UNIX Commands. Ex: $ pwd $/tmp $cd/home/sales, this will change the directory from /tmp to /home/sales.

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1 UNIX Commands ls: File name and directory names are displayed using the ls command. This will display all the files and the directories which are present under that directory. $ls -l -rwxr-xr-x 1 sales users 3456 oct31 11:27 sales drw-r-r- 1 sales users 3245 oct31 11:27 sales.c indicates an ordinary file. d indicates a directory file. Special files are indicated by b, c, or p in the extreme left position. pwd: This command stands for the present working directory. This command will show the current working directory of the users in which they are working. Ex: $pwd $/home/sales cd: It is used to change the directory. Ex: $ pwd $/tmp $cd/home/sales, this will change the directory from /tmp to /home/sales. $pwd $/home/sales cat: This command is used to display the contents of one or more files but user should have specified permission to view the files.cat will concatenate files. cat<file-name> $cat file1

2 cp: This command is used to copy the file from one location to another location. One don t alter the original file when one perform a copy. cp<source file><target file> cp file1 file2 mv: It is used to move a file or directory frm one location to another location you can also move multi files. mv<source file ><target file> mv file 1 file2 mv /file1/home/sales/file1 rm: The rm command removes one or more files from a directory and can also be used to remove the directory itself. rm<filename> rm file1 it removes the file from the current directory. mkdir: This command is used for creating the directories under the current directory. The command is followed by the names of the directories to be created. $mkdir< direcotry name> $pwd </home/sales $mkdir dir1 rmdir: This command is used to removes one or more directories. The directory must be empty in order to be removed. $ls $ dir1 dir2 $ rmdir dir1 $ ls $dir2

3 find: The find command is used to locate the files in a directory and in all of its sub directories. $find<path> [options] ps: Knowing about the processes running on your system, and knowing how to stop them. this will display all the process which are running on the systems. $ps -ef root may orsad df: Is used to report the number of free disk blocks and files. df/opt file system lk-blocks use available use% mounted on /dev/sda /opt du: It is used to summarize disk space allocated to each directory. du <directory-name> du <file-name> ls -l <file-name> du -b <file-name> tar: The tar stands for tape archive this command is used to create archive onto the tapes and floppies. this command is create an archive in the media. -c (copy), -x(extract) and -t(table of contents) syntax: $tar [options]<device> ex: $tar -cvf/tapedevice/ather.sql* $tar -xvf/tape devicepio

4 cipo: The term cpio stands for copy input output. This utility copies files to and from the backup device. command cpio [option] <device> $ls/cpio-oc>/dev/rmt/n smith.doc rosy.c jones.sql Ex: $cpio -icvd </dev/rmt/n telnet: This is a level internet protocol. The telnet command allows you to connect to the remote machine. $telnet trying connected to ftp: File Transfer Protocol - is an application level internet protocol. FTP is used to transfer files between different machines. FTP is common way to make directories of documents and software available to the public over the internet. $ftp hp22 connect to hp hp22 ftp server ready name: scott 331 password required for scott rlogin: A number of UNIX machines can be connect together to form a local area n/w. rlogin [-I username] remote_hose Ex: $rlogin -I smith sun20 This will establish remote connection with the sun20 machine.

5 arp: Address Resolution Protocol - This is network level application protocol. It is used for getting the address of the system. arp -sinet_adr eth_adr[if_addr] This will give the address of the Ethernet card finger: This command will display complete information about the user. This command also report who is logged into a specific machine. $finger [option] <user-name> who: It is used to know who working on the various terminal $who root console may 29 10:20 diff: diff is the command which is used for comparing the difference between the two files. diff [options]file1 file2 Ex: $ diff named.conf.new named.conf 20c20 <file"root.hints"; >file "named.hints"; tr: The tr is one of the important Unix filter which maps character using one or two compact expressions. We can use tr to replace " "with "~", and "/" with a "-", in the data base file. Ex: $cat names.lst smith jones

6 scoot $tr "a-z""a-z"<names.lst SMITH JONES SCOOT cmp: This is used for comparing two files, we require to know whether two files are identical in all aspects. cmp<file-name1> <file-name2> Ex: cmp file1 file2 file1 file2: char5, line1 cut: This command is used to splitting files vertically. $cut -f1,3 file name - This will display first and third word of each of given file. $cut -d":" -f1,3 /etc/passed mount: To attach the individual files systems to their mount points on the directory hierarchy. This action makes a file system accessible to the system and to the users. Ex: mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 /export/home in this exam the default action mounts the file system with the following options: 1. Read/write 2.setuid 3.intr 4.nologging 5.largerfiles umount: To detach the file system from its mount point in the directory hierarchy. This action makes a file system unavailable to users. #umount -[options] /<mount-point name> Ex:#umount -f /export/home - This will unmount the /export/home file system from the disk and it will be not available for any of the user. This will unmount all the available mount points. The mount and umount commands can be used by root user.

7 chmod: To control the access permission for a file for different user the owner of the file can use chmod command. Ex: ls- 1 $-rwxrwxrwx sales unix 20 may 28 10:30 file1 To exchange the permission for all three categories of users the file owner has to indicate: Which permission is to be change? Whether the permission is to be assigned or removed? The file for which the permission are to be changed? chmod<permissions> filename Ex: chmod -w file1 - This is used removing the write permission $chmod +rwx file1 - This is used for giving all the permission for file1. For changing fap for owner only use the following syntax: $chmod u+<permission> file name Ex: chmod u+rw file For changing fap for group owner only use the following syntax: $chmod g+<permission>file name $chmod 0+<permission> file name Ex: chmod 0+x file3 chown: The owner of the file specified by path or by fd is changed. Only the super-user may change the owner of a file. The owner of a file may change the group of the file to any group of which that owner is a member. The super-user may change the group arbitrarily. If the owner or group is specified as - 1 then that ID is not changed. When the owner or group of an executable file are changed by a non super-user, the S_1SUID and S_ISGID mode bits are cleared. POSIX does not specify whether this also should happen when root does not chown;

8 The Linux depends on the kernel version. In the case of non group executable file the S_SGID bit indicate mandatory locking and is not cleared by chown. Note: On success, zero is returned. On error, - I is returned, and errno is set appropriately. The prototype for chown( ): #include<sys/types.h> #include <unistd. h> Int chown(const char *path, uid_t owner,gid_t group); Chmod: File access permissions may be set using the chmod system call (note that there is a command with the same name for setting access permissions.). It has 2 forms: 1) chmod() 2) fch mod() Both forms set the access permission of a file to mode. In the first form the file is identified by its name, and in the second it is identified by a file descriptor returned from the open system call. The prototypes for chmod( ) and fchmod( ) : Int chmod(const char*path, mode_t mode); or Int fchmod(int fd, mode_t mode) grep Filter : grep term stands for globally search for regular expression and print. grep filter prints the lines of files when a pattern is matched. It can also process standard input. Syntax: Example: grep cannot be used without specifying the regular expression. $ grep (Options) <pattern> <filename> $grep.txt fuel

9 This would search for the pattern.txt in the given file I and if found the line containing would be displayed on the screen even we can use grep for searching the pattern in multiple files. Ex: $grep.txt fuel file2 Here it vi1l search for the.txt pattern in both the files ifit found the pattern then it will display. grep also stands for general regular expression parser. fgrep: This filter is similar to that of the grep. This command is used for searching the multiple files. This is the outcome of the grep filter. The following mentioned are the some of the important points about the fgrep: 1) If any particular pattern is searched with the help of the fgrep command, the number of lines containing that pattern will be printed out. 2) fgrep command provides the privilege to search various lines containing one of the several targets. 3) In one of the advanced version ofthe fgrep command by providing f option we can get the lines containing the pattern without even entering into the file. Example: $ fgrep simth>j ones>martin professional. emp Smith usa Jones uk martin aus Here in this example the professional.emp contains the information about the employees a professional publications. This file also contains the information about the country address of the employees. Here we like to know the country of three employees and by using fgrep command we have accompiishec1 that task. egrep: This filter is also similar to that of the grep command. This command is used for searching the multiple targets. In this command we can even use the regular expressions. Ex: $egrep 'ather zaheer smith' file name. In addition it accepts regular expression also.

10 UNIX Commands Positioning by word w moves the cursor to the first character of the next word b moves the cursor to the first character of the previous word e moves the cursor to the end of the current word k moves the cursor up one line to the same column of previous line z centre the screen at the current line zn use an n line window centered on the screen O moves the cursor to the start of the line H move cursor to the first line of the screen L move cursor to the last line of the screen M move cursor to the middle of the screen ( Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current sentence ) moves the cursor to the beginning of the current paragraph } moves the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph previous occurrence of it on the current line Positioning on a numbered line G goes to the first line of the file G goes to the last line of the file ^G gives the line number and file status Searching for a pattern /../ search forwards for the pattern?..? search backwards for the pattern n N repeat the last search command repeat the search command in the opposite direction

11 Changing text r replaces the current character R replaces only those characters typed over with new characters until ESC key is pressed S replaces all the characters in the line cw replaces a word or remaining characters in a word with new text c replaces the remaining characters in the line from the cursor to end of the line Summary of special commands repeats the last command J joins the line below the current line with the current line ~ changes the lowercase to uppercase or vice versa Using ed requests :sh execute a shell :!cmd execute cmd and return to VI :r file read file :s... substitute one string for another :g... globally search for a string Special options vi file1 file2 file3 enters three files into the vi buffer to be edited. Those files are file2, file2,file3. vi -r file1 restores the changes made to file1 that were lost because of an interrupt in the system view file1 displays file1 in the read-only mode of vi. Any changes made to the buffer will not be allowed to be written to the file the previous word

12 e moves the cursor to the end of the current word k moves the cursor up one line to the same column of previous line z centre the srceen at the current line moves the cursor to the end of the current word zn use an n line window centered on the screen O moves the cursor to the start of the line H move cursor to the first line of the screen L move cursor to the last line of the screen vi Commands Command Function Basic vi commands a i o h j k l x adds text after the cursor insert text before the current character insert the text after the current line moves one character to left moves down one line moves up one line moves one character to right deletes the character ESC leaves append mode and returns to vi command mode :w writes to a file :q quite VI without writing a buffer to a file ZZ writes the file and quites VI Positioning by character fx moves the cursor right to the specified character x Fx moves the cursor left to the specified character x

13 tx moves the cursor right to the character just before the specified character x Tx moves the cursor left to the character just before the specified character x ; continues the search for the character specified by the f, F, t, T command. The; remembers the character specified and searches for the next occurrence of it on the current line., continues the search for the character specified by the f, F, t, T command. The; remembers the character specified and searches for the previous occurrence of it on the current line. Y Yank lines in to the buffer ^h deletes the current character ^W deletes the current word ^V any special u U deletes the current line of new text undoes the last command restores the current line to its previous state ndx deletes the n number of text objects of type x dw deletes the current word dd delete the line containing the cursor 3dd delete 3 lines starting with current line D deletes the remainder of the current line d) Deletes the current sentence d} deletes the current paragraph r replace the current character

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