Chapter 4 - Introduction to XHTML: Part 1
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1 Chapter 4 - Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 Outline 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Editing XHTML 4.3 First XHTML Example 4.4 W3C XHTML Validation Service 4.5 Headers 4.6 Linking 4.7 Images 4.8 Special Characters and More Line Breaks 4.9 Unordered Lists 4.10 Nested and Ordered Lists 4.11 Web Resources 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2 Objectives In this chapter, you will learn: To understand important components of XHTML documents. To use XHTML to create Web pages. To be able to add images to Web pages. To understand how to create and use hyperlinks to navigate Web pages. To be able to mark up lists of information Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
3 4.1 Introduction Extensible HyperText Markup Language XHTML A markup language Separation of the presentation of a document from the structure of the document s information Based on HTML Technology of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
4 4.2 Editing XHTML XHTML documents Source-code form Text editor (e.g. Notepad, Wordpad, emacs, etc.).html or.htm file-name extension Web server Stores XHTML documents Web browser Requests XHTML documents 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
5 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 4.3 First XHTML Example XHTML comments Start with <!-- and end with --> html element head element Head section Title of the document Style sheets and scripts body element Body section Page s content the browser displays Start tag attributes (provide additional information about an element) name and value (separated by an equal sign) End tag
6 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" 3 " 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.1: main.html --> 6 <!-- Our first Web page --> 7 8 <html xmlns = " 9 <head> 10 <title>internet and WWW How to Program - Welcome</title> 11 </head> <body> 14 <p>welcome to XHTML!</p> 15 </body> 16 </html> main.html (1 of 1) Outline 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
7 4.4 W3C XHTML Validation Service Validation service ( validator.w3.org ) Checking a document s syntax URL that specifies the location of the file Uploading a file to the site validator.w3.org/file-upload.html 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
8 4.4 W3C XHTML Validation Service 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
9 4.4 W3C XHTML Validation Service 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
10 4.5 Headers Six headers ( header elements) h1 through h Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
11 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" 3 " 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.4: header.html --> 6 <!-- XHTML headers --> 7 8 <html xmlns = " 9 <head> 10 <title>internet and WWW How to Program - Headers</title> 11 </head> <body> <h1>level 1 Header</h1> 16 <h2>level 2 header</h2> 17 <h3>level 3 header</h3> 18 <h4>level 4 header</h4> 19 <h5>level 5 header</h5> 20 <h6>level 6 header</h6> </body> 23 </html> Outline header.html (1 of 1) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
12 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
13 Hyperlink 4.6 Linking References other sources such as XHTML documents and images Both text and images can act as hyperlinks Created using the a (anchor) element Attribute href Specifies the location of a linked resource Link to addresses using mailto: URL <strong> tag Bold 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
14 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" 3 " 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.5: links.html --> 6 <!-- Introduction to hyperlinks --> 7 8 <html xmlns = " 9 <head> 10 <title>internet and WWW How to Program - Links</title> 11 </head> <body> <h1>here are my favorite sites</h1> <p><strong>click a name to go to that page.</strong></p> <!-- Create four text hyperlinks --> 20 <p><a href = " <p><a href = " Hall</a></p> <p><a href = " 25 links.html (1 of 2) Outline 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
15 26 <p><a href = " Today</a></p> </body> 29 </html> links.html (2 of 2) Outline 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
16 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" 3 " 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.6: contact.html --> 6 <!-- Adding hyperlinks --> 7 8 <html xmlns = " 9 <head> 10 <title>internet and WWW How to Program - Contact Page</title> 11 </head> <body> <p> 16 My address is 17 <a href = "mailto:deitel@deitel.com"> 18 deitel@deitel.com 19 </a> 20. Click the address and your browser will 21 open an message and address it to me. 22 </p> 23 </body> 24 </html> Outline contact.html (1 of 1) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
17 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
18 4.7 Images Three most popular formats Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) Portable Network Graphics (PNG) img element src attribute Specifies the location of the image file width and height Pixels ( picture elements ) Empty elements Terminated by character / inside the closing right angle bracket (>), or by explicitly including the end tag br element Line break 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
19 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" 3 " 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.7: picture.html --> 6 <!-- Adding images with XHTML --> 7 8 <html xmlns = " 9 <head> 10 <title>internet and WWW How to Program - Welcome</title> 11 </head> <body> <p> 16 <img src = "xmlhtp.jpg" height = "238" width = "183" 17 alt = "XML How to Program book cover" /> 18 <img src = "jhtp.jpg" height = "238" width = "183" 19 alt = "Java How to Program book cover" /> 20 </p> 21 </body> 22 </html> Outline picture.html (1 of 1) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
20 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
21 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" 3 " 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.8: nav.html --> 6 <!-- Using images as link anchors --> 7 8 <html xmlns = " 9 <head> 10 <title>internet and WWW How to Program - Navigation Bar 11 </title> 12 </head> <body> <p> 17 <a href = "links.html"> 18 <img src = "buttons/links.jpg" width = "65" 19 height = "50" alt = "Links Page" /> 20 </a><br /> <a href = "list.html"> 23 <img src = "buttons/list.jpg" width = "65" 24 height = "50" alt = "List Example Page" /> 25 </a><br /> nav.html (1 of 2) Outline 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
22 26 27 <a href = "contact.html"> 28 <img src = "buttons/contact.jpg" width = "65" 29 height = "50" alt = "Contact Page" /> 30 </a><br /> <a href = "header.html"> 33 <img src = "buttons/header.jpg" width = "65" 34 height = "50" alt = "Header Page" /> 35 </a><br /> <a href = "table1.html"> 38 <img src = "buttons/table.jpg" width = "65" 39 height = "50" alt = "Table Page" /> 40 </a><br /> <a href = "form.html"> 43 <img src = "buttons/form.jpg" width = "65" 44 height = "50" alt = "Feedback Form" /> 45 </a><br /> 46 </p> </body> 49 </html> nav.html (2 of 2) Outline 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
23 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
24 4.8 Special Characters and More Line Breaks Character entity references (in the form &code;) Numeric character references (e.g. &) del Strike-out text sup Superscript text sub Subscript text <hr /> Horizontal rule (horizontal line) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
25 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" 3 " 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.9: contact2.html --> 6 <!-- Inserting special characters --> 7 8 <html xmlns = " 9 <head> 10 <title>internet and WWW How to Program - Contact Page 11 </title> 12 </head> <body> <!-- special characters are entered --> 17 <!-- using the form &code; --> 18 <p> 19 Click 20 <a href = "mailto:deitel@deitel.com">here 21 </a> to open an message addressed to 22 deitel@deitel.com. 23 </p> <hr /> <!-- inserts a horizontal rule --> Outline contact2.html (1 of 2) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
26 26 27 <p>all information on this site is <strong> </strong> 28 Deitel <strong>&</strong> Associates, Inc </p> <!-- to strike through text use <del> tags --> 31 <!-- to subscript text use <sub> tags --> 32 <!-- to superscript text use <sup> tags --> 33 <!-- these tags are nested inside other tags --> 34 <p><del>you may download 3.14 x 10<sup>2</sup> 35 characters worth of information from this site.</del> 36 Only <sub>one</sub> download per hour is permitted.</p> <p>note: <strong>< ¼</strong> of the information 39 presented here is updated daily.</p> </body> 42 </html> Outline contact2.html (2 of 2) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
27 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
28 4.9 Unordered Lists Unordered list element ul Creates a list in which each item begins with a bullet symbol (called a disc) li (list item) Entry in an unordered list 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
29 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" 3 " 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.10: links2.html --> 6 <!-- Unordered list containing hyperlinks --> 7 8 <html xmlns = " 9 <head> 10 <title>internet and WWW How to Program - Links</title> 11 </head> <body> <h1>here are my favorite sites</h1> <p><strong>click on a name to go to that page.</strong></p> <!-- create an unordered list --> 20 <ul> <!-- add four list items --> 23 <li><a href = " <li><a href = " links2.html (1 of 2) Outline 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
30 26 27 <li><a href = " <li><a href = " 30 </ul> 31 </body> 32 </html> links2.html (2 of 2) Outline 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
31 4.10 Nested and Ordered Lists Represent hierarchical relationships Ordered lists (ol) Creates a list in which each item begins with a number 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
32 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" 3 " 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.11: list.html --> 6 <!-- Advanced Lists: nested and ordered --> 7 8 <html xmlns = " 9 <head> 10 <title>internet and WWW How to Program - Lists</title> 11 </head> <body> <h1>the Best Features of the Internet</h1> <!-- create an unordered list --> 18 <ul> 19 <li>you can meet new people from countries around 20 the world.</li> 21 <li> 22 You have access to new media as it becomes public: 23 list.html (1 of 3) Outline 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
33 24 <!-- this starts a nested list, which uses a --> 25 <!-- modified bullet. The list ends when you --> 26 <!-- close the <ul> tag. --> 27 <ul> 28 <li>new games</li> 29 <li> 30 New applications <!-- nested ordered list --> 33 <ol> 34 <li>for business</li> 35 <li>for pleasure</li> 36 </ol> 37 </li> <li>around the clock news</li> 40 <li>search engines</li> 41 <li>shopping</li> 42 <li> 43 Programming <!-- another nested ordered list --> 46 <ol> 47 <li>xml</li> 48 <li>java</li> list.html (2 of 3) Outline 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
34 49 <li>xhtml</li> 50 <li>scripts</li> 51 <li>new languages</li> 52 </ol> </li> </ul> <!-- ends the nested list of line 27 --> 57 </li> <li>links</li> 60 <li>keeping in touch with old friends</li> 61 <li>it is the technology of the future!</li> </ul> <!-- ends the unordered list of line 18 --> </body> 66 </html> list.html (3 of 3) Outline 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
35 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
36 4.11 Web Resources validator.w3.org hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/00/50/index2a.html wdvl.com/authoring/languages/xml/xhtml Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
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