Project 0: Linux & Virtual Machine Dabbling CS-3013 Operating Systems Hugh C. Lauer (Slides include materials from Slides include materials from Modern Operating Systems, 3 rd ed., by Andrew Tanenbaum and from Operating System Concepts, 7 th ed., by Silbershatz, Galvin, & Gagne) Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 1
In this project, we will Install our virtual machines and learn how to use them This is the place you will work during this course! Build and install the Linux kernel With your name on it! Follow Linux naming & numbering conventions Turn in the project using web-based Turnin Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 2
In this project, we won t try to change anything in the kernel yet This is for a future project try to support more than one machine architecture However, 32-bit and 64-bit architectures are different at the kernel level! Hardware-level code for different processor families is organized differently in kernel source code! Your kernel is not portable from one to another Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 3
Using your Virtual Machine Characteristics Guest OS is OpenSUSE Linux 11.4 Configured for projects of this course Configured to work with VMware or Fossil Server Just the basic devices needed for this course You may use Your own PC or Mac VMware Player, VMware Workstation, or VMware Fusion Virtual Fossil server Linux server in CS Department with KVM virtualization Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 4
Cloning your Virtual Machine Don t waste too much time trying to figure it out on your own See cookbook for how to clone or copy Download zip file, unzip to new folder Open.vmx file VMware Workstation, Player, Fusion Dialog box appears asking if you moved or copied the virtual machine Select I copied it! (VMware) Adjust other parameters if necessary / appropriate Power on / Start your virtual machine Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 5
OpenSUSE Boot Screen Use arrow keys to select which kernel to boot Boot timer selects default kernel after timeout Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 6
OpenSUSE Login Screen Menu to restart, shut down, etc. Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 7
Log into your Virtual Machine (VMware) Login is as student Password = CS-3013/502 Opens KDE, a Linux desktop environment Switching between Host and Guest Click in guest window to focus mouse and keyboard Type CTL-ALT to return focus to host Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 8
KDE Desktop Environment Gecko menu. Equivalent to Windows Start button Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 9
KDE a Linux GUI interface Looks and acts a lot like Windows or Mac GUI Many similar tools and applications Start menu is in lower left corner under the Gecko icon YaST, the SUSE administration tool Select User and group administration Create new user identity for yourself Log out, log in as new identity, delete student Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 10
Starting your Virtual Machine (VMware continued) Full screen mode Type CTL-ALT-Enter to switch to or from guest full screen (VMware only) Interrupting CTL-ALT-DEL always goes to host system Use VM menu command in VMware to send CTL-ALT-DEL to guest Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 11
Other Notes When input focus is in guest window Inserted CD/DVD is recognized by guest OS Same for USB flash drive Snapshots Makes a record of the state of your virtual machine Any subsequent changes are made in copy-onwrite mode Shared folder with host operating system Extremely useful! Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 12
Questions about VMware? Next: Fossil Server Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 13
Cloning your Virtual Machine (Fossil Server Things you need) Secure shell client PuTTY for Windows Built into Linux and Macintosh desktop systems X11 server X-Win32 or equivalent for Windows Built into Linux and Macintosh Free NX Client Download from http://www.nomachine.com/download.php Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 14
Cloning your Virtual Machine (Fossil Server continued) Start X-Win32 (or equivalent) Windows only (Mac and Linux already started) Login to fossilvm.cs.wpi.edu WPI user ID, temporary password Change your password! Clone script sudo clone-vm.sh name-of-your-guest Open viewer sudo view-vm.sh name-of-your-guest Select kernel to boot Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 15
OpenSUSE Boot Screen Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 16
OpenSUSE Login Screen Don t log in here! Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 17
Remote Desktop to Virtual Machine (Fossil Server) Open Free NX Client Click Configure Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 18
Configuring Free NX Client (for your virtual machine) Your Virtual Machine Name Other settings Proxy Host = fossilvm.cs.wpi.edu Proxy Port = 8080 Save configuration Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 19
Log into Remote Desktop (Fossil Server) Login is as student Password = CS-3013/502 Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 20
Remote Desktop in a Window Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 21
Change User ID and Password! Reason Fossil server not very secure May accidentally connect to someone else s virtual machine Do it now! Use YaST Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 22
YaST, the SUSE administration tool A much more efficient/effective way to manage your system Administer hardware, software, users, services, etc. Root password CS-3013/502 (same as student password) Access via third tab under Gecko icon Use it to Set up your own user ID and delete the student ID Change root password! Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 23
Share your thoughts and experiences with your colleagues Use the class e-mail list! Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 24
Questions? Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 25
To get started with kernel build Find kernel sources in /usr/src i.e., a link to /home/src Current version is linux-2.6.37.6-0.5 Clone kernel source tree by linked copy: In a command shell, do cp al /usr/src/linux-2.6.37.6-0.5 kernelsrc Creates a linked copy of original tree in new directory called kernelsrc Or whatever you wish to name it Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 26
Digression: Linux Hard Links Directory entries point directly to files Multiple directory entries may point to same file! Same or different directories (within same file system) Same or different name Name attached to directory, not file Permissions & attributes attached to file, not directory Called hard links (as opposed to symbolic links) Modifications to file seen thru all hard links mv and rm commands change directories, not files! File goes away when all directory entries (i.e., hard links) to that file are deleted and file is closed. Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 27
Cloned Source Tree All directories are copied All directory entries are hard-linked to files in original source tree I.e., only one copy of each file exists A good thing, because kernel sources are hundreds of megabytes! To modify a file: Unlink it in your directory (via mv or rm) Replace with modified copy in your directory Original still remains intact in original directory Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 28
To Modify a File mv file.c file.c~ Edit file.c~ in your favorite editor Save as file.c (Eventually) rm file.c~ EMACS and patch do this automatically Most other editors require you to do it manually Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 29
To Build Linux Kernel Make configuration step As ordinary user Build kernel files and modules As ordinary user Install modules, boot file, etc. Need root privileges Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 30
To Build Linux Kernel (continued) Always build to a separate destination tree mkdir ~/kerneldst make O=~/kernelDst Reason Making the configuration generates a lot of include files and other sources If you don t specify a destination, it fills up your source tree Submitted project files grow to megabytes! Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 31
Making the Configuration In a command shell cd kernelsrc Do one of: make O=~/kernelDst config Very long and tedious make O=~/kernelDst menuconfig Still somewhat long and tedious; also hokey make O=~/kernelDst xconfig Really nice; a better GUI; highly recommended make O=~/kernelDst gconfig Used to be better, but has not kept up with xconfig Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 32
Make configuration (continued) Edit configuration file Load course config file from CS-3013.config Edit General setup to add your name No other edits necessary for this project. Save and quit If need to rebuild, use make O=~/kernelDst oldconfig to reuse same configuration Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 33
To Build Kernel In a terminal window (i.e., a shell), do: cd kernelsrc make O=~/kernelDst I.e., letter O Takes ~25 minutes on dual-core 2.4 GHz Core Duo, 1 GByte RAM in VM (2 GByte real memory) ~15 minutes on Virtual Fossil server Rebuilds after small edits are much faster Changing.h files causes longer rebuilds Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 34
Note: building with multiple processors Generally faster to do cd kernelsrc make j4 O=~/kernelDst j = number of concurrent build jobs SUSE advice 2 number of processors Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 35
Warnings Lots of warnings from files you never touched Not your problem No warnings allowed in your own code! In this course Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 36
For Project Submission Redirect build output to a file Submit A subset of that file (this project only) E.g., first two dozen and last dozen or so lines. Output of uname a command README file with a summary of any difficulties or issues README.txt, README.doc, or README.pdf Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 37
To Install Kernel Requires root privileges sudo make modules_install install Root password = CS-3013/502 Note order of arguments! This puts modules into /lib/modules puts kernel, initrd file & symbols into /boot Changes links for vmlinuz, initrd adds entries to /boot/grub/menu.lst So your kernel shows up on boot screen So you can select which kernel to boot Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 38
Running Your Kernel Restart your virtual machine Click in boot window Use arrow keys to select desired kernel or system To determine which kernel is running: uname -a Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 39
Submitting your Project From within your virtual machine, visit https://turnin.cs.wpi.edu:8088/ Log in Submit output of your build as Project 0 This is to test your ability to submit projects from the virtual machine! Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 40
Project Due Due date: Tuesday, August 30, 2011 When should projects be due: 11:59 PM? Day before class vs. day of class Other thoughts? Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 41
Questions? Linux and Virtual Machine Dabbling 42