23 2 2004 3 GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH Vol123, No12 Mar1, 2004 GIS 1,2, 1, 3 (11, 210097 ; 21, 210013 ; 31, 210037) : 4D (DEM DOM DLG DRG) GIS, GIS, GIS ; GIS, : 4D ; ; : P208 ; P23115 : 100020585 (2004) 0220265209 (3D2GIS) GIS,,, GIS 3D2GIS GIS, [1 8 ] [9 ] ;, [10 ], [11 ], 3 D CAD ; : TIN ( Triangu2 lated Irregular Network) CSG(Construction Solid Geometry) [12,13 ], TIN, CSG, CSG ;, Morphing IBR [14 ] ; Angela Antonicelli Plinius,, [15 ], GIS,, 4D (DEM DOM DLG DRG), : 2003207220 ; : 2004201231 : (863) (2001AA135130) ; 211 (2002) : (19722),,,, GIS, 10 E2mail : gis-nj @1631com
266 23 1 4D,,, [16 ] 2 2 2 ( )2,,,, : 2 2 ( / ), ; (2D2GIS ) : 2 2, :,,, ID,,,, 90 60,, 111 GIS,, [9,13 ] : : :, :, :, :,, :, :, (DEM) :, ( Grid) (TIN) (DOM) :,, : : { X 1, Y 1, Z 1 }, { X 2, Y 2, Z 2 }, { Xn, Yn, Zn} :,,,,, { { X 1, Y 1, Z 1 }, { X 2, Y 2, Z 2 }, { Xn, Yn, Zn} } : { { X 11, Y 11, Z 11 }, { X 12, Y 12, Z 12 }, { X 1 n, Y 1 n, Z 1 n} } { { X i1, Y i1, Z i1 }, { X i2, Y i2, Z i2 }, { X i n, Y i n, Z i n} } ( n 2 ; i 2)
2 : GIS 267 :, : ( ) ;, :, ID : {ObjectID1, ObjectID2,, ObjectIDn} :,,, { X, Y, Z} :, RGB, : : ( Grid) (TIN),, :, 112 4D DEM DOM DLG DRG 4D (DEM :Digital Elevation Model) ( ) ( X, Y) ( Z) [17 ] DEM, Grid, 4, : Z = a0 + a1 x + a2 y + a3 xy,, DEM, / 215 DEM DEM,, ( ),, ( ), 3D2GIS,, DEM GPS, DEM OEEPE DTM, DTM 0112 %, 15 30 m 101 81 Grid 20 1 1000 DEM VirtuoZo (DOM : Digital Orthophoto Map) (DEM), ( ), DOM, ; ( Pixel),,
268 23,,, ( ),,,, (CCD), DOM :, DEM,, DOM DOM DOM DOM, DOM 5000 4000, 50 40cm, 254dpi,, : 5713M (DLG: Digital Line Graphic),,,,,,, DTI (Digital Thematic Information) DLG,, DLG : ( Z ) ; ; DLG, Z, Z DLG,,, ;, (DRG: Digital Raster Graphic),,,, DRG,,, DOM, DRG, ;, DRG DOM DEM 2 211 ( ) : ;,,,, X, Y, Z
2 : GIS 269 ( 1), : 5, 10,, AB CD ( ), AB CD XOY AB CD, ( 1 - a),, AB CD AB AB, ( X A, Y A, Z A ), ( X D, Y D, Z D ), ( X B, Y B, Z B ), ( X C, Y C, Z C ) : a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0, X [ min ( X [ min ( X A, X C ), max ( X B, X D ) ], Y [ min ( Y C, Y D ), max ( Y A, Y B ) ], Z [ min ( Y C, Y D ), max ( Y A, Y B ) ] ( 1 - b) ;,, AB CD AB CD, ( X A, Y A, Z A ), ( X C, Y C, Z C ), ( X B, Y B, Z B ), ( X C, Y D, Z D ) : a2x + b2y+ c2z + d2 = 0, AB CD, ( 1 - c) 1 Fig11 Linear interpolation modeling of oriented curves, K gl 1 gl 2 gl K N ( N 1), S K F 11 ( x, y, z) = 0 F 21 ( x, y, z) = 0 L 1 F 1 k ( x, y, z) = 0 F 2 k ( x, y, z) = 0 L k S : F( x, y, z) = 0, C 2 K C 2 K - 1 C 2 K - 2 C 2 3 C 2 2 2 K - 1, (k 2, k ) 21111 /
270 23,, DLG,, Z, (JX4 VirtuoZo ), X Y, ( ) 21112 3DMAX CAD MultiGen, 13ds 1dxf 1dwg [18,19 ],,, 3DMAX,, ; CAD MultiGen,, GIS 3DMAX CAD CCGIS ImaGIS,,, 3DMAX ImaGIS,,,,,,,,,,, GIS, DLG, Z,,, ( 2) :, (a), : A k B k C k D k A k, (k = 1, 2, 3, 4) ; (b), ; (c),,,, 21113 GIS DOM, DOM,,, 2 (a b c ) Fig12 3D Graphics of QUE Pavilion
2 : GIS 271,,,,,,, DOM ;, ( ),,, 21114,,, DOM,,,, 212 3D2GIS,,,,,,, Photoshop7,,, J PEG, DOM, 3 6 6,,, [20 ],,,,, 1300, DLG,, 3 311, 1998,, 2001 1 4000, 1 1000,, 110 km 2 VirtuoZo312 : 20 DEM 8762 2251dem 87622301dem 87222251dem 86822251dem ; DOM 8762 2251jpg 87622301jpg 87222251jpg 86822251jpg ;
272 23 87622251xyz 87622301xyz 87222251xyz 86822251xyz 312 ( 3) 313,, IDL ( Interactive Data Language) MRM(Multi2reso2 lution Model), IDL, 4 ( 3) 4 4D, : 1 3 GIS, 4D Fig13 Framework of 3D2GIS, 2 GIS ( ) 3 GIS GIS, GIS, GIS,,,,,,,, GIS : [ 1 ] Gorayska B1 Of minds and men1 In : Advances in Psychology1Edited by Gorayska B and Mey J L1 North2Holland : Elsevier Sci2 ence B1V1 19961 1 231 [ 2 ] 1 1,2003,22(2) :245 2521 [ 3 ], 1 1 :,20011 [ 4 ] Bishop I D,Karadaglis C1 Linking modelling and visualization for natural resources management1environment and Planning B : Planning and Design, 1997, 24 : 345 3581 [ 5 ],,, 1 1,2002,21(1) :14 241 [ 6 ] 1 1 :,19991 [ 7 ] 1 1,2002,31 (1) :7 111 [ 8 ] Batty M and Howes D1 Visualizing urban development1 Geo Info Systems, 1996, 6 (9) : 28 29, 321 [ 9 ], 1 1,1997,22 (1) :7 151 [10 ] Xiaoyong C, Ikeda K1Three2dimensional Modeling of GIS Based on Delaunay Tetrahedral Tessellations1In :International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Munich,Germany,1994,30 :124 1391 [11 ], 1 3D 1,2001,6 (6) :590 5931 [12 ], 1 1,1998,27(4) :326 3291
2 : GIS 273 [13 ], 1 GIS 1,1997,26 (2) :128 1331 [14 ],, 1 1,2002,31 (1) :12 161 [15 ] Antonicellia,Scisciog,Rosicarellir, et al1exploiting Pompei Cultural Heritage :The Plinius Project1[ s1l1] : Eurographics Associa2 tion,19991 [16 ], 1 1 :,20011183 2011 [17 ], 1 1 :,20001203 2511 [18 ], 1 GIS 1, 2001,26(1) :9 101 [19 ], 1 : 1,2000,25(4) :283 2881 [20 ],, 1 1 :,20011313 3241 Research on geometry modeling method of three2dimensions landscape GIS : a case study of Tangcheng in Wuxi J IANG Yong2fa 1,2, LV Guo2nian 1, PENG Shi2kui 3 (11Key Lab of Jiangsu of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China ; 21Jiangsu Fundamental Geographic Information Center, Nanjing 210013, China ;31College of Forest Resources and Environment,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing 210037, China) Abstract :Starting from the three dimensions and virtual reality, the hot spots of digital Earth and digital city of GIS,this paper analyses the development status of 3D visualization GIS at home and abroad, and discourse upon the key technologies of 3D2GIS1 In view of the specialty of surveying and mapping, the 3D cyber2landscape GIS in Tangcheng of Wuxi was realized based on 4D surveying and mapping data (DEM,DOM,DLG,DRG) 1 In addition, some modifications on traditional 3D spatial data model of GIS were made1the au2 thors think that the division of point object in 3D modeling of object2oriented is different from that of 2D GIS1The single tree of the generally defined point object is usually composed of bulk data storage and one of the difficult technologies of GIS modeling1 At the same time, the authors think that the way of using oriented curves for modeling complicat2 ed geometric objects is simple and direct1 Based on oriented curves the paper makes several descrip2 tions for common geometric objects, and puts forward the mathematical way which constructs simple surface object and complex 3D objects1 As a basic data stream, 4D of surveying and mapping data was modeled by automatic and manual ways through digital technology for editing textures of buildings and linking their attribute data, then the 3D landscape reappearance and virtual reality of Tangcheng scenic spot were completed1 Key words :4D surveying and mapping data ; geometry modeling ; oriented curves