ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS v xiv xvi xvii 1. INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS NETWORKS AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 INFRASTRUCTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURE LESS NETWORK 3 1.3 AD HOC NETWORKS 4 1.4 ROUTING PROTOCOLS 6 1.4.1 Unicast Routing 7 1.4.1.1 Proactive routing protocol 8 1.4.1.2 Reactive routing protocol 10 1.4.1.3 Hybrid routing protocol 12 1.4.2 Multicast Routing 13 1.5 FACTORS AFFECTING ROUTINNG 14 1.6 METRICIES EMPLOYED FOR THE ROUTE SELECTION 17 1.7 METRICIES USED FOR EVALUATION IN AD HOC NETWORKS 20 1.8 OPNET SIMULATION SOFTWARE 22
x CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1.9 OBJECTIVE OF THESIS 23 1.10 THESIS ORGANNIZATION 24 1.11 SUMMARY 25 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 26 2.1 INTRODUCTION 26 2.2 AD HOC NETWORK ROUTNG PROTOCOLS 27 2.2.1 Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing 28 2.2.2 Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocol 39 2.2.3 Comparison of Routing Protocol 41 2.2.4 Performance Metrics 42 2.3 LINK QUALITY BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLS 46 2.4 SWARM INTELLIGENCE FOR ROUTING IN AD HOC NETWORKS 58 2.5 SUMMARY 62 3. IMPROVED AODV BASED ON LINK QUALITY METRICS 63 3.1 INTRODUCTION 63 3.2 AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL 63 3.2.1 Aodv Route Message 64 3.2.1.1 Rreq message format 66 3.2.1.2 Rrep message format 68 3.2.1.3 Rrerr message format 69
xi CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 3.2.1.4 Route reply acknowledgement message format 70 3.3 LINK QUALITY ESTIMATION IN WIRELESS NETWORKS 71 3.3.1 Link Quality based Transmission Power Adaptation 71 3.3.2 Link Quality based Data Rate Adaptation 72 3.3.3 Link Quality based Route Selection 73 3.4 ACTIIVE ROUTE TIME OUT 74 3.5 METHODOLOGY 76 3.5.1 Link Quality 76 3.5.2 Proposed Improved Aodv Model 78 3.5.3 Experimental Setup 80 3.5.3.1 Traffic 80 3.5.3.2 Mobility model 81 3.5.3.3 Performance metrics 82 3.5.4 Simulation Setup 83 3.6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 87 3.7 SUMMARY 92 4. OPTIMIZATION OF LINK FOR AD HOC ON DEMAND DISTANCE VECTOR USING ANT COLONY ALGORITHM 94 4.1 INTRODUCTION 94 4.2 SWARM INTELLIGENCE INSPIRED ROUTING ALGORITHMS IN MANNET 97 4.2.1 Swarm Intelligence Routing Procedure 98
xii CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.2.1.1 Route setup phase 98 4.2.1.2 Route maintenance phase 99 4.2.1.3 Route failure handling case 100 4.2.2 Self Organizing Nature of Swarm Inelegance 100 4.2.2.1 Positive feedback 100 4.2.2.2 Negative feedback 101 4.2.2.3 Amplification of fluctuations 101 4.2.2.4 Multiple Interactions 101 4.3 THE ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION APPROACH 102 4.3.1 Similarities and Difference with Real Ants 103 4.3.2 Pheromone Trail and Stigmergy 103 4.3.3 Shortest Path Searching and Local Moves 104 4.3.4 Stochastic and Myopic State Transition Policy 104 4.4 METHODOLOGY 105 4.4.1 Link Quality Metrics 107 4.4.2 Experimental Setup 111 4.5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 111 4.6 SUMMARY 117 5. HYBRID OPTIMIZATION FOR ENHANCED LINK QUALITY 118 5.1 INTRODUCTION 118 5.2 TABU SEARCH 119 5.2.1 TABU Search Techniques 122
xiii CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 5.2.2 Basic Tabu Search Algorithm and Flow Chart 124 5.3 METHODOLOGY 126 5.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 128 5.5 SUMMARY 134 6. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 135 6.1 CONCLUSION 135 6.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 137 REFFERENCE 138 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 156
xiv LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1.1 Comparison of Cellular Network and Ad hoc Wireless Network 3 3.1 Simulation Parameters 83 3.2 Packet Delivery ratio for Varying Node Pause Time 87 3.3 End to End Delay for Varying Node Pause Time 87 3.4 Jitter for Varying node Pause Time 88 3.5 Route Discovery Time 89 3.6 Total Route Cache Sent 90 3.7 Total Packets Dropped 91 3.8 Results Obtained for Different Number of Nodes 92 4.1 Routing Table For Node 1 99 4.2 Packet Delivery Ratio for varying node pause time for the proposed Aco-Aodv 111 4.3 End to End delay for varying Node Pause Time for the proposed Aco-Aodv 112 4.4 Jitter for varying Node Pause Time for proposed Aco-Aodv 113 4.5 Route Discovery Time 114 4.6 Total Route Catche Sent 115 4.7 Total Packets Dropped 116
xv TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 5.1 Packet delivery Ratio for varying Node pause Time for the proposed Hybrid Aco-Aodv 129 5.2 End to End Delay for varying Node Pause Time for the proposed Hybrid Aco-Aodv 130 5.3 Jitter for varying Node Pause Time for proposed Hybrid Aco-Aodv 130 5.4 Route Discovery Time 131 5.5 Total Route Catche Sent 132 5.6 Total Packets Dropped 133
xvi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1.1 Mobile Ad Hoc Network 5 2.1 RREQ Message Format 29 2.2 RREP Message Format 30 3.1 Example for AODV Routing Table 66 3.2 Route Request Message 68 3.3 Route reply Message 69 3.4 Route error Message 70 3.5 Route reply Acknowledgement 70 3.6 Node Model in Opnet 84 3.7 The State Machine diagram for the IP model 85 3.8 The State Machine of Traffic Diagram 85 3.9 Snapshot of Simulation Screen for Total Cache Replies Sent 86 3.10 Snapshot of the code for the proposed Lq-Aodv Routing 86 4.1 Illustration of SI based Routing Problem 98 4.2 Additional packets overheads Introduced 109 4.3 Initial Phase of ACO Optimization 109 4.4 The Route discovery Process 110 4.5 The Ant Path 110 5.1 Representation of Shortest path 119 5.2 Dimension of Memory Structure in Tabu Search 123 5.3 Flow Chart for Tabu Search 124
xvii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (i,j) - A Pheromone Amount Between Node i and Node j (i,j) - A reciprocal of the distance between node i and node j ART - Active Route Time Out ANSI - Ad Hoc Networking with Swarm Intelligence AODV - Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector ASAP - Adaptive Reservation and Pre-allocation Protocol i, j - An Index Of Link Quality ACNDHMR - Ant Colony based Node Disjoint Hybrid Multi-path Routing ACO - Ant Colony Optimization ARAMA - Ant Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ARA - Ant-Colony-Based Routing Algorithm ARA - Ant-Colony-Based Routing Algorithm G r G t ABR ARAN ADN D BDP BER CSMA /CA CGSR CDMA - Antenna Gain of the Receiver - Antenna Gain of the Transmitter - Associatively Based Routing - Authenticated Routing for Ad hoc Networks - Autonomous Decentralized Networks Algorithm - Average End-To-End Delay - Bandwidth-Delay Product - Bit Error Rate - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance - Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing - Code Division Multiple Access
xviii CRL - Collaborative Reinforcement Learning CWL - Congestion Window Limit CBR - Constant Bit Rate CAMP - Core Assisted Mesh Protocol DOE - Design of Experiments DSN - Destination Sequence Number DSDV - Destination Sequenced Distance Vector DAG - Directed Acyclic Graph DRR - Dynamic Reconfigurable Routing DSR - Dynamic Source Routing EARA - Emergent Ad Hoc Routing Algorithm EODMRP - Enhanced On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol ETT - Expected Transmission Time FSR - Fisheye State Routing FV-AODV - Fuzzy Velocity-based AODV GPS - Global Positioning System HARP - Hybrid Ad Hoc Routing Protocol LANMAR - Landmark Ad Hoc Routing LABQ - Link Availability Based QoS Aware LQ-AODV - Link Quality Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector LQA - Link Quality Assessment LQA - Link Quality Assessment LQF - Link Quality Format LQHR - Link Quality-Based Hybrid Routing LB-AODV - Load Balancing Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector V max MAC - Maximum Allowable Velocity - Media Access Control C m - Minimum Value Of Metric Over A Path MANET - Mobile AdHoc Network
xix MABR MPR MAODV NCEMR ODMRP OLSR PLR PSO i,j, ij Pj PERA PDF QoS RWM ROAR RTHC RTT RRER RREP RREP-ACK RREQ RSC RABR SSA SSR SSA SNR - Mobile Ants-Based Routing Protocol - Multi Point Relay - Multicast Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector - Novel Constrained Entropy-Based Multipath Routing - On-demand Multicast Routing Protocol - Optimized Link State Routing - Packet Loss Ratio - Particle Swarm Optimization - Pheromone Value - Power Computed For Each Node - Probabilistic Emergent Routing Algorithm - Probability Density Function - Product of values along the path - Quality of Service - Random Way point Mobility - Rate Opportunistic Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector Routing - Round-Trip Hop-Count - Round-trip time - Route Error - Route Reply - Route Reply Acknowledgment - Route Request - Route Stability Coefficient - Route-Lifetime Assessment Based Routing Protocol - Signal Stability Algorithm - Signal Stability Routing - Signal Strength Adaptive - Signal To Interference Plus Noise Ratio
SIR - Signal to Interference Ratio SMR - Split Multipath Routing TS TORA n ij R i Pi - Tabu Search - Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm - The Heuristic Value - The Number of Data Packets Successfully Transmitted - The Time At Which A Packet With Unique Identifier - The total power from all nodes xx i TBRPF Pj - The Unique Packet Identifier - Topology Dissemination Based on Reverse Path Forwarding - Total Power Computed n i 1, - Two Tunable Parameters L m i VO-AODV T w WLAN WPAN WRP WWAN ZRP - Value of Metric m over a Link L i over a path - Varying Overhead Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector - Waiting Time - Wavelength - Wireless Local Area Network - Wireless personal area network - Wireless Routing Protocol - Wireless Wide Area Network - Zone Routing Protocol