3. CPU Scheduling. Operating System Concepts with Java 8th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagn
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2 3. CPU Scheduling Operating System Concepts with Java 8th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagn
3 S P O I L E R operating system CPU Scheduling 3
4 operating system CPU Scheduling 4
5 Long-short-medium Scheduler Long term Short Term Medium Term job scheduler CPU scheduler process swapping Scheduler Slower than short term Control degree of multiprogramming Minimal in time sharing system selects processes from pool and loads them into memory for execution operating system CPU Scheduling Fastest provides lesser control over degree of Multiprogramming Minimal in time sharing system selects those processes which are ready to Execute Between two reduces the degree of multiprogramming part of Time sharing systems can re-introduce the process into memory and execution can be continued 5
6 Dispatcher selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them decide when a process : 1. running to waiting state 2. running to ready state 3. waiting to ready state 4. Terminates Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive All other scheduling is preemptive operating system CPU Scheduling 6
7 Scheduling Factor 1. CPU utilization - keep the CPU as busy as possible must be maximized 2. Throughput - number of processes that complete their execution per time unit must be maximized 3. Turnaround time - amount of time to execute a particular process must be minimized 4. Waiting time - amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue must be minimized 5. Response time - amount of time it takes from when a request was submitted until the first response is produced, not output (for timesharing environment) must be minimized operating system CPU Scheduling 7
8 SCHEDULING METHOD FIRST COME FIRST SERVE (FCFS / FIFO) SORTHEST JOB FIRST (SJF) PRIORITY BASED ROUND ROBIN operating system CPU Scheduling 8
9 First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Proces Execute time Service Time processes arrive in the order: P1, P2, P3 p p p Waiting time for P 1 = 0; P 2 = 24; P 3 = 27 Average waiting time: ( )/3 = 17 Proces Execute time p1 24?? p2 3?? p3 3?? Service Time Waiting time for P 1 = 6; P 2 = 0; P 3 = 3 Average waiting time: ( )/3 = 3 Conclusion? processes arrive in the order: P2, P3, P1 CONVOY EFFECT short process behind long process operating system CPU Scheduling 9
10 FCFS (another example) operating system CPU Scheduling 10
11 Shortest Job First (SJF) Proces Execute time Service Time p1 6 3 p p3 7 9 p4 3 0 Average waiting time = ( ) / 4 = 7 Best approach to minimize waiting time. Impossible to implement Processer should know in advance how much time process will take. operating system CPU Scheduling 11
12 SJF (another example) operating system CPU Scheduling 12
13 Priority Scheduling Each process is assigned a priority. Process with highest priority is to be executed first and so on. Processes with same priority are executed on FCFS Priority can be decided based on memory requirements, time requirements or any other resource requirement. operating system CPU Scheduling 13
14 Round Robin Scheduling Each process is provided a fix time to execute called quantum Q. Once a process is executed for given time period. Process is preempted and other process executes for given time period. If there are nprocesses in the ready queue and the time quantum is Q, then each process gets 1/nof the CPU time in chunks of at most Q time units at once. No process waits more than (n-1)q time units. Performance Q large -> FIFO Q small -> overhead is too high operating system CPU Scheduling 14
15 Proces p1 24 Execute time RR with Quantum - 4 p2 3 p3 3 operating system CPU Scheduling 15
16 Round Robin (another example) operating system CPU Scheduling 16
17 Multi Queue Scheduling Multiple queues are maintained for processes. Each queue can have its own scheduling algorithms. Priorities are assigned to each queue. operating system CPU Scheduling 17
18 Three queues: Q 0 - RR with Q 8 milliseconds Example of Multilevel Q 1 - RR with Q 16 milliseconds Q 2 - FCFS A new job enters queue Q 0 which is served FCFS. When it gains CPU, job receives 8 milliseconds. If it does not finish in 8 milliseconds, job is moved to queue Q 1. At Q 1 job is again served FCFS and receives 16 additional milliseconds. If it still does not complete, it is preempted and moved to queue Q 2 operating system CPU Scheduling 18
19 The END...
20 References 1. Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin, Greg Gagne, Operating System Concepts With Java, Wiley 2. Tutorialpoint.com operating system CPU Scheduling 20
21 Next Week It is time for QUIZ - Learn how to calculate scheduling Practical Hardware TroubleShoot Install OS on real PC (minimum complete PC provided by lecturer) Optional may bring own PC (2 teams 1 complete PC and extension power cable) in order to gain self experience operating system CPU Scheduling 21
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