Chapter 2 outline. 2.1 Principles of app layer protocols

Chapter 2 outline 2.1 Principles of app layer protocols clients and servers app requirements 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 Electronic Mail SMTP, POP3, IMAP 2.5 DNS 2.6 Socket programming with TCP 2.7 Socket programming with UDP 2.8 Building a Web server 2.9 Content distribution Network Web caching Content distribution networks P2P file sharing 2: Application Layer 1

DNS: Domain Name System People: many identifiers: SSN, name, passport # Internet hosts, routers: IP address (32 bit) - used for addressing datagrams name, e.g., gaia.cs.umass.edu - used by humans Q: map between IP addresses and name? Domain Name System: distributed database implemented in hierarchy of many name servers application-layer protocol host, routers, name servers to communicate to resolve names (address/name translation) note: core Internet function, implemented as application-layer protocol complexity at network s edge 2: Application Layer 2

DNS name servers Why not centralize DNS? single point of failure traffic volume distant centralized database maintenance doesn t scale! no server has all nameto-ip address mappings local name servers: each ISP, company has local (default) name server host DNS query first goes to local name server authoritative name server: for a host: stores that host s IP address, name can perform name/address translation for that host s name 2: Application Layer 3

DNS: Root name servers contacted by local name server that can not resolve name root name server: contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known gets mapping returns mapping to local name server a NSI Herndon, VA c PSInet Herndon, VA d U Maryland College Park, MD g DISA Vienna, VA h ARL Aberdeen, MD j NSI (TBD) Herndon, VA k RIPE London i NORDUnet Stockholm m WIDE Tokyo e NASA Mt View, CA f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l ICANN Marina del Rey, CA 13 root name servers worldwide 2: Application Layer 4

Simple DNS example root name server host surf.eurecom.fr wants IP address of gaia.cs.umass.edu 2 5 3 4 1. contacts its local DNS server, dns.eurecom.fr 2. dns.eurecom.fr contacts root name server, if necessary 3. root name server contacts authoritative name server, dns.umass.edu, if necessary local name server dns.eurecom.fr 1 6 requesting host surf.eurecom.fr authorititive name server dns.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu 2: Application Layer 5

DNS example root name server Root name server: may not know authoritative name server may know intermediate name server: who to contact to find authoritative name server 2 local name server dns.eurecom.fr 1 8 requesting host surf.eurecom.fr 7 3 6 intermediate name server dns.umass.edu 4 5 authoritative name server dns.cs.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu 2: Application Layer 6

DNS: iterated queries root name server recursive query: puts burden of name resolution on contacted name server heavy load? iterated query: contacted server replies with name of server to contact I don t know this name, but ask this server 2 local name server dns.eurecom.fr 1 8 requesting host surf.eurecom.fr 3 4 7 iterated query intermediate name server dns.umass.edu 5 6 authoritative name server dns.cs.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu 2: Application Layer 7

DNS: caching and updating records once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches mapping cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time update/notify mechanisms under design by IETF RFC 2136 http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/dnsind-charter.html 2: Application Layer 8

DNS records DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR) RR format: (name, value, type,ttl) Type=A name is hostname value is IP address Type=NS name is domain (e.g. foo.com) value is IP address of authoritative name server for this domain Type=CNAME name is alias name for some cannonical (the real) name www.ibm.com is really servereast.backup2.ibm.com value is cannonical name Type=MX value is name of mailserver associated with name 2: Application Layer 9

DNS protocol, messages DNS protocol : query and reply messages, both with same message format msg header identification: 16 bit # for query, reply to query uses same # flags: query or reply recursion desired recursion available reply is authoritative 2: Application Layer 10

DNS protocol, messages Name, type fields for a query RRs in reponse to query records for authoritative servers additional helpful info that may be used 2: Application Layer 11

Socket programming Goal: learn how to build client/server application that communicate using sockets Socket API introduced in BSD4.1 UNIX, 1981 explicitly created, used, released by apps client/server paradigm two types of transport service via socket API: unreliable datagram reliable, byte streamoriented socket a host-local, application-created, OS-controlled interface (a door ) into which application process can both send and receive messages to/from another application process 2: Application Layer 13

Socket-programming using TCP Socket: a door between application process and endend-transport protocol (UCP or TCP) TCP service: reliable transfer of bytes from one process to another controlled by application developer controlled by operating system process socket TCP with buffers, variables internet process socket TCP with buffers, variables controlled by application developer controlled by operating system host or server host or server 2: Application Layer 14

Socket programming with TCP Client must contact server server process must first be running server must have created socket (door) that welcomes client s contact Client contacts server by: creating client-local TCP socket specifying IP address, port number of server process When client creates socket: client TCP establishes connection to server TCP When contacted by client, server TCP creates new socket for server process to communicate with client allows server to talk with multiple clients source port numbers used to distinguish clients (more in Chap 3) application viewpoint TCP provides reliable, in-order transfer of bytes ( pipe ) between client and server 2: Application Layer 15

Stream jargon A stream is a sequence of characters that flow into or out of a process. An input stream is attached to some input source for the process, eg, keyboard or socket. An output stream is attached to an output source, eg, monitor or socket. 2: Application Layer 16

Socket programming with TCP Example client-server app: 1) client reads line from standard input (infromuser stream), sends to server via socket (outtoserver stream) 2) server reads line from socket 3) server converts line to uppercase, sends back to client 4) client reads, prints modified line from socket (infromserver stream) Client Process process input stream output stream keyboard infromuser outtoserver monitor infromserver client TCP clientsocket socket input stream TCP socket to network from network 2: Application Layer 17

Client/server socket interaction: TCP Server (running on hostid) create socket, port=x, for incoming request: welcomesocket = ServerSocket() wait for incoming connection request connectionsocket = welcomesocket.accept() read request from connectionsocket write reply to connectionsocket close connectionsocket TCP connection setup Client create socket, connect to hostid, port=x clientsocket = Socket() send request using clientsocket read reply from clientsocket close clientsocket 2: Application Layer 18

Example: Java client (TCP) import java.io.*; import java.net.*; class TCPClient { Create input stream Create client socket, connect to server Create output stream attached to socket public static void main(string argv[]) throws Exception { String sentence; String modifiedsentence; BufferedReader infromuser = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); Socket clientsocket = new Socket("hostname", 6789); DataOutputStream outtoserver = new DataOutputStream(clientSocket.getOutputStream()); 2: Application Layer 19

Example: Java client (TCP), cont. Create input stream attached to socket Send line to server Read line from server BufferedReader infromserver = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream())); sentence = infromuser.readline(); outtoserver.writebytes(sentence + '\n'); modifiedsentence = infromserver.readline(); System.out.println("FROM SERVER: " + modifiedsentence); clientsocket.close(); } } 2: Application Layer 20

Example: Java server (TCP) import java.io.*; import java.net.*; class TCPServer { Create welcoming socket at port 6789 Wait, on welcoming socket for contact by client Create input stream, attached to socket public static void main(string argv[]) throws Exception { String clientsentence; String capitalizedsentence; ServerSocket welcomesocket = new ServerSocket(6789); while(true) { Socket connectionsocket = welcomesocket.accept(); BufferedReader infromclient = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(connectionSocket.getInputStream())); 2: Application Layer 21

Example: Java server (TCP), cont Create output stream, attached to socket Read in line from socket DataOutputStream outtoclient = new DataOutputStream(connectionSocket.getOutputStream()); clientsentence = infromclient.readline(); capitalizedsentence = clientsentence.touppercase() + '\n'; Write out line to socket } } } outtoclient.writebytes(capitalizedsentence); End of while loop, loop back and wait for another client connection 2: Application Layer 22

Socket programming with UDP UDP: no connection between client and server no handshaking sender explicitly attaches IP address and port of destination to each packet server must extract IP address, port of sender from received packet application viewpoint UDP provides unreliable transfer of groups of bytes ( datagrams ) between client and server UDP: transmitted data may be received out of order, or lost 2: Application Layer 24

Client/server socket interaction: UDP Server (running on hostid) Client create socket, port=x, for incoming request: serversocket = DatagramSocket() read request from serversocket create socket, clientsocket = DatagramSocket() Create, address (hostid, port=x, send datagram request using clientsocket write reply to serversocket specifying client host address, port number read reply from clientsocket close clientsocket 2: Application Layer 25

Example: Java client (UDP) keyboard monitor Client Process process Output: sends packet (TCP sent byte stream ) input stream UDP packet infromuser sendpacket receivepacket client UDP clientsocket socket UDP packet UDP socket Input: receives packet (TCP received byte stream ) to network from network 2: Application Layer 26

Example: Java client (UDP) import java.io.*; import java.net.*; Create input stream Create client socket Translate hostname to IP address using DNS class UDPClient { public static void main(string args[]) throws Exception { BufferedReader infromuser = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); DatagramSocket clientsocket = new DatagramSocket(); InetAddress IPAddress = InetAddress.getByName("hostname"); byte[] senddata = new byte[1024]; byte[] receivedata = new byte[1024]; String sentence = infromuser.readline(); senddata = sentence.getbytes(); 2: Application Layer 27

Example: Java client (UDP), cont. Create datagram with data-to-send, length, IP addr, port Send datagram to server Read datagram from server } DatagramPacket sendpacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData, senddata.length, IPAddress, 9876); clientsocket.send(sendpacket); DatagramPacket receivepacket = new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receivedata.length); clientsocket.receive(receivepacket); String modifiedsentence = new String(receivePacket.getData()); System.out.println("FROM SERVER:" + modifiedsentence); clientsocket.close(); } 2: Application Layer 28

Example: Java server (UDP) import java.io.*; import java.net.*; Create datagram socket at port 9876 Create space for received datagram Receive datagram class UDPServer { public static void main(string args[]) throws Exception { DatagramSocket serversocket = new DatagramSocket(9876); byte[] receivedata = new byte[1024]; byte[] senddata = new byte[1024]; while(true) { DatagramPacket receivepacket = new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receivedata.length); serversocket.receive(receivepacket); 2: Application Layer 29

Example: Java server (UDP), cont Get IP addr port #, of sender String sentence = new String(receivePacket.getData()); InetAddress IPAddress = receivepacket.getaddress(); int port = receivepacket.getport(); Create datagram to send to client Write out datagram to socket } } String capitalizedsentence = sentence.touppercase(); senddata = capitalizedsentence.getbytes(); DatagramPacket sendpacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData, senddata.length, IPAddress, port); serversocket.send(sendpacket); } End of while loop, loop back and wait for another datagram 2: Application Layer 30

Building a simple Web server handles one HTTP request accepts the request parses header obtains requested file from server s file system creates HTTP response message: header lines + file sends response to client after creating server, you can request file using a browser (eg IE explorer) see text for details 2: Application Layer 31