thread_id and thread_num Compile and Run gcc ex_4.c -o ex4 -lpthread./ex4
15 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 15 More excises: DATA PARALLELISM
16 Parallelization flow Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 16
17 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 17 Identifying hotspots: code profiling
18 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 18 Profiling using GNU GProf A simple example for code profiling GNU Gprof Useful to identify most time-consuming program parts compile for instrumentation gcc -pg colortracking.c -o ctracking execute the application./ctracking launch the profiler gprof ctracking
19 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 19 Facultative exercises 1. Parallelize the hotspot using Pthreads. 2. Compute ideal speedup using Amdhal s law for ColorTracking 3. Result analysis comparing the ideal speedup 4. Parallelize the other functions 5. Result Analysis (Speedup and Efficiency) 6. Ideas for more optimization? Functions Merge?
20 Hardware Software Design of Embedded Systems M 20 Solutions
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