Rapid Prototyping as an Instructional Design Model. A Presentation by Yizhou Qian, Anna Siracusa, Stephanie Spiegel, and Amanda Workman

Transcription

1 Rapid Prototyping as an Instructional Design Model A Presentation by Yizhou Qian, Anna Siracusa, Stephanie Spiegel, and Amanda Workman 1

2 The Facts In 1990, Steven Tripp and Barbara Bichelmeyer wrote about rapid prototyping as a design methodology in their research titled Rapid Prototyping: An Alternative Instructional Design Strategy. Rapid prototyping is a design and development process that was originally used in engineering but applies to instructional design as well (Margerum-Leys & Hoffman, n.d.). 2

3 The Facts They propose a model of rapid prototyping for instructional design that stresses overlapping and concurrent processes that are interdependent on one another (D. Dawson (Ed.),n.d.). 3

4 The RP Process Rapid Prototyping involves testing ideas and mocking up prototypes. It is a spiral cycle that flows in a continuous cycle (Margerum-Leys & Hoffman, n.d.): 1. Concept definition 2. Implementation of a skeletal system 3. User evaluation and concept refinement 4. Implementation of refined requirements 5. User evaluation and concept refinement 6. Implementation of refined requirements 4

5 The RP Process Assess Needs and Analyze Content Set Objectives Construct Prototype (Design) Utilize Prototype (Research) Install and Maintain System D. Dawson (Ed.), Rapid Prototyping as an instructional design. [RP Process Graphic] Retrieved from uwf.edu/ddawson/d3net/research/rapid_prototype.htm 5

6 The Context for Rapid Prototyping According to Dawson, there are three contexts in which rapid prototyping works well (D. Dawson (Ed.),n.d.): 1.Cases that involve factors that are complex and in which the successful prediction of outcomes is problematic 2.Cases where conventional methods of instructional design have produced unsatisfactory results 3.Cases where the design team lacks experience with the instructional problem 6

7 Comparisons Classic Design (waterfall) Models 1. concept definition 2. requirements definition 3. preliminary design 4. detailed design 5. code implementation 6. test and acceptance 7. [griping because you now realize that there was something that got left out back in step 2] Rapid Prototyping (spiral) Model 1. concept definition 2. implementation of a skeletal system 3. user evaluation and concept refinement 4. implementation of refined requirements 5. user evaluation and concept refinement 6. implementation of refined requirements 7. [etc., etc., in a continuous cycle] 7

8 Advantages of Rapid Prototyping Allows users to test out the system, discover problems or issues, and have input in the selection of a suitable interface (Tripp, and Bichelmeyer, 1990). Many of the technologies and training requirements change quickly; this system is designed to keep up with the necessary changes (Dick, Carey, 2009). Can reduce the cost of developing because designers can make minor adjustments to the instructional materials before production (Tripp, and Bichelmeyer, 1990). 8

9 More Advantages of Rapid Prototyping Creates an environment that encourages students to interact and actively participate with one another to effectively design a valuable product (Tripp, and Bichelmeyer, 1990). Provides a atmosphere full of flowing creativity for creating the most valuabe and effective product (Tripp, and Bichelmeyer, 1990). Implements the analysis-by-synthesis approach, meaning that "design" is a form of "making," putting emphasis on the creating of the product (Tripp, and Bichelmeyer, 1990). 9

10 Disadvantages of Rapid Prototyping It has a tendency to encourage informal design methods which may introduce more problems than they eliminate (Tripp, and Bichelmeyer, 1990). It fails in the replication of the real product or system. Sometimes important developmental steps could be omitted to get a quick and cheap working model. (Rounds, 2013) The user may have very high expectations about the prototype's performance and the designer is unable to deliver these. (Rounds, 2013) 10

11 More Disadvantages of Rapid Prototyping The system could be left unfinished due to various reasons or the system may be implemented before it is completely ready. (Rounds, 2013) The producer may produce an inadequate system that is unable to meet the overall demands of the organization. (Rounds, 2013) Too much involvement of the user might hamper the optimization of the design. (Rounds, 2013) 11

12 Wizard of Oz Prototyping Bonus! Wizard of Oz Prototyping is one specific type of RP used in educational software design. Before a software product is engineered to function, a prototype of the user interface may be tested by an audience that does not know that a human is controlling the interactive experience, rather than sophisticated software code. Photo used from 12

13 References D. Dawson (Ed.), Rapid Prototyping as an instructional design. Retrieved from uwf.edu/ddawson/d3net/research/rapid_prototype.htm Dick, W., Carey, L., Carey, J. (2009). The Systematic Design of Instruction. 7th Editon. Margerum-Leys, J., & Hoffman, J. (n.d.). J. Hoffman (Ed.), Rapid Prototyping as an instructional design. Retrieved from prototyping/ Rounds, R. (2013). Prototype Disadvantages and Rapid Prototyping Disadvantages. Disadvantages&id= Tripp, S. D., & Bichelmeyer, B. (1990). Rapid prototyping: An alternative instructional design strategy. Educational Technology Research and Development, 38(1),