The Unix Shell. Files and Directories
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1 The Unix Shell Copyright Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See for more information.
2 Run Programs Store Data Communicate with each other Interact with us
3 Run Programs shell Store Data Communicate with each other Interact with us
4 Store shell Data
5 Store shell Data file system
6 Store shell Data file system files
7 Store shell Data file system files directories
8 Use the shell to view and change the file system shell files Store Data file system directories
9 Use the shell to run commands to view what's in the file system shell files Store Data file system directories
10 login:
11 login: computer prompt in bold
12 login: computer prompt in bold explanatory text in blue
13 login: vlad user input in green
14 login: vlad password: ******** password
15 login: vlad password: ******** $ shell prompt
16 login: vlad password: ******** $ shell prompt like Python's >>> and
17 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami check user ID
18 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami check user ID shell finds the whoami program
19 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami check user ID shell finds the whoami program runs it
20 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad check user ID shell finds the whoami program runs it prints its output
21 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ check user ID shell finds the whoami program runs it prints its output displays a new prompt
22 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd what is the working directory
23 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd what is the working directory the directory used when no other directory is explicitly specified
24 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $
25 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ root
26 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root
27 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root
28 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ bin / root
29 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ bin data / root
30 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users
31 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp
32 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp
33 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp imhotep larry vlad
34 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp imhotep larry vlad
35 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp imhotep larry vlad
36 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp imhotep larry vlad
37 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls stands for "listing"
38 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls stands for "listing" sadly more memorable than most command names
39 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin data mail music notes.txt papers pizza.cfg solar solar.pdf swc $
40 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls -F an argument or flag modifying the command's behavior bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $
41 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ solar.pdf swc/ $ adds a trailing '/' to directory names pizza.cfg solar/
42 $ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ vlad bin data mail music notes.txt papers pizza.cfg solar solar.pdf swc
43 $ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ By convention, use filename extension to indicate file type
44 $ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ By convention, use filename extension to indicate file type.txt for text,.pdf for PDF,.cfg for configuration file, etc.
45 $ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ By convention, use filename extension to indicate file type.txt for text,.pdf for PDF,.cfg for configuration file, etc. But this is only a convention, not a guarantee
46 $ ls F data
47 $ ls F data amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $
48 $ ls F data amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $ a relative path vlad data
49 $ ls F data amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $ a relative path relative to current working directory vlad data
50 $ ls F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $
51 $ ls F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $ an absolute path
52 $ ls F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $ an absolute path leading '/' means "from root"
53 $ ls F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $ an absolute path leading '/' means "from root" so it always refers to this directory bin data users tmp / imhotep larry vlad
54 $ pwd /users/vlad $
55 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $
56 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data
57 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data change directory
58 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data change directory actually doesn't change the directory
59 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data change directory actually doesn't change the directory changes the shell's idea of which directory we are in
60 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data $ pwd /users/vlad/data $
61 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ ls amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $
62 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data because we're now "in" $ pwd this directory /users/vlad/data $ ls amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $
63 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $
64 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd..
65 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. the directory above the current one
66 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. the directory above the current one its parent directory
67 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $
68 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $
69 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ ls -F -a./../ bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/
70 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ ls -F -a./../ bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ "show all"
71 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ ls -F -a./../ bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ parent directory
72 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ ls -F -a./../ bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ parent directory /users
73 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ ls -F -a./../ bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ this directory itself
74 Things are different on Windows
75 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad
76 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Drive letter
77 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Drive letter Each drive is a separate file system
78 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Backslash \ as separator
79 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Backslash \ as separator Unix uses \ to escape special characters in names like my\ files.txt
80 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Case insensitive
81 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Case insensitive c:\users\vlad C:\USERS\VLAD C:\uSeRs\VlAd
82 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Cygwin: /cygdrive/c/users/vlad Map drive letters to "directories"
83 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Cygwin: /cygdrive/c/users/vlad Map drive letters to "directories" And use / instead of \
84 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Cygwin: /cygdrive/c/users/vlad Map drive letters to "directories" And use / instead of \ But still case insensitive
85 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Cygwin: /cygdrive/c/users/vlad Map drive letters to "directories" And use / instead of \ But still case insensitive Can't put backup.txt and Backup.txt in a directory
86 pwd print working directory cd change working directory ls listing. current directory.. parent directory
87 created by Greg Wilson August 2010 Copyright Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See for more information.
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