Windows Programming. Krzysztof Mossakowski, MSc

Transcription

1 , MSc

2 Contents 1. Windows, messages, time, errors 2. Types, structures, macros, the mouse, the keyboard, versions 3. GDI 4. Resources, dialog boxes, controls, scrolling 5. The application, forms, events, dialog boxes 6. Containers, controls 7. Custom controls Introduction, XAML, the application 8. Controls, events, resources 9. 2-D and 3-D Graphics 10. Multimedia, animation 11. DLL libraries, the clipboard, the registry, printing 12. The memory, processes and threads, the file system 13. Windows Shell, visual styles 14. Windows Mobile 15. International applications, GUI guidelines Lecture 1-2 WIN32 API WINDOWS FORMS WPF INFORMACJE OGÓLNE

3 Lecture 1-3 Bibliography Win32: R. Simon, Microsoft Windows 2000 API SuperBible, Sams, 2000 C. Petzold, Programming Windows, 5th Ed., Microsoft Press, 1998 J. Richter, C. Nassarre, Windows via C/C++, 5th Ed., Microsoft Press, 2008 Windows Forms: M. MacDonald, Pro.NET 2.0 Windows Forms and Custom Controls, Apress, 2006 C. Petzold, Programming Microsoft Windows with C#, Microsoft Press, 2002 I. Serban et al., GDI+ Custom Controls with Visual C# 2005, Packt Publishing, 2006 Windows Presentation Foundation: C. Anderson, Essential Windows Presentation Foundation, Addison-Wesley, 2007 M. MacDonald, Pro WPF in C# 2008, 2nd Ed., Apress, 2008 S. Noble et al., WPF Recipes in C# 2008, Apress, 2008 C. Petzold, Applications = Code + Markup: A Guide to the Microsoft Windows Presentation Foundation, Microsoft Press, 2006

4 Programming Tools for Windows Win API Win16 - up to Windows 3.1 Win32s - Windows 3.1 Win32 - since Windows 95 and all versions based on NT Visual Basic Visual C++ MFC (Microsoft Foundation Class Library) WTL (Windows Template Library) Visual J++.NET Windows Forms (.NET Framework 1.0+) Windows Presentation Foundation (.NET Framework 3.0+) Lecture 1-4 Delphi Builder C++ Borland Developer Studio Qt GTK+ wxwidgets

5 Win32 API Application Lecture 1-5 #include <Windows.h> int APIENTRY _twinmain( HINSTANCE hinstance, HINSTANCE hprevinstance, LPSTR lpcmdline, int ncmdshow ) {... MyRegisterClass(hInstance);... InitInstance(hInstance, ncmdshow);... while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } } return (int)msg.wparam;

6 Lecture 1-6 The Window Class It defines window s features (the most important is the window procedure) Types of windows classes: system (e.g. Button, ComboBox, ScrollBar, MDIClient) global in application available for all modules local in application without the CS_GLOBALCLASS flag To register window s class, call one of functions: RegisterClass(CONST WNDCLASS *lpwndclass) RegisterClassEx(CONST WNDCLASSEX *lpwcx) Information about a class: GetClassInfoEx(), GetClassLong() Modification of a class: SetClassLong()

7 Lecture 1-7 Attributes of the Window Class lpszclassname [to get use the GetClassName() function] lpfnwndproc hinstance hcursor [or use: SetCursor(), WM_SETCURSOR] hicon, hiconsm [or use the WM_SETICON message] hbrbackground [or use the WM_ERASEBKGND message] lpszmenuname style [e.g. CS_DBLCLKS] cbclsextra [SetClassWord(), GetClassWord()] cbwndextra [SetWindowLong(), GetWindowLong()]

8 Registration of a Window Class Lecture 1-8 ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hinstance) { WNDCLASSEX wcex; wcex.cbsize = sizeof(wndclassex); wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW CS_VREDRAW; wcex.lpfnwndproc = (WNDPROC)WndProc; wcex.cbclsextra = 0; wcex.cbwndextra = 0; wcex.hinstance = hinstance; wcex.hicon = LoadIcon(hInstance, (LPCTSTR)IDI_MY001); wcex.hcursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); wcex.hbrbackground =(HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); wcex.lpszmenuname = (LPCTSTR)IDC_MY001; wcex.lpszclassname = szwindowclass; wcex.hiconsm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, (LPCTSTR)IDI_SMALL); return RegisterClassEx(&wcex); }

9 The CreateWindow Function Lecture 1-9 HWND CreateWindow( LPCTSTR lpclassname, LPCTSTR lpwindowname, DWORD dwstyle, int x, int y, int nwidth, int nheight, HWND hwndparent, HMENU hmenu, HINSTANCE hinstance, LPVOID lpparam ); HWND CreateWindowEx( DWORD dwexstyle, LPCTSTR lpclassname, LPCTSTR lpwindowname, DWORD dwstyle, int x, int y, int nwidth, int nheight, HWND hwndparent, HMENU hmenu, HINSTANCE hinstance, LPVOID lpparam );

10 Window Creation Lecture 1-10 [VS.NET] BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE hinstance, int ncmdshow) { HWND hwnd; hwnd = CreateWindow(szWindowClass, sztitle, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, NULL, NULL, hinstance, NULL); if (!hwnd) { return FALSE; } } ShowWindow(hWnd, ncmdshow); UpdateWindow(hWnd); return TRUE;

11 Lecture 1-11 Messages The basic rule for all Windows applications is to respond to events generated by the system and the user All messages sent to the window are handled in the window procedure The message: parameters: hwnd, identifier, wparam, lparam MSG structure Types of messages: system WM_USER + _ WM_APP + _ registered (RegisterWindowMessage())

12 Lecture 1-12 Message Queues The message queue is a FIFO structure stored in system memory Queued messages: user interface, e.g. WM_MOUSEMOVE, WM_CHAR WM_TIMER, WM_PAINT, WM_QUIT Functions for queued messages: PostMessage(), PostThreadMessage() GetMessage(), PeekMessage(), DispatchMessage() GetMessageTime(), GetMessagePos() WaitMessage() SendMessageExtraInfo(), GetMessageExtraInfo()

13 Lecture 1-13 Nonqueued Messages Routed directly to the window procedure Examples: notifications for a window, e.g. WM_ACTIVATE, WM_SETFOCUS, WM_SETCURSOR actions from functions, e.g. WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGED after SetWindowPos() Functions sending nonqueued messages: SendMessage(), SendMessageCallback() BroadcastSystemMessage(), BroadcastSystemMessageEx() SendMessageTimeout() SendNotifyMessage() SendDlgItemMessage()

14 The Message Loop Lecture 1-14 The GetMessage() function returns FALSE when WM_QUIT is taken from the message loop The PostQuitMessage() function sends the WM_QUIT message to the queue Functions modifying messages: TranslateAccelerator() TranslateMessage() IsDialogMessage() while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { if (TranslateAccelerator(msg.hwnd, hacceltable, &msg)) { TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } }

15 Lecture 1-15 The Window Procedure It is a function which processes all messages sent to the window The window procedure is common for all windows of one window class The window procedure takes 4 parameters: HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM It returns a value of type LRESULT (specific for a message) The default window procedure: DefWindowProc() Changing the window procedure (subclassing) for one window: SetWindowLong(), GetWindowLong() for a window class: SetClassLong(), GetClassLong() use CallWindowProc() to handle a message

16 Lecture 1-16 Window Procedure Sample LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wparam, LPARAM lparam) { int wmid, wmevent; PAINTSTRUCT ps; HDC hdc; switch (message) { case WM_PAINT: hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps); EndPaint(hWnd, &ps); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc( hwnd, message, wparam, lparam); } return 0; }

17 Window s Elements Lecture 1-17

18 Types of Windows Overlapped Lecture 1-18 a top-level window with a title, border and client area in most cases, it is the main window of the application overlapped windows have the WS_OVERLAPPED or WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW style applied Pop-up dialog boxes, message boxes, and other windows positioned outside the main window the WS_POPUP lub WS_POPUPWINDOW style must be applied Child Layered [2000+] they support opacity and transparency the WS_EX_LAYERED must be applied Message-only [2000+]

19 Lecture 1-19 Child Windows Confined to the parent window s client area They always have the WS_CHILD style applied Clipping - WS_CLIPCHILDREN, WS_CLIPSIBLINGS Parent windows all child windows are moved, hidden and destroyed with their parents SetParent(), GetParent(), GetAncestor() EnumChildWindows(), IsChild() Messages sent directly to the child window s procedure sent to a parent when the child window is disabled notification messages are sent from a child to the parent window The WS_EX_LAYERED style does not work for child windows

20 Window Relationships Foreground, background Lecture 1-20 the foreground window is a non-child window with which the user is currently working GetForegroundWindow(), SetForegroundWindow() Z-order the order of drawing overlapping windows WS_EX_TOPMOST BringWindowToTop(), SetWindowPos(), DeferWindowPos() GetTopWindow(), GetNextWindow() The owned window always above its owner in the Z-order destroyed with its owner hidden when its owner is minimized CreateWindowEx(), GetWindow() with GW_OWNER

21 Lecture 1-21 Active and Disabled Windows Activation the active window the user is currently working with it (from the same thread as the foreground window) SetActiveWindow(), GetActiveWindow(), SetWindowPlacement() WM_ACTIVETEAPP, WM_ACTIVATE Disabling a disabled window receives neither keyboard nor mouse input it receives messages from other windows, applications and the system WS_DISABLED EnableWindow(), IsWindowEnabled() WM_ENABLE

22 Lecture 1-22 Visible, Minimized, Maximized Windows Visibility hidden windows are not drawn they have the WS_VISIBLE style IsWindowVisible(), ShowWindow(), SetWindowPos(), DeferWindowPos(), SetWindowPlacement(), SetWindowLong(), ShowOwnedPopups() WM_SHOWWINDOW Minimized, maximized and restored windows WS_MINIMIZE, WS_MAXIMIZE IsZoomed(), IsIconic(), GetWindowPlacement() CloseWindow(), ShowWindow(), SetWindowPlacement() WM_QUERYOPEN, WM_GETMINMAXINFO

23 Lecture 1-23 Size and Position of a Window To use the default position and size, apply the CW_USEDEFAULT constant in the window class System commands are sent as WM_SYSCOMMAND Functions: MoveWindow(), SetWindowPos(), SetWindowPlacement(), CascadeWindows(), TileWindows() GetWindowRect(), GetClientRect(), AdjustWindowRect() ScreenToClient(), ClientToScreen(), MapWindowPoints() WindowFromPoint(), ChildWindowFromPoint() Messages: WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGING, WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGED WM_SIZE, WM_SIZING, WM_MOVE, WM_MOVING WM_NCCALCSIZE WM_GETMINMAXINFO

24 Lecture 1-24 Destruction of a Window Actions taken by the system during destruction of a window: hiding the window (if it is visible) removing window s internal data invalidating the window s handle The DestroyWindow() function: 1. sends the WM_DESTROY message to the window 2. sends the WM_DESTROY message to all descendant windows The WM_CLOSE message: is received when the user clicks the close button (X) an application can prompt the user for a confirmation the DestroyWindow() function can be called to destroy the window

25 Lecture 1-25 The Most Useful Window Styles The type of a window: WS_CHILD, WS_OVERLAPPED, WS_POPUP, WS_EX_APPWINDOW, WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW, WS_EX_MDICHILD Window s border: WS_BORDER, WS_DLGFRAME, WS_THICKFRAME, WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE, WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE Elements of a window: WS_HSCROLL, WS_VSCROLL, WS_CAPTION, WS_MINIMIZEBOX, WS_MAXIMIZEBOX, WS_SYSMENU Other features: WS_EX_ACCEPTFILES, WS_EX_CONTEXTHELP, WS_EX_LEFTSCROLLBAR

26 Lecture 1-26 Other Window s Features The class GetClassName(), GetClassInfo(), SetClassInfo() GetClassWord(), SetClassWord() The name GetWindowText(), SetWindowText(), GetWindowTextLength() The private data GetWindowLong(), SetWindowLong() with GWL_USERDATA The handle - HWND FindWindow(), FindWindowEx() IsWindow()

27 Lecture 1-27 Scenario of Using a Window 1. The class is registered RegisterClass(), RegisterClassEx() 2. The window is created CreateWindow(), CreateWindowEx() 3. All messages are processed WndProc() 4. The window is destroyed DestroyWindow() WM_CLOSE, WM_DESTROY

28 Lecture 1-28 The Desktop The desktop is a window created at system startup It covers the screen It can have a wallpaper Functions: GetDesktopWindow() SystemParametersInfo() SPI_GETDESKWALLPAPER, SPI_SETDESKWALLPAPER SPI_SETDESKPATTERN SPI_GETWORKAREA, SPI_SETWORKAREA

29 Time The simplest timer (very inaccurate) SetTimer(), KillTimer() WM_TIMER Period of time GetTickCount() GetSystemTimeAdjustment() High-resolution timer QueryPerformanceCounter() QueryPerformanceFrequency() The system time GetSystemTime(), SetSystemTime(), GetTimeFormat() The local time GetLocalTime(), SetLocalTime() Lecture 1-29

30 Lecture 1-30 System Errors The last-error code the only way to check the reason of a failure of the last called Win32 API function GetLastError(), FormatMessage(), SetLastError() User notifications MessageBox() MB_ABORTRETRYIGNORE, MB_OK, MB_OKCANCEL, MB_RETRYCANCEL, MB_YESNO, MB_YESNOCANCEL MB_ICONEXCLAMATION, MB_ICONWARNING, MB_ICONCONFIRMATION, MB_ICONASTERISK, MB_ICONQUESTION, MB_ICONSTOP, MB_ICONERROR MessageBeep(), Beep() FlashWindow(), FlashWindowEx()