Date :../. / Chapter I The System Unit Day :.. Mother Board
System Unit Types Desktop System Units Notebook System Units Tablet PC System Units Handheld Computer System Units System Board " Motherboard" Connects all components Allows communication between devices Circuit board electronic components Sockets Slots Bus lines
Date :../. / Day :.. Microprocessor Central Processing Unit (CPU) Two Basic Components Control unit Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) Memory Holding area for data, instructions, and information Memory is contained on chips connected to the system board Types of memory chips RAM ROM CMOS RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold the program and data Cache memory or RAM cache Flash RAM or flash memory Other types of RAM DRAM
SDRAM DDR 1 DDR 2 ROM Read-only memory (ROM) chips are: 1- not volatile and 2- cannot be changed by the user CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs but the computer cannot write Contain special instructions Needed to start a computer Give keyboard keys their special capabilities Put characters on screen CMOS Complementary metal-oxides semiconductor (CMOS) chips provide flexibility for a computer system Contains essential information every time the computer is turned on Date and time Amount of RAM Type of keyboard Content can be changed to reflect changes in the computer system System Clock Important measurement indicating speed Located on a small chip Produces electrical beats Synchronizes operations Expressed in gigahertz (GHz) (billions of beats per second) Faster clock speed, faster computer
Date :../. / Day :.. Commonly Used Expansion Cards Graphics cards Sound cards Modem cards Network interface cards (NIC) PC cards (PCMCIA cards) TV tuner cards TV Tuner Cards & Video Clips Allows you to view your favorite TV shows while running other applications such as Excel Video can be captured to a file, added to a Web page, attached to an email, or added to a class presentation Relatively inexpensive easy to install Plug and Play Set of hardware and software standards developed by Intel, Microsoft,.. Creating devices that are able to configure themselves when installed Bus Lines Connect parts of the CPU to each other Data roadway for traveling bits Measured as bus width More lanes, faster traffic Two basic categories System buses Expansion buses
Ports Socket for connecting external devices Ports can connect directly to the system board or they can connect to cards that are inserted into slots on the system board Two Types Standard Ports Specialized Ports Standard Ports Four common ports Serial ports Parallel ports USB ports FireWire ports Computers require direct current (DC) DC power provided by converting alternating current (AC) from wall outlets or batteries Desktop computers use power supply units Notebooks and handhelds use AC adapters Cables Used to connect exterior devices to the system unit via the ports One end of the cable is attached to the device and the other end has a connector that is attached to a matching connector on the port Power Supply
Date :../. / Day :.. Type of Storage : Chapter II System Storage A- Primary storage " RAM " Volatile storage Temporary storage limited capacity low speed B - Secondary storage: Nonvolatile storage Permanent storage More capacity High speed Secondary Storage Devices Most desktop microcomputer systems have floppy disks, hard disks, and optical disk drives All used to save, back up, and transport data files and programs 1- Floppy Disk A- Traditional Most common type is 2HD two-sided, high-density B- High Capacity Floppy Disks Known as a floppy-disk cartridge Require special disk drives Most widely used is the Zip disk 100 MB, 250 MB or 750 MB capacity Used to store multimedia, database, large text, and any files
Date :../. / Day :.. 2- Hard Disks Use thicker, metallic platters for storage Faster than a floppy diskette Large capacity High Performance There are three types of hard disks: Internal Hard Disk Hard-disk cartridge " External " Hard-disk pack 3- Optical Disks Hold over 50 gigabytes of data Tow types: A-Compact Disc Optical format From 650 MB to 1 GB capacity Rotation speeds vary Three basic types 1- Read only: CD-ROM 2- Write once: CD-R 3- Rewriteable: CD-RW B- Digital Versatile Disc Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc (DVD) Similar to CDs, but can store more data Three basic types 1- Read only: DVD-ROM 2- Write once: DVD+R; DVD-R 3- Rewritable: DVD+RW; DVD-RW; DVD-RAM
Date :../. / Day :.. 4- Other Types of Secondary Storage A- Solid-state storage B- Internet hard drives A- Solid-State Storage Flash memory cards 1- Widely used in notebook computers 2- Used to record MP3 music files USB drives 1- Key ring flash memory devices or flash drives 2- Connects to a USB port B- Internet Hard Drives Known as i-drive or online storage Low cost and can access information from any location using the Internet Oriented to either businesses or individuals
Date :../. / Day :.. Chapter III System Software Works with end users, application software, and computer hardware Four types of programs Operating system Utilities Device drivers Language translators Operating Systems Manage computer resources Provide an interface between the users and computer Runs applications A collection of programs that handle technical tasks Every computer has an own operating System Functions of an Operating System Performs three types of functions: Manages computer resources Coordinate memory, processing storage, and printers Monitor system performance Provide security Start-up the computer Provides user interface Character-based interface Graphical user interface (GUI) Runs applications Multitasking Foreground & background applications
Date :../. / Day :.. Features of an Operating System Booting Features in common with application software Icons Pointers Windows Menus Dialog boxes Help Categories of Operating Systems Hundreds of operating systems Three basic categories Embedded operating systems hand-held Network operating systems linked computers Stand-alone operating systems desktop Windows The most popular microcomputer operating system over 90 percent of the market
Comes in a variety of different versions Windows XP is the most widely used version Windows Vista was released in late 2006 Device Drivers Specialized programs that allow communication between a device and the computer Loaded into memory each time a computer is started When a new device is added, new device drivers must be installed
Date :../. / Day :.. Chapter VI Essentials Networks The process of sharing data, programs, and information between two or more computers Connectivity uses computer networks to link people and resources Communication Channels: Channels carry data from one computer to another Two categories of communication channels Physical connection Wireless connection
1- Physical Connections Telephone lines (Twisted pair cables) Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable 2- Wireless Connections Infrared Broadcast radio Microwave Stations " Mobil" Bluetooth Satellite GPS
Date :../. / Day :.. Chapter VII Windows Installation To install windows XP do the following Steps 1- Turn on the computer 2- Put CD Windows XP in CD Driver 3- When the following message appear { press any key to boot from CD } Windows XP installation has two modes: 1 : TEXT MODE : APPEAR AS BLUE SCREEN FIRST SCREEN Detect the hardware
SECOND SCREEN The windows setup now running on computer
THIRD SCREEN Setup notification to complete installation.. or To repair windows.. Press R Press Enter this option when windows lost some file system FOURTH SCREEN Setup has determine that the computer hard disk is new to continuo Press C
FIFTH SCREEN Accept the agreement by Press F8 SIXTH SCREEN Detect which partition will install on
SEVENTH SCREEN Determine which type of format ( FAT, NTFS. or Leave it without format) EIGHTH SCREEN The formatting indicator running
NINTH SCREEN Windows setup examine the hard disk TENTH SCREEN Windows setup copy the installation files on hard disk
ELEVENTH SCREEN Restart indicator is running
2 : GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE " GUI " MODE : TWELVETH SCREEN THERTEENTH SCREEN
FOURTEENTH SCREEN Regional Setting uses to change: 1- location " EGYPT, UK..) 2- Language of keyboard FIFTEENTH SCREEN Write user name and the name of organization
FIFTEENTH SCREEN Write the 25 character product key SIXTEENTH SCREEN Write computer name and password of adminstration
SEVENTEENTH SCREEN Change Date, Time and Time zone ( the time belongs to each country ) SIXTEENTH SCREEN Install the network card to connect to other computer
EIGHTEENTH SCREEN Input the IP address like ( 192.168.1.1 ) to make your computer available in the network NINETEENTH SCREEN