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Acknowledgement INTRODUCTION Computers are increasingly being used for doing engineering drawings and graphics work because computers allow the graphics designer or the draughtsman to change easily the contents, format, color, size etc. of a drawing.` 2

COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CAD) The process of preparing drawings with the aid of computer is known as computer-aided drafting or computer-assisted drafting or computer graphics. The computer graphics includes the methods of making plane and geometrical drawings. Thus, plotting of points, drawing of lines, squares, circles etc. and building up of simple blocks, form the computer graphics activities in two dimensions. The entire computer graphics activities integrate the analysis, design, manufacturing and management aspects into one system that may be called computer-aided engineering (CAE).Micro computers are extensively used for drafting. Large computers are used for editing drawings easily and speedily. Main frame and mini-systems have more power and are resorted to three dimensional modeling. Advantages of CAD: 1. It is a fast and convenient method. 2. Drawings can be stored in database. 3. Changes in drawings can be done easily and quickly. 4. Neat and clean drawings of good quality can be prepared. 5. Accuracy can be maintained. The major functions to be performed by a CAD system are: 1. Basic set-up of a drawing. 2. Drawing the objects. 3. Changing the object properties. 4. Translating the objects. 5. Scaling the objects. 6. Clipping the object to fit the image to the screen. 7. Creating symbol libraries for frequently used objects. 8. Text insertion. 9. Dimensioning. Some of the features of CAD systems are: (1) Modeling and drafting: The majority of systems provide 2D and 3D modeling capabilities. Some low cost CAD systems are dedicated to 2D drafting only. (2) Ease of use: The users find CAD systems very easy to learn and use. 3

(3) Flexibility: Popular CAD systems provide greater flexibility when configuring the available hardware. Hundreds of computers, display devices, expansion boards, input and output devices are compatible and configurable with popular softwares. (4) Modularity: Standard input and output devices are attached to standard connectors thereby making the system modular in nature. (5) Low maintenance cost: Little maintenance is needed to keep the system functional. AUTOCAD AutoCAD comes with a very large number of user-selectable options to support a great variety of commercially available display devices, digitizers, mouse, printers and plotters. AutoCAD supports 2D drafting and 3D modeling. ENTERING POINTS IN AUTOCAD ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES-Using this method, you enter the points as they relate to the origin of the WCS. To enter points just enter in the exact point as X, Y. RELATIVE CO-ORDINATES-This allows you to enter points in relation to the first point you have entered. After you have entered one point, the next would be entered as @ X, Y. This means that AutoCAD will draw a line from the first point to another point X units over and Y units up relative to the previous point. POLAR CO-ORDINATES-You would use this system if you know that you want to draw a line a certain distance at a particular angle. You would enter this as @ D<A. In this case, D is the distance and A is the angle. Example: @10<90 will draw line 10 units straight up from the first point. DRAWING ENTITIES 1. Line: A line is specified by giving its two end-points. The LINE command can be used to draw a single line or a series of lines with the end-points one being the starting point of the next. When a series of such lines is created, each line is treated as a separated entity. To create a closed polygon, the user has to type in C(close) for the point. This cause the last and the fist points to be joined by a line and thus closing the polygon. 4

2. Polyline: Polylines are interesting drawing entities. Polylines can include both lines and arcs connected at end-points. Thus, a polyline is a single entity with multiple segments. The polylines can be straight or curved; can be wide (like a TRACE) or tapered. Fillets and chamfers can be added where needed on a polyline. Curve fitting and hatching can easily be performed on a polyline. 3. DONUT: The DONUT is a special type of polyline which is made up of arc segment. A DONUT has width, and it is closed. The width of DONUT is set by specifying inside and outside diameters. The inside diameter may be zero thereby making it a filled circle. 4. POLYGON: A polygon is also a polyline with equal length of sides. The regular polygon can either be inscribed in a circle or circumscribed about the circle. The polygon may also be constructed by specifying the length of one side and the number of sides of polygon (called edges). In this method a polygon is constructed in anti-clockwise direction from the two edge end-points that have been specified. 5. TRACE: This command is used to draw an arc accurately. Usually there are three parameters required for drawing an arc. 6. CIRCLE: There are many ways of drawing a circle, the default being the center point of circle and radius. Either on typing the command CIRCLE or selecting it from a screen menu with the help of mouse, all circle drawing options are displayed. 7. ELLIPSE: An ellipse can be constructed by specifying the centre, major and minor axes. An ellipse can also be constructed by specifying end-points of one of its axes and the eccentricity. 8. Solid: This is a two-dimensional, filled-in polygon. It is defined by using three points that form a triangle or quadrilateral shape. More complex shapes can be constructed by adding vertices. Modify Commands: 1. ERASE: You can erase object using this command. You can restore accidentally erased objects using UNDO. 2. COPY: You can create duplicates of objects at a specified distance and direction from the original. 3. MIRROR: It is used for creating a symmetrical object. 5

4. OFFSET: It creates a new object whose shape is parallel to the shape of the selected object 5. ARRAY: You can create copies of objects in rectangular or polar pattern called an Array. a. Rectangular Array: It controls the no. of rows and columns & distance between each. b. Polar Array: It controls the no. of copies of the object & way the copies are rotated. 6. MOVE: You can move the object at specified distance and direction from the original position. 7. ROTATE: You can rotate objects in your drawing around a specified base point. 8. TRIM: You ca first create an object such as a Line & then later just adjust it to fit exactly between other object. Trims shorten an object to meet another object. 9. EXTEND: With this you can extend lines, polylines to meet each other. 10. SCALE: It can reduce or increase the size of an object. To reduce the size of an object, the scale factor should be less than 1, & to increase the size it should be greater than 1. 11. BREAK: It is used to remove the part of the selected object. 12. BREAK AT POINT: Using this command you can break the object into two objects. 13. FILLET: It connects to an object with an arc which is tangent to one object & has a specific radius. 14. CHAMFER: It connects to an object with an angled line which is usually used to represent an edge on a corner. 15. EXPLODE: It is used to separate object into an individual object. Status Entities: 1. SNAP: The Snap mode allows you to move the cursor in fixed increments. Shortcut key is F9 2. GRID: Grid lines are used as reference lines. Shortcut is key F7. 6

3. ORTHO: This mode allows you to draw the lines at right angles only. Shortcut key is F8. 4. POLAR: Polar tracking restricts the cursor movement to specified angles. Shortcut key is F10. 5. OSNAP: Object Snap. Shortcut Key is F3 6. LWT: Line Weight. Dimension Toolbar: 1. BASELINE: Baseline dimensions are multiple dimensions measured from the same baseline. You must create a linear, aligned or angular dimension before you create a baseline dimension. 2. CONTINUE: Continuous dimensions are multiple dimensions placed end to end. You must create a linear, aligned dimension before you create continuous dimension. 3. ANGULAR: Angular dimensions measure the angle between two lines or three points. 4. DIAMETER: Creates diameter dimensions for circles and arcs. 5. RADIUS: It creates radial dimensions for circles and arcs. 6. ALIGNED: You can create dimensions that are parallel to the locations or objects that you specify. 7. LINEAR: Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical or aligned. 3D CAD TERMINOLOGY BOOLEAN OPERATIONS: Working in 3d usually involves the use of solid objects. At times you may need to combine multiple parts into one, or remove sections from a solid. AutoCAD has some commands that make this easy for you. The Boolean commands work only on solids or regions. 7

1. UNION: If you want to combine two objects into one object, you want to use the union command. 2. INTERSECT: This command creates a new solid from the intersecting volume of two or more solids or regions. AutoCAD will find where the two objects have a volume of interference and retain that area and discard the rest. 3. SLICE: This command does exactly what the name implies. You can slice 3D solid just like you were using a knife. 4. EXTRUDE FACE: This feature helps us to invert 2D into 3D entity AUTOCAD. 5. 3D ALIGN: Sometimes, you may find it faster or easier to draw something separately and then move and align it into place. THE USER CO-ORDINATE SYSYTEM (UCS) AND WORLD CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (WCS) When working in 3D, it sometimes necessary to change the plane that you are drawing on. For example, if you need to add some detail to the side of a wall, you would want to draw on the plane. It s like taking a sheet of paper up off the floor (WCS) and taping it onto the wall (UCS). The WCS is the World Co-ordinate System. This is the way that the standard X, Y and Z axis are directed when you begin anew drawing (X to the right, Y pointing up and Z pointing towards you). The UCS is the user Co-ordinate System. This is a redirection of the WCS based on parameters set by the AutoCAD user. CAD PROJECT STEP BY STEP INSTRUCTIONS (CollabCAD) SOLIDS - PRISM, PYRAMID, CONE & CYLINDER HEXAGONAL PRISM (Triangular, Square & Pentagon can also be drawn by changing the no. of sides under instruction no.4) 1. File New 8

2. Set the Design Mode as Part design, Unit as mm, drafting Standard as IS and type Part Name as Hexagonal Pyramid. Press F (X Y plane is displayed in the middle). 3. Go to menu View Top. Press F to fit into the screen. 4. Go to menu Basic Polygon side right click Workspace Origin a polygon creation dialog box pops up. Type the following as input; No. of sides 6, Side length 25. Select OK. Top view of a hexagonal with dimension will come on the screen. 5. Go to menu View Isometric. Press F to fit polygon on the screen. 6. Go to menu Edit Copy & Translate Delta. Select the hexagonal profile press enter. Dialog box will pop up on the screen, tick Global C and enter i) Translate X=0, Translate Y = 75, Translate Z = 0 & Copies = 1 and tick OK. Press F to fit into screen. Second hexagon is now available at a height of 75mm. 7. Go to menu Solid Loft Curves and select both the hexagon profiles and press enter. Dialog box will pop up. Select Ruled and click OK. 8. Go to menu Tools Options Sessions select Shading tab and set the following options from combo box; Method: Gouraud, Transparency: Proportional, Display: Hidden line removal, Quality: Refined. Click OK and hexagonal solid prism is displayed, press S for shade or R for wire frame display. 9. Save the part as Hexagonal_Prism.muz using the menu File Save As. CREATING 2D PROJECTION VIEWS USING PLOT CONFIGURATOR 10. Go to File Plot configurator. 2D Config application window is displayed. 9

11. Close the symbol Pallet. 11. Go to menu File Page Setup dialog box will pop up. Select Paper Size as A4 and Orientation as landscape. The paper length and width are set automatically. 12. Go to menu Tools Options plot option dialog box will pop up. Select display Type as Hidden Line Removal, Scale as 1:2, click View Border uncheck View Movement Constrained check box. 12. Go to View Standard. Select layout dialog box will pop up. Select First angle 4 Views projection from combo box and four projection views will be displayed on the screen. 13. To get Isometric view go to View Select, view dialog box will pop up. Select the required view from combo box and drag on the plot conifg screen. Go to View Scale. Specify the Rect Width & Rect Height so that all views are modified uniformly. 15. To show the Axis Line go to Dimensions Symbols Axis line. Similarly show dimensions 16. Go to menu Tools Title Enter your details i.e. name etc. 17. Save the file as Hexagonal_prism.mup using menu File Save As. HEXAGONAL PYRAMID (Triangular, Square & Pentagon can also be drawn by changing the no. of sides under instruction no.4) 1. File New 2. Set the Design Mode as Part design, Unit as mm, drafting Standard as IS and type Part Name as Hexagonal Pyramid. Press F (X Y plane is displayed in the middle). 3. Go to menu View Top. Press F to fit into the screen. 4. Go to menu Solid Pyramid right click Workspace Origin a pyramid creation dialog box pops up. Type the following as input; No. of sides 6, Side length 25 and height 60. Select OK. Top view of a hexagonal pyramid with above parameters will come on the screen. 5. Go to menu View Isometric. Press F to fit pyramid into screen. 6. Go to menu Tools Options Sessions select Shading tab and set the following options from combo box; Method: Gouraud, Transparency: Proportional, Display: Hidden line removal, Quality: Refined. Click OK and hexagonal pyramid is displayed, press S for shade or R for wire frame display. 7. Save the part as Hexagonal_Pyramid.muz using the menu File Save As. 10

CREATING 2D PROJECTION VIEWS USING PLOT CONFIGURATOR 8. Go to menu File Plot configurator. 2D Config application window is displayed. 9. Close the symbol Pallet. 10. Go to menu File Page Setup dialog box will pop up. Select Paper Size as A4 and Orientation as landscape. The paper length and width are set automatically. 11. Go to menu Tools Options plot option dialog box will pop up. Select display Type as Hidden Line Removal, Scale as 1:2, click View Border uncheck View Movement Constrained check box. 12. Go to menu View Standard. Select layout dialog box will pop up. Select First angle 4 Views projection from combo box and four projection views will be displayed on the screen. 13. To get Isometric view go to View Select, view dialog box will pop up. Select the required view from combo box and drag on the plot conifg screen 14. Go to menu View Scale. Specify the Rect Width & Rect Height so that all views are modified uniformly. 15. To show the Axis Line go to Dimensions Symbols Axis line. Similarly show dimensions 16. Go to menu Tools Title Enter your details i.e. name etc. 11

17. Save the file as Hexagonal_pyramid.mup using menu File Save As. PENTAGONAL FRUSTUM (Triangular, Square & Hexagon can also be drawn by changing the no. of sides under instruction no.4) 1. File New 2. Set the Design Mode as Part design, Unit as mm, drafting Standard as IS and type Part Name as Hexagonal Pyramid. Press F (X Y plane is displayed in the middle). 3. Go to menu View Top. Press F to fit into the screen. 4. Go to menu Basic Polygon side right click Workspace Origin a polygon creation dialog box pops up. Type the following as input; No. of sides 5, Side length 25. Select OK. Top view of a hexagonal with dimension will come on the screen. 5. Go to menu View Isometric. Press F to fit polygon on the screen. 6. Go to menu Basic Polygon side and right click and select Enter Coordinates from the displayed option a dialog box will pop up, tick Global C and enter i) Point X=0, Point Y = 50, Point Z = 0 and tick Global and press OK. Again a dialog box will pop up, enter the following value to create another pentagon, no. of sides= 5, length of base = 20. A second pentagon with dimension is displayed on the screen. 7. Change the view to isometric using the menu View Isometric. Press F to fit into screen. 8. Go to menu Solid Loft Curves and select bottom pentagon and press enter. Similarly select the other pentagon and press enter. Select Ruled from the options dia box and click OK. 9. Go to menu Tools Options Sessions select Shading tab and set the following options from combo box; Method: Gouraud, Transparency: Proportional, Display: Hidden line removal, Quality: Refined. Click OK and hexagonal solid prism is displayed, press S for shade or R for wire frame display. 10. Save the part as Pentagonal_frustum.muz using the menu File Save As. 12

CREATING 2D PROJECTION VIEWS USING PLOT CONFIGURATOR 11. Go to menu File Plot configurator. 2D Config application window is displayed. Close the symbol Pallet. 12. Go to menu File Page Setup dialog box will pop up. Select Paper Size as A4 and Orientation as landscape. The paper length and width are set automatically. 13. Go to menu Tools Options plot option dialog box will pop up. Select display Type as Hidden Line Removal, Scale as 1:2, click View Border uncheck View Movement Constrained check box. 12. Go to menu View Standard. Select layout dialog box will pop up. Select First angle 4 Views projection from combo box and four projection views will be displayed on the screen. 13. To get Isometric view go to View Select, view dialog box will pop up. Select the required view from combo box and drag on the plot conifg screen. Go to View Scale. Specify the Rect Width & Rect Height so that all views are modified uniformly. 15. To show the Axis Line go to Dimensions Symbols Axis line. Similarly show dimensions 16. Go to menu Tools Title Enter your details i.e. name etc. Save the file as Hexagonal_prism.mup using menu File Save As. SOLID CONE (Cylinder can also be drawn by changing the step no 6.) 13

1. File New 2. Set the Design Mode as Part design, Unit as mm, drafting Standard as IS and type Part Name as Hexagonal Pyramid. Press F (X Y plane is displayed in the middle). 3. Go to menu View Top. Press F to fit into the screen. 4. Go to menu Basic Arc Center & Point Workspace Origin press T to give radius input. Radius = 25. Select OK. A circle with 25 mm as radius will come on the screen. 5. Go to menu View Isometric. Press F to fit pyramid into screen. 6. Go to menu Solids Cone Base Circle dialog box will pop up, enter length = 50 and top radius = 0 and press OK and then F to fit into screen. Cone is displayed on the screen. 7. Go to menu Edit Blank Type. Blank dialog box will pop up. Select curves and Prs OK 8. Go to menu Tools Options Sessions select Shading tab and set the following options from combo box; Method: Gouraud, Transparency: Proportional, Display: Hidden line removal, Quality: Refined. Click OK and cone is displayed, press S for shade or R for w frame display. 9. Save the part as Soid_Cone.muz using the menu File Save As. CREATING 2D PROJECTION VIEWS USING PLOT CONFIGURATOR 10. Go to menu File Plot configurator. 2D Config application window is displayed. Close the symbol Pallet. 14

10. Go to menu File Page Setup dialog box will pop up. Select Paper Size as A4 and Orientation as landscape. The paper length and width are set automatically. 11. Go to menu Tools Options plot option dialog box will pop up. Select display Type as Hidden Line Removal, Scale as 1:2, click View Border uncheck View Movement Constrained check box. 12. Go to View Standard. Select layout dialog box will pop up. Select First angle 4 Views projection from combo box and four projection views will be displayed on the screen. 13. To get Isometric view go to View Select, view dialog box will pop up. Select the required view from combo box and drag on the plot conifg screen 14. Go to View Scale. Specify the Rect Width & Rect Height so that all views are modified uniformly. 15. To show the Axis Line go to Dimensions Symbols Axis line. Similarly show dimensions 16. Go to Tools Title Enter your details i.e. name etc. 17. Save the file as Solid_Cone.mup using menu File Save As. EXPERIMENT NO. 1 Object: To prepare the drawing shown in the figure with the help of Auto CAD tool. 15

Commands used : Regenerating model. AutoCAD menu utilities loaded. limits Reset Model space limits: Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0 Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 500,500 zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nx or nxp), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: all Regenerating model. line 0,0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<30 Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<150 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @40<210 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<150 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @20<210 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @60<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<150 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @60<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @60<30 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @60<330 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<330 Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<30 Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<210 Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<150 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: @60<150 Specify next point or [Undo]: @60<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: *Cancel* 16

line Specify next point or [Undo]: @20<30 Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<90 Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* _qsave EXPERIMENT NO. 2 Object: To prepare the drawing shown in the figure with the help of Auto CAD tool. 17

Commands used : Regenerating model. AutoCAD menu utilities loaded. limits Reset Model space limits: Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0 Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 500,500 zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nx or nxp), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: all Regenerating model. line 0,0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<30 Specify next point or [Undo]: @60<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @54<150 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @60<210 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @60<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @28<330 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<30 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @20<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @18<150 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @40<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @44<330 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @60<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @26<150 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @20<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<210 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @20<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @20<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @18<150 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @40<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @10<150 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<30 Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<30 Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* _qsave 18

EXPERIMENT NO. 3 Object: To prepare the drawing shown in the figure with the help of Auto CAD tool. 19

Commands used : Regenerating model. AutoCAD menu utilities loaded. '_limits Reset Model space limits: Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0 Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 150,150 line 0,0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @76<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @45<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @19<180 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @57<180 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @15<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<120 Specify next point or [Undo]: @15<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @40<-60 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: @57<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @19<0 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @40<-60 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: @15<120 Specify next point or [Undo]: @20<180 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @10<120 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @20<0 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @15<120 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: *Cancel* _qsave line Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: 20

Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* _trim Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=None Select cutting edges... _.erase 1 found _.erase 1 found _qsave _dimlinear [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text = 76.0000 _dimlinear [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: *Cancel* _dimaligned [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 40.0541 _dimaligned [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 40.0000 _dimaligned Non-associative dimension created. [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 45.0000 _dimaligned 21

[Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 8.8270 _dimaligned [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 34.0735 _dimaligned [Mtext/Text/Angle]: *Cancel* _dimlinear [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text = 19.0000 _dimlinear [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: *Cancel* _dimaligned [Mtext/Text/Angle]: *Cancel* _dimaligned [Mtext/Text/Angle]: *Cancel* _qsave 22

EXPERIMENT NO. 4 Object: To prepare the square prism of side 100mm with the help of Auto CAD tool. 23

EXPERIMENT NO. 5 Object: To prepare the pentagonal prism of side 25mm with the help of Auto CAD tool. 25

Commands used : Regenerating model. AutoCAD menu utilities loaded. limits Reset Model space limits: Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0 Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 500,500 zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nx or nxp), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: all Regenerating model. _polygon Enter number of sides <4>: 5 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: edge Specify first endpoint of edge: 0,0 Specify second endpoint of edge: 25 _-view Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: _swiso Regenerating model. _copy Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>: line Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: 26

Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* '_dimstyle Specify opposite corner: *Cancel* _dimaligned [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 25 _dimaligned [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 54 _qdim _qsave 27

EXPERIMENT NO. 6 Object: To prepare the hexagonal prism of side 25mm with the help of Auto CAD tool. 28

Commands used : Regenerating model. AutoCAD menu utilities loaded. limits Reset Model space limits: Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0 Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 500,500 zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nx or nxp), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: all Regenerating model. _polygon Enter number of sides <4>: 6 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: edge Specify first endpoint of edge: 0,0 Specify second endpoint of edge: 25 _-view Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: _swiso Regenerating model. _copy Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>: line Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line 29

Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* line Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel* '_dimstyle _dimaligned [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 25 _dimaligned [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 64 _qdim _qsave 30

EXPERIMENT NO. 7 Object: To prepare the hexagonal pyramid of side 25mm with the help of Auto CAD tool. 31

Commands used : Regenerating model. AutoCAD menu utilities loaded. zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nx or nxp), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: all Regenerating model. limits Reset Model space limits: Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0 Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 500,500 <Ortho on> polyline Unknown command "POLYLINE". Press F1 for help. _pline Specify start point: 0,0 Current line-width is 0.0000 Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @25<0 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @25<60 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @25<120 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @25<180 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @25<240 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @25<300 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: *Cancel* extrude Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: 100 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: 45 _qdim _qsave 32

EXPERIMENT NO. 8 Object: To prepare the frustum of cone with the help of Auto CAD tool. Commands used : 33

Regenerating model. AutoCAD menu utilities loaded. limits Reset Model space limits: Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0 Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 500,500 3d Initializing... 3D Objects loaded. Enter an option [Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: cone Specify center point for base of cone: 0,0 Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: 25 Specify radius for top of cone or [Diameter] <0>: 15 Specify height of cone: 50 Enter number of segments for surface of cone <16>: _-view Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: _swiso Regenerating model. '_dimstyle _dimaligned Non-associative dimension created. [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 50 Specify opposite corner: _qsave 34