($%&) " 119 2 () &. www.ncc.org.ir & 0 /. 12 / % 3 4 512 2 0.. ) 967 8& http//tec.mporg.ir i
ii
ix... xi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v
13...$%B2 0Z /BC [CT GPS /, 9 Y. W% % 462 13... $%& ')*+, '&8 3T $.. /6 # 72 13... = 172 13... >%9 \?% 272 13... @, \?% 372 13... (G$) Z % G)* \V] 472 13...F% 5`H 572 14... '%N a$? 672 14...?%V $. 772 14...L. <?% b9 872 14...*+? '. W%cV 972 15... $%& '13!6 /%)d %1e 3 15... % % /012 13 15... (Film Processor) 5!6 %1e <T 113 15... (%*T) 5!6 ft GT*# <T 213 15... (%*) 5!6 ft >] <T 313 15.../%)d %1e '& 413 16...GZ g.. % /BC 23 16... $%& '13!6 /%)d %1e $N # 33 16... $%& '13!6 /%)d %1e. )H /!3, 133 17... $%& '13!6 /%)d %1e 4# /!3, 233 17... $%& '13!6 /%)d %1e. S /!3, 333 17... $%& '&5!6 'IJ<3? 43 18... $%& '13!6 ' G)d '. % /, 9 143 18... &<3?. 243 18... $%& '&5!6 'IJ<3? % 343 21... %2.%$ M+, h] 4 21... % % /012 14 21... (Dodging Printer) 5!6 M+, i2%2 h] <T 114 21...5!6 M+, i2%2 %1e <T 214 21...(Film Cleaner) 5!6 Z 032 <T 314 21.../%)d %1e '& 414 22... T+, =*# 5!6 IjZ 514 22...GZ g.. % /BC 24 22... $%& M+, /BC 124 22... %2.%$ /BC 224 22... %2.%$ $%& M+, h] $N /!3, 34 vi
23...%2.%$ $%& M+, %1e $N /!3, 44 25... $%& 'k!l 5 25.../!Z 15 25... /@ 115 25...'Z # 215 26... $6 X%B 315 26... $6 GH dm %, 415 26... &Z 515 26... % /012 25 26... W *2 <T 125 27... &T /BC 'J<. <T 225 29... % n T 35 29...%2.%$ 135 29...M+, 235 29... *+, MZ 335 29.... XZ W /BC G*> 435 29...'Z # 45 29... > '.T<; 145 38... W &T /BC 'J<. 245 39... n%! +?T /)T 345 43...GZ g.. % /BC 55 44.../)T n 3+2 5g2 65 45... $%& '1*+, (4+T) '.T %H 6 45... % /012 16 45...'J%6 +T 116 46...GZ g.. % /BC 26 46... %3, /BC 126 46... 4+T % 226 46...$B2 *+. 326 47... %H $B2 G6 426 47... $%& '1*+, '.T %H $N /!3, 36 49... M+, $)2 7 49... % /012 17 49... M+, $)2 <T 117 50...' /%B o%, 5T2 ' +6J 06 217 50...!$)2 '& GZ 27 50... T& GH 127 vii
51... "%2 /, 9 GH 227 51...!$)2 '& F% Z 327 51... $)2 ' 2 /!3, 37 51...$)2 <T GH J;. F39 137 51.../3g2. % '06 0 '.T <; 237 51...< '&p &X GS@ & F MZ 12 337 51.../1N%2 47 51...!V N%2 147 52... NV N%2 247 53... qc o%, $)2 X%" 1? 57 53... 'c o%, 157 53... cv o%, 257 55... ct o%, 357 57...!$)2 '& \$$ 8 57...!$)2 '& \$$ 51 /+ 18 58...<T % IVr s viii
;<% GZ '2 &3& $ %g tn% F%H 34 23 % b)9 t%z '0$ G$$ F.T? $. '&G>%u* ' t 6 '&G>S6. 3, '&x9 W% '&H %3, a$?!z X%" 4w3& t&t &S 4S2.%? 42 G> 3, 'N /),. 1; $0& Z 3, '&x9 &G>S6 'N /g F*3& '&3S>%T,%3 t' '&H /g N ' b6%2 % qc 6 '&S $ %g 32 V 3, n F%, t4$2 N% F.T 6 % GS at%2 (119 <3? $) ' tt h] 1371 XT F; Y 4> Z t,%3 4$.G6J H 3, '&x9 ' F+3 F '&G6.%). 6 '&. '%CT $ t' ';46 \ N%2 H '&G6 F. G?IJ 5*T t(gis) + /, 9 '&5*T )H. t' T1? $N '&>% F? xc 4w3& 3!,.%? < ST%2 '. %0 '&3S>%T Z Z y$... %H '& t 1N GSH% 4S2 z t z+ /z, 9 'zz '&. BBC2 F.T F%, %Z ' F.T t1380xt 'z&3s>%zt z,%3 '.z G)* 2 G6$ G$%{ t%z '0$ G$$ F.T 6 % GS &3& %zz 'zz F.zT z6 GzS T 3Z g $. ')& 'Z '&<J t%g 4$.$3 H %N% t'zz F*3& '&3S>%T $N 'T.$3 H %0 '&3S>%T '. 4$2 G)* 2 $J +2? $. x? %0 'T '&!N GT16.GT,%3 4$. C @#!N Z?!N 11? ',%3 $.2 '.%` (1191) X!N (/!Z) `%& ' (1192)!N (/!Z) + /, 9 5*T (1193) %T!N (/!Z) 6J%2Z (1194) 1]!N '.%`+ (1195) 5!N '$%B2 '+)? '&< (1196) 5?!N '; (1197) 5&!N 1500 = 6J%%2 < <$ 12 3S>%T T (1198) 5&!N 11000 = 6J%%2 < <$ 12 3S>%T T (1199) 51!N 12000 = 6J%%2 < <$ 12 3S>%T T (11910) 5&!N 110000 15000 = 12 3S>%T T (11911) 5&.$!N % 0> sh% <? 4$2 '&3S>%T &T t 1N! '&G6 3& &3& }# ' &,%3 4$ SN ' 4$.J H N%2 % g $2 & /1 G6J &%V H g $2.%3 <T 1; Y 4$V;. <%3& $ ix
GT $. x? t%z ' F.T ')& <J '~, T 6 FS +>%T 3 =1 T 3Z M` F%H 4&? =1 '0$ \& $ $" ~2 =1 $%& ' Z $ T!, =1 6 XZ /g % $ <.ÄN 4* =1.GT <? 4$2 $. 'Z <J '~, at%2 (/!Z) `%& ' F%, G2 t@#! 'Z <J '~, ('Z <J X%u*) T!, =1 Z &6 =1 8" =1 'H; t 6 3# =1 'H; tf%h 4&? =1 'H; t +>%T 3 =1 'H;. Z N 12 Z '% 8"!, =1 'H; J @ 'H; tb!c @H @!, 'H; tfj.3" &6 Z 'H; ti> F t<%3 )2,%3 'T$ G3#. Z '%2 H 3 'H;. t4w3&.%? +2? '+3& @#,%3.%? +2 x
1; 4$SN. +$ Z GT %N% 5!, 4$.!C Å$S2.GT 'J%6 5!,!" '&V?. +$ $%& '? $. x? +$;. \T 'J%6 43 )S2 G)d b$9. Z GT L9 a É?. X%)H H Ç" /, 9 Ä*Z '6 5!, t& 'J%6" <? G)d '1*+,? $B2 4$.J 1; ' *2 'J<. /!3, $B2 ' Å!C '19 <? G)d '&%> 2 >%3S ')*+, '1 at%2 ` % Å9."? 6 '&<T at%2 *98+> $B2 $%& '1*+,. <? [CT /, 9. <T 6J%%2 '& >%2 t'j%6 Z 4$31 <..%? < $%& ' tx c" Z GT $~6 /%" %? $%& '1*+,. 6J%%2 $ 2c* '& 12 Z 2!3, t! 4$ Å!C '1C * /`0N.J '%V $%& ' Y 12 '% '&3S>%T 1; +2. <? F!Z.GT <; a$ñ = W%!N = xi
1 "! #! 1 (= >? @ 1 '&$;6. tg % NV /, 9 ' '&< Ö% N%2 $%& ' Y 12 '&< t< /BC N%2 Z <? < F 1 +? &< 4$ 'N #9 Å!C #.%? +2!C 5C@ /%" Z %3. '% a6 t!n 4$ L& N%2.J H 3, % %2 %3 4$.!C '13*H.? &%V F%, $ '&!N % $T J H k % <? qc (Bold),$/! 1./ 23$ 4 25 6789. ' %N% XZ W. <T %N% '&. W [CT o%, ')9 '.T$%J "! 1./ "! 23$ '<%& $B2 12 JK ;$., G$; 04 4; < "! (# => i$%$ /B2 T& /B2 '""( E"# < /BC 4S2. % s 42 'F. < XZ 4?9+ @A8; (B#; "(2/ %% $B2. /, 9 [CT! C"" ' F G,H/ I8F. % 6 /* 12 N 4# /!3, /g $1 X%B $2 XZ )D 1./ ' 12 '$%B2 12 4. %H X 12 6J%%2 '&< <$ 12... "! # 0 #./! '""( ) *+, 1 $%
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 2
3 "! 23$ 2 ABC 2 $ $~6 $ $%& '%+T & $ 3%&. <T Z GT ')*+,.,% t\c 4$ $%& ')*+,. %g & t')*+, Ö% 4$.%? 12 ' ÄT 'ST '1> $ %g. % $B2 Ä*Z '? $.!" G"%BV ' $ M+, H <? $%B2 o%, 32 Z '%9 t& \$3 y%!c GZ Z %c g % c +$ X ( 9 GH)? X $T? tqc2 H qc Ü Z $B2 4 W)2 Z S 4$ tgt 1*+, T& /BC W% 'S G"%BV ( T& GH)? '.T. H ')*+, F. 3& 1; )* GSH% <% 'J<. 4?E./ 12. 2), $%& ')*+,. %!" % /012 "! 23$,! 112 % '3%&.<? 012 $%& ')*+, LB ' Z *& >%3S GN $ %* %2% $ i$ '&3%&? $.!" /BC ' $ $%& ')*+, <T X Z $&3%& %g 4$.; 5&6 $%& F)!V ' $ F 4$ Z? '% 3%& #9. GN (High Wing Ö% '&3%&) H 4Z 'á 1;.? 6" 'BH g. X# 4, á. 3$ Ä$@ '.? %V 1; 3# ' ÄT %2% /H. X# 4, <% g % T /012 ' 6Z '~6 '.T H# ')*+, 4# 4 '&Y.> /Z# Z '%9?. 4# ÄT '$ '.J "# F 4$ tät '%N a$? +$%9? ÄT G6e ' 3%& GV%T F.C.? $%& ')*+,. % '. ÅT lz#. 3%&. '. ÅT lz# "! 23$ G# 212 GT &!6 5!6 '10C t(<z XZ #?) 4 t T,,%3. + $%& 4 i$!" VT? $. /BC ' 6J H F%T)>Z \$.; % '< /%B $ Z. XT f. \ G?IJ /%" Z S 4$.? )S F%T)>Z Y0J ' $ T,,%3 4 F%T)>Z tf; " $ @ %J & $ T,,%3 '% 5*T 3, /3S2 ty0j " E$2 &F H# $ Y0J 4$.? <? "# F39!)H Y0J ),. qc? $ <? $2 4 GSH% T, T3,S? [N%, t T,,%3 %Z!"6 S$ 4!" BC T 'J<. f$.? *+, /BC 5*T (Fiducial Marks) '?# 5`, 5*T 4$. <T.? FMC $ $%B2 JZ F)N 5*T 01 6 '1 Ö%. F+á #.GT ')N? F+ 20. \ $%B2 JZ Z '%
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 4 /BC <3? t'?# 5`, te$2 t5!6 3? tftö2 t'z.2 GS@ G)d G!H t')*+, F03&.?? M+, ScH & ' ')*+, G,T T,,%3 ±1 N 90 $. $ '?# 5`, & XB2 W%cV Z GT ZÑ.á.? '?# G, 8 '.Z sch $+$ H 0Z (* $. '& T, ') 50lp/mm (. $. '& T, ') 70 lp/mm X%)H H i+2 /H H# 5*T,%3 W% Z <? &e 5!6 ' "# i+2 /H i+2 /H 4$ +$ Ç@%2.GT $%B2.? / GT /%)d %1e t')*+,.? F+ ± 10. 3Z $ T, T3,S? T& [N%, 5!6 \+ 5*T F;!" '13*T. i$ & V /%" Z? <? #9 '% $ 4 5*T..T s!c Ö%@%. Z <? ÅH% t %Z " '.? 4.T VZ T Ö%. <T % '&!6 "! P 312 L& *). % 9 /BC ' $ Z $%& 5!6. GT /), $%& ')*+,. %!" $ $%& ')*+, $;6 #9.? S 82 T! Ö%. 5!6 (Base) L? # MN <% (< %?; <T F. t) 5!6 '.T<VÑ / <.T VZ at%2 <? "%2 c a$? Z? '%.J G$, t<? &e '13!6 "! 23$ ("< +!Q8 22 \?% % '$. * < G6% 4$.GT $%& ' '&< $ ) t $%& ')*+, $;6 $ <& YT at%2 \. $ Z * '$. %, /!3, 4$ #9. $%& '1*+, at%2 c. 2), %, 4$ 4$31.%? 4S2 ' L9. J$3 =1 "! 23$ 3 " ( 122 i]%z $%& M+, $ $B2 t= i]%z '& $T t125000?% '& ' $ g % * $ < $ t $ M+, H6 b9.j 4S2 ( $%& ')*+, G1N g % =. +]%Z f )$2) =.%? qc J1] /1N G6* ZÑ g % * $ < tqc. o%, +2 23$ R 222. 2), 12 & $%& ')*+, ÄT = Z 4S2 %, 4$31. %,2 GH. % 2c* GH $%& M+, '. [CT $T? '. % /, 9 F0 Ö% >%9 \?% t. XZ W 5Z2 S2 t $%& 4 Ö% t. Ö2 Å!C %,. S2 %V %, 4$.*& <T % $)2 '1&T
5 "! 23$ 2 '1$ %H 'J%6 '13*T %H $%B2 $6 5# tx9 'BH `* F%w3& '$ %, )> 12 '&< Z GT ZÑ.á. H G3& 'S /N 0 $%& 'k!l 06 W% GH ti]%z '1T Z ># GT %V,2 GH G)* ' G3&. 2c* GH tp0 '1T < F 2 %3. F%2 à%6 %, 46J g.? 2c* GH G)* ' G3& ',2, Sp % t%3 4$.%3 <T g % = M+, ÄT = 4 c $ ' 2 +? <?.(*& 3$> %3 '&%) & F =, Sm % M+, = S p 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 25000 50000 S m R! # "! S$ T; R, 2 $% U +.% 322 '1? $ *&%Z b9.gt " 20 60 Ä22 12 '&< ' ÄT @, >%9 \?% H# " 80 2 %2 >%9 \?% ( %+T%$T $ H6 $ F1 b9) < b9 FZ 5Z %g t! '13VT.$ \$06 " 30 2 @, \?% n \?% T W *+, XZ W Å$ $ W? " 30 $ 25 2 @, \?% \$06.? &%V $%& 'k!l /!3, $1 GH \$06 &% XB2 +T k, Z 4$.GT. &% "! G# $$ $8?A 422 t'. c Ö% N%2 Z GT T, Ö% tj 4S2 <& YT at%2 $ Z $%& 4 BC 4$2!" '& T,. <T & Z %? N%2.J yc ')*+, = 3%& '. ÅT tg %,2 GH %? yc '%J 1*+, @, >%9 '1?% t (Super Wide Angle).!V $. $ (Wide Angle). $.
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 6. 4 GS@ t!6 Ö% )H. $%& 4 /BC $T.$!2 4+3 H# <? $ b9 F0 Z ($J ZÑ Ü )H Z ')N % <,) 1*+,. % '?# /, 9 t'@ ++ '13*T tf%t)>z g.%? GT%V <& YT at%2 %2 "! P 522. 2), J qc $ $%& ')*+, #9!# Z $%& '13!6!" BC P R3 1"W X 1522 J H <T % $. 5!6 Ö% T. +$ tg % Z * t $%& ')*+, '&< lz 2 400 '1N% X%9) ` % 13!6 Ö% 4$ =*# $á (i2+) >%3S T <T '13!6. $%& ')*+, '&< Z 4$ 13!6 Ö% 4$.& F \Z (% 700 900 2) 0H F ` % <, 13!6 Ö% 4$ =*# $á 0H F T <T '13!6 Ö% &J \?% Ö% $T?. 5!6 Ö% 4$ 3, Z.GT =*# 0 *98+> [% Å9 (%. ' Z <% nv % i$ & Z <% 0 $á T ' 13!6 Ö% 4$ =*# \?% ($á T) >%3S '13!6 L" 0!* 5!6 Ö% 4$. <T.& ` c. '$%B2 Ü$1 < F \Z %V UV.? '$. '$0 ' tf;. [CT H /, 9 'á 5# â> > GT $0&. $%& '. ' * '&Z > %N% 0 0H F Ö% $ G)l $%& '13!6 )> (EAFS " AFS) "! P '; 2522 Ö% t. Ö2 t3%& G,T!%, N%2 Z GT13!6 Ö% 4$ G,T t $%& 5!6 Ö% yc $ 51, i+2 /H 5!6 G,T =%+S c N%2.%? 4S2 2? G,T 5J6$ &. t $%& 4,H i$ F%S.% &%V %V <? G)d $%B2 GZ "V G3&. 5!6 G,T Ç" yc tf; (Resolution) $%B2 'á Ü)* GZ# G,T N%2 = p0 '1$)*+, t >%3S T <T '13!6 %!Z Kodak PlusX $ Agfa Aviophot Pan 200 PE (EAFS 150200) á G,T '13!6. $ t5!6 ' )* G,T %? i]%z. o%, $T? 1; Z = i]%z '1$)*+, ' Aerographic 2402 $ Agfa Aviophot Pan 80 PE (EAFS5080) 24` G,T '13!6. $ tgt 3Z 5!6 ' $%B2 GZ#.%? <T Kodak PanatomicX Aerocon 3412 "! 23$ Y"/ 4 622 ÄT F. 4S2 8 4$31 +$ X.GT '$. G3& 0`# + t $%& ')*+, ÄT F. 4S2 F. a$? +$ +.??%V Ö2. 3* s2 %V Z GT s2 o%, $T X%9 t $%& ')*+, G1N s)c> '% a$? ' (5& Z '&% $ % i$ ) '1*+, Z J 4S2 '% $ ')*+, >%# Z t?%v Ö2 $ /), $ &2%Z '&$T t $%& ' '&Z ]J.? F*+$ $T. ')*+, tgt / F;. S 1e. )H &$T G1N +$ N%2 > GT ' G$0 ' & ä 1e 45 #?%V Ö2 ')*+, GZ 4$1 Z & F /2.%? 3 "%2 1e >%# p0 b9
7 "! 23$ 2 $68N b9 X%B6 $%& ')*+, ' ÄT F. tà%6 /@%2 N%2.GT X%B# H b6 'á N.J [CT <? #9 %g 4$ Z >N. $ t?%v ' g % Ö2 N%2 Å!C. ')*+, % c '& J $ 4w3& <&YT. '$. * $%& ')*+, B6 E$2 4S2 )j J H6 L" %& Z GT. 6J%%2 '& 12 %g $%& ')*+, ' B6 4$1!Z %9 '%N GS@ $ Z. * Z '%.? p H6 FV? H# GS@ 4. ÇcT &J \?% t<% t<& YT &3& $ t?? %N W? 4$ 32 'H F+ (<j t t(haze)! )j g.).j ')*+, H '$ ÄT B6 "! 23$ 4 25 6['9 32 Ç" $T?.GT $%& ' /!3, # 32 cv %> 51 s. +$. XZ W $T? H6 Z b9 V.? &%V Y. # $ Y. 5Z 12 ' <?. /!3, 32 tw 4$ 12 Z '% $ (!N $ '$%Z b9 )? XZ ÄT W 46$ ' 6Z,%B $ S)9 o%,.%? <T $%& ')*+,. )H 'IJG, Y. t('1? TZ 12 )? g % á '1H "! 23$ 4 25 6['9 4 \(! 132. 2), $%& ')*+,. )H 'IJG,.!" L& $ n '&< $ g % o%, (,2 $ 2c*). XZ W $T? 'cv \&Z 4$ $%& ')*+,. )H 'IJG, Y. <T % 4$2<3,.c %N% 51 /BC W o%, H6 $ Çc* Z b9 )H. <? #9 *+, XZ W ' 'IJG, 4$ <% 0Z3 \C <? qc W ttz = p0 '& % n '&?%J t(...!n t'$%z b9) qc )H.. XZ W Z '%.%? c %N% '.%` W $ GVT GT '&* % '. M 4+3.!"6 4$&2%Z $%& ')*+, /!3, 'N #9 $ t? <? 'IJG, c.j G$ 1*+, ' g % '1! XZ W 4$ 2 J "V GH 'I, $ %g <% '3Z '&Z? G># 4$. *+, XZ W (i$) X W% '&cv \&Z W 46J H. F39 '.%? 22 '&Z 4 N '.%` '&+)? # W '&+)? '13*T. <T ')*+, $ tät \?% F; GT 1*+, ' g % '1! *+, XZ " 50 2 @, \?% " 90 2 >%9 \?% $ /%" 4$ j.%? GPS 5*T ) '.$ \$06.89 ]4( $% 232 > J H <T % %2 (1 XN) ÄT. (s $ <$ ) F +? & t= p0 ')*+,. %g 4$. qc2 M+, ' F; F% # Z? '%J $ G, +? ti]%z '1T ' 3& '&. Z GT Ç@%2.á.%? <T 3& '&. 3 +? <? < F X+? $1,.?) G$ H G,. 3*H > & Z Z '% G, 0Z 46$ M+, = F+ 50 2 25 4 g % '1H <T % $)2 <T Ö% N%2 G, '0Z G3*H. t $? F0 tl9 a F; GTZ '$. * G, F% qc2 H Z G? N%2 $.GT /
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 8 d 8 Ä*# 1, Å!C '13*H. 3 +?. GT 4$. '% ')*+, & %& GS@ +? F% F N%2 Z %? N%2.GT <? qc 1 XN ')*+, Å!C '1T ' 8 4$.Z i3z G, 2<T $T? t $1 GH FZ?V F t 1;. F? J0 t1, "! 23$ 4 25 6789 8; #5 8 I$% 4 "!, 3 $% (/ 14 ( ; P^9) 3 $% d T"U ( >F( 5( 1 I() (8) d >F( 0 / 15 0 / 2 0 / 25 0 / 3 0 / 4 0 / 5 0 / 75 1 1 / 5 2 2 / 5 (8) d 5( 0 / 1 0 / 1 0 / 12 0 / 15 0 / 2 0 / 25 0 / 37 0 / 5 0 / 75 1 1 / 25 23$ R 13000 14000 15000 16000 18000 110000 115000 120000 130000 140000 150000.89 S) _ 332. <T & 4$1!Z %9.GT %V '$. G3&. F;. G, 4 GTZ 4$ $. 5Z '&.2% $ O<2 '1. t'<c" b9 %g 4$.$; GT (<T) <2. O T G, F. $ t<? <?2 '&.2% $!N b9 G, $. /%".%? <T T O $1,.% <?% FV $T G, 2 %? yc '% ')*+,. O T. 5& G,. 1, 4$ %? N%2 $ > GT $IF+ 0 T. <T G,. <T 'J %1e & U%BV t5!6 ' % \C Ö%@% 4$ >.%? &e +]%Z ( 2 #) Ä2 <T
9 "! 23$ 2 g J0 1, $ =%+S G># ' <? 5g2 <T. T G, ' à%6 XN Z %? N%2.GTá.%? 6J T '&]. )>.GT &G, $ ' )T *! 0 / 15 2 0 / 1 GC@ 4!2! O T 5!6 ÄT Z 4$ ' 0 % $ %] /" ' O <? 5T2 '1,.%3 <T F%2 0 ÄT +T.$3 X+? $ &<C" %3& b9 1, 4$ Z %3 N%2 $ > *& $ $%& ')*+, 2 'IJG,.!"6 t * $ S)9 %, at%2 1, Ä$C2 X3# FZ 5Z %g.? <2%Z F+á # 4 + 42 =. +]%Z 5 2 3 F+á #) ÄT = '& ' $%& ')*+, G1N g % F% qc Ä22 4$.%? qc c at% Ö2 tc %N% /,2 N%2 <? < (')*+,.%? qc $ ÇcT 4. ÇcT.. Ö2 t<t % T, %Z!"6 g % = %? #9 '% &% 4$ t&*. ')*+, %.%? #9 5* /%" Ü3# $. '&% ')*+, '&< ')*+, '&% t!z,h i$ F%,.%? $ ')*+, * *+? 4$3Z Z '$ /%" $. %. d %2 yc 4$ > %? 6J g j H? Üá%3S tb9. $%& %? 4$3Z 4w3& ')*+, '&% S2 4$3Z Z %? yc 2%" &% ')*+, c +? 12 /!3, '&$0& \&Z. /!3, F? 5Z W? 4$.J "# 'ST X S2.%? N% Z... ÄT B6 t?%v \2 $. t'%n GS@ )H. Å!C '1$ > ÄT F Ä*Z F 4$ Z? '% $ ')*+, Y '. '& #9 tgt $%& ')*+, '&< $ Ö2 82 3%& F. '. % '1. ')*+, '. % F. G)* S$ tj "# Ö2 82 ' *+? H6 á%9 F+ # 2 $ ')*+, '&% %g 4$.$ \$06 F+á #.J #9 '&% t? *&%Z Ü$? ')*+, % c Z '% 4. o%, G)* 'ST '1> GS@ 4$3Z Ö2 82. /%" 4$.J #9 &< & 6J%%2 51 o%, $. Y*J &< ' MåT <? +2 1T>aV /,2.6 & Üá%3S +$ N%2.T #.? &%V '%N ÄT a$?. 1 T k, Z 4$ t$ %? ST $ F+á #.%? 4S2 % 4$ /.% &% $T % % tx % % 4S2. M $ /.%. 0!* à%6 a$? G$, Z UV '&< V t%? <?% '.% '&% c 32 \?% Z %? 4S2,% $ % & %N% Ö2 4$ 4$3Z N%2 &%!"6.? Å!C % ] 72 <? Ç$B2 1*+, = Z '# 2 &% ]å+$ Ü3@.% 3Z <? qc H#. @,.J }# t?? H G6 * *98 # G3T t% & X%9 t(l9.) % & *98 # G3T t&% % #9. M % & '1*+, S2 t$+$ &%!"6 t&% S2 tc 2 ç) <J6.!"6 tc ç) <J6. GJ '16 'S # ' <? )T. Z / g % c 2. / tc '&M+, Z S2
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 10 N%2 <? yc ')*+, ' ÄT F. t')*+, B6 622 Ä>c N%2 Ü3@.J 9% 3%& F. % t. & ')*+, '&% tc. * t')*+, F. c GST.%? qc #9. & '... "! 23$ 4 ") 52 4 4 25?, 152 t/, 9. M.J 5*T 4$ '.á /3g2 <? 3%& ' 06. % /, 9.J "# F39 /)T <)? %N,. 2 %? XZ > +6J /%B '. '&*.%? 5*T ' at%2.á /$32 t. F% \C3d. F39 %g.%? XZ. * 4w3& c '%N GS@.J. G)H [ ç) <J6!3N. a$ñ sn.á '& &3& c * $?; & T 43@ F$ J, F)!V. c t.. )H. i$ H#.&... 'c@ <J6 yc )H..á % t')*+, 0Z. j!... Z c$? Ö%@% 4$.J. % 5!6 %.á \.GT '@ * J 0$6. <T. )H G,T H# ; $ t? <? '1 (" $. ') 0$6 <T. )H V 5!6 J.%? F*+$ a ' F; ' 2 Z [V ' /012 &2%åZ t')*+, 4 t3%& )H. /012 $T 32 4u3c Ç" +!3,. %g 4$.J ÄB F; $ %? < 4 1*+,?# G)d '. % /, 9.J "# F39 $. F; bc <? 12 (=+, tf)!v). T. i$ & ' 'JN '&G*> i] $.J.á '1)H.%? 3%& > '1+3Z )SN / '&!N )H. 'c@ % '.á '& \.%? 9% G*> i] b)9 <J '.á /3g2 t'j%6 GPS 5*T. <T & 4; XB2 4w3& GPS J 2%åZ 4 XB2 t4 2%åZ à XB2 )H..á /áb2.%? XZ H GPS J 4 G?, 252 a$ñ XZ 0Z $T. G)H [.J '%Z $3%& / b)9 F;.6 /!3, c 2..J s!c. 82 %J& c.6. / Ö2 t. GZ. t G3T G,T N%2.J, F)!V )T at%2 g % Ö2 t%& /# N N%2.J H ÄT. G,T G1N 3%& ; 4 <? 4 '. % /3g2 t<t %!6 '%N GS@ tc % N%2.J G)d 'Z 3S>%T =T. % >Z '1*+, a$? 4$.%? ')*+, 2? G,T.á /B2 XZ 4 y$g b$9. ')*+, a$? t')*+, F. X%9 32.J x " (Drift) Z % X%# 4 \V] $. %? X3, 1*+, 4.!"6
11 "! 23$ 2 % 5$6 i$ H# Z '%9 t%? é 5!6 ' 4 /+. <T < & '13!6 '1 $%& 5!6 %1e!# 'S LB ' 9% '1w 5!6. ScH 4$.3 H é. S )H <%C.G6J &%V H <T % '1!.á /@%2 <? 3+2 Å!C '&% 4.!"6 ')*+,. Y0J W% '16.J [ W%?V <? ')*+, '&% ]å+$ F+á # Z J '% 5!6 F0C è$%s2 t'@ %. 4 4 (B#?, 352 $) '<$ % 5!6 é& F+á #.J XT %1e '!"6 <? XZ c a$? G2 <$% '13!6 $ t?? %N < 32 $ 5!6!# 32 2 4. 5!6 [V F+ Z '%.3 H 4 % '13!6 F$ ÄT;. 'J%!N '.á /H <? $ 5!6 ' (/# N ) ÄT c a$?.%? <$ $. t%? =+, at%2 $ 13!6 %1e $%& ')*+, /!3, F$. M Z H 4$31.%? <? h] '1*+,. 'T i$ $ $%& 5!6 ' Z 4$.GT <? G)d $%& '13!6 GZ XZ Ç" G)d t &% g. $B2 GZ t @, >%9 '1?%. 2), J XZ $ Z '% 4$31. '1*+, Y GZ# (G$) Z % X%# \V] t'?# /, 9.%? qc 5!6 ' &% '1 $ t<? &e '13!6 $.. M.J [ W% XN x9 /BC <? qc ')*+, x9 3? ')*+, '&% S2? $ Y0J 4$.%? 12 /!3, F$. M!"6 ')*+,. $1 Y0J.?. F. X%9 51 % $ '. <J T tw% '1. t% & '1*+, S2 t<? 8[8 GPS 4 8; 7! bd 62 ')*+, 4 B GPS J i$ t $%& ')*+, /!3, 'J%6 GPS '13*T. <T & 4$.; 5&6 ($%B2 0Z) ')*+, 0Z /BC )T F+ t4 2? F?. g> G)d t $%& '&GH.J H <T % $%& 'k!l n%! +?T /!3, t*& ' GH ' Z /BC # 2 Ä224$ <% ÄT $%& ' Y 12 '&<. '* ' $%B2 0Z )T. "# GT 0> $. % G$, 5*T 4$. Ç" T %g.$ \&Z. XZ W. '$. GPS G8< ([ # c# 162 VÑ %g Ü3@.? (Input Event Marking) s$h G)d G!H *Z6 Ö%. $ <T % J.??. F. lz# ' 6Z (PCMCIA /Z g) )N $!V g6# t/, 9 4$1.?? %N 5`, G6$ ' S F+á # Z %? ÄB 3%&.! $ GPS 4; F; ÄB F+ Z 2%".GT $%& 4 'á 5`H ÜH 3%& 4Z 'á t4; ÄB '.? i]%z 4$ G)* Y X '& 4; G$0Z. [V $ 3> # t?? %N à%6
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 12.? =T H qc 0 F;.6 0Z <% 3%& ' ÄB U%BC Ö%. Ü3# $ <T % 4; ÄT (Preamplifier) [% Z G$%2 i$ t4; i$0! <J 4; XB2 Z X%9 43@.J ÄB <T % J J.T T,,%3 ), X%) 4 $%B2 0Z 4 '&>% $ t$%b2 0Z H ] & 43C2 %g $. 'J<. <2%Z ' '1?. <T Z 4$.J 4S2 GH GPS 4;.6 0Z (4.%? W% /)T GPS 4;.6 0Z 4 (Fiducial Marks) '?# 5`, 4 "%6 GPS ]([ "! G# I/ # c# 262. +$ ' (Center of Exposure) &% F. 0Z Z qc M> Ü3# $ <T % 4 F. 4$ 4# 3%&? 9 G6* Z? '<. $ M> 4$ o,.?? %V T '& NV.? 3Z GPS /BC 4S2 'cv. (3%& G,T M> o, y@"#) J at%2 5`, 4$ G6$ V{2 FT H# 4w3& >T 5`, +$+> ÅS~2. 'J%!N %g.?? 4+3 X%9 4$&2%Z $ <J 4 XB2 Z tgps.%? XZ $.; 5$6 ] G)d b$9. 4 /, 9 G)d XB2 G" t. & Ö?. )H 4 ")?, + # c# 362 Ö2 <%& \? 2 f H# t622 [ % G$, <, Z J 4S2 '% $. F. 2 3 $ /& X%9 PDOP Ü3@.?? H $ os b6 G)* N 15..? 5.? %!Z 60 lz# ')*+, 0Z. F;!"6 Z %? 4S2 '%9 $. '1&*$ $ <*$ ' * '&<J 2 &<%&. >T [% 4 S Z J yc $1+ $. sn '1&*$ $ \$ k, Z [% Z M+S x%ct %0 '1&*$ / $) F; <,.?? %N 1; <$ 4$ LI# /012 01 '&4;. <T)?? %N J (Multipath) [% F? '* ].(J "%2 H F*+$ ä F03& %9 $ 3%& <? ÄB J. sn '1&*$ ' * '&<J.GT d i$ /, 9 ÄT G)d ä.$3 /, 9 G)d )H %g 4$.%? (Initialize) '.T<; H < / $ 3%& <? ÄB GPS J t. Ö?. )H.$3 /, 9 G)d H H < / <J t ' $ GZ# H. '1.. $ F)!V t(cycle Slip).6 \1N $. ' %g <%& W)2 sch. yn %g.2 N 20. $) F. & (Bank Angle) 3%& \V] $. %g 4$.Z '%V 1J 2.$3 '1 ]å+$ (Cross Strip) y% $ 5`H % H# $ tb9. ')*+,. #9!# '&% 4$ Z GT Ç@%2.á.Z sch &% 32 '1 $ 5`H '&% 4$.%? 6J g &% 0> /%" GT. % $%& 'k!l!# 1; \w. 'J%!N &% Ç" XB2 %g 6@.%3 4$0$N,2. XZ W. <. 1; F%2
13 "! 23$ 2 /, 9 32 tg$% F$ J 12 <? G)d GPS /, 9. F) C* i$ t.. M!"6. /!3,. E$2 %ZI '1!$6) J XT $%B2 0Z /BC )T 9% '1?. ' <.(%? <VÑ < n GT16 i$ 3& "/ EF?8A @A8; GPS?9+ 04 # c# 462 J.T <T % /)T 06 'J%6 GPS 5*T $ GPS /, 9 Y. ' <T % 06.? &%V /, 9 46 GT. G6 82 4$3Z k, Ö%@% 4$.? qbc '6 at%2. '&<J 3%& J at%2 <? G)d /, 9 GT '@ t $1 Y.. )H /, 9 T /%".á /B2 $T? (Cycle Slip).6 \1N '1! 6J H bh T %.J X3, # $N 5*T. F%2 t$3 y$ <J '.T <;. t3%& J.6 \1N. Z '%.? Y 4$ Z H $ <T % 06 Z GT 1$.%3 <T OTF Y.6 1 "! 23$!Q8,; " 4 4? ( 72 R 172 M+, 5 lz# ' t *&%Z b9.?? /2 #9 = " ±5. \ $) < '1*+, =.GT X%)H H #9 = G)* " ±10 2 = L V t >% + C% 272 3 lz# ' UV a$?.?? /2 #9 >%9 \?% " ±5. \ $) < '1*+, >%9 \?%.GT X%)H H #9!# g % >%9 \?% G)* " +10 2 6. >%9 \?% L V >% M+, U C% 372 ±10. av. X%)H H L lz# '. av &.? " 10. 3Z $) 1*+, @, \?% c$? é&.? M+, o, " (' ") Z # '23 CDK 472.. av G)* M+, & \V] Z 9? GT N ±3 >% M+, Z % X%# X%)H H \V] lz#.+.2 N ±5 # P^5 572.GT N 5 tm+, & 5`H. T,,%3 % L lz#
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 14 ) e"% 672 ')*+, $T %N.GT. 5Z2 5Z s2 '& $. $ L" Z '%& T<T ')*+, GT X%)H H M+, & ÇcT " 10 lz# 2 $. ')*+,?%V 5* % G2 b9 %N $ L" '%&.(% '3c> F; /, 9 *2 G!H $%B2!Z GZ +$ W) (%D "4 772 YT at%2 Ü$" +$ J N 35. 3Z?%V $. G2 $) $%& ')*+, t c$? é& G2.? <? GT%V <& \# 4 (% f+ 872 o%, Z? '# L \?% ch Z GT X%)H H 2%" (5` j)!b6 L. <?% b9. ')*+,.%? M+, & ÇcT " 10. \ \?% 4$ G2 c? $T? H g % 83$% 4 cgd 972 *+? ' %2 %!Z 20. 2 á%9 W%cV.J T% /%" $ %!Z 20. &2%Z '. W%cV.%? 6J % n /%" M+, 3 H# +; W t?
15 "!.,?2h.i 3 %2 $AE F 3 H <? &e t $%& ')*+, /!3, 4# <$% 5!6 ' <? +2 G$ H j $B2!# 4$ y%!c GZ <? ')*+, b9. $B2 F; GT t $%& '13!6 /%)d %1e!#. L&.J G$.GT %0 '13!6 (FZ 4+T) '.T %H $ 1;. %2.%$ M+, h] G1N * GTZ g. 4?E./ 13. 2), $%& '13!6 /%)d %1e '. %!" % /012 (Film Processor) P.i78; 113 0 5!6 FZ iv /!3, Ü%3, Z *& ]å+$ /%B $%& 5!6 (X)% /%)d %1e Z%V '&<T.? 0 '% $ +2 /%" %2.%$ M+, %1e H 4w3& 1&T 4$.& F03& /%"? $. /BC ' $ <? $ '&<T /%" $ 4ZiV G3*H /%)d t%1e '& )H. F; Å!C '13*H ' 4w3& <T G,T.? 5g2 H * JN.? /%)d %1e '& ' JN G$%2 '1+2 01 $ t& Gg!j 4? < Gd %g 0 /%" Å!C '13*H Z '%J? (Modular) * '&#. ',%3 /%B <T #9.? FZ M$T. H (883;) P j; ';3 78; 213.%? <T %1e $;6 XZ 5!6 GT*# 4S2 ' 5!6 ' T '*ZV '&J $ ' 1&T 4$ 6 2 %.? d 10 2 10. &% F. 5g2 G!H ' $ <T % ft GT*# '1&T % >%2 s).? '*ZV J 21? H# $ (Step Wedge) <? &% (883) P j; 7K 78; 313 '13*H ( J2 $ '%), % F0) >] 'J<. b$9. <? &e 5!6 GZ XZ? 1&T 4$ '&Z F. 5g2 ' ftgt*# <T at%2 <? $ Step Wedge G`H 4w3& XZ '&% G`H t5!6 Å!C.? '%*T /!3, ' 6Z GT*# ' $ <T % ft >] <T.GT & Gg!j %1e &%?2h.i! 413 <T ' & 4$ ÄT ÄZ2.? 5!6.T VZ at%2 <? "%2 Ö%. $ <T % /%)d %1e '& /%".%? ` <.T VZ at%2 <T % 5!6 Ö% N%2 $%& '13!6 /%)d %1e '1&T XZ '%*T /!3, b$9. Ü3# <T. )H GT '@ t5!6.t VZ T j '&. <T.%?
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 16 ' F k 4 4?A 23 *$+>.? G, %J&.? 5!6 M $ =*# ÇcT J?V $ i> %J & H6 $ <? &e $%& 5!6.%? 5!6 GZ F??V k, y)# X2 t4? <2 W%cV t $3? '& d; t4zt 4$.? G$ H 4? '13*H 3& 0 $T '13*H /`0N Z? '%J $ <? &e 5!6 GTZ.? 1 / 9. J0 0 / 9. +]%Z $) %1e 'J %g 2 0 / 05 5$6 V * H#.$3.2 0 / 13. $) (Base Plus Fog) 5!6 V $ <? &e 5!6 * H# <? ')*+, '&5$6. 'c é& *.? /, 9 '# $ c 4$? (Base Plus Fog) < S 0 / 25.? V ÇcT 'á 2 / 35. V ÇcT 'á 0 / 05 3Z $) 5!6 "!.,?2h.i ") 33 "!.,?2h.i 4 25?, 133 %1e /!3,. )H G,T H# F; $ tgt <? '1 (" $. ') 0$6 %1e. )H <$ % 5!6 J.%? F*+$ a ' F; ' 2 %3 [V XwC$. '%*? 43@ 6J H $. % <.T VZ '1!3S>%T bc '< /%B $ 5!6?. <T.%3 "# F39 &<ä] 1+c!j t1å3 Ç" +!3,. t*& =32 5!6 Ü3* Z $&G3*H.%? C$ G$%2 F.C <T F VT t<.t VZ at%2 <? qc ÄZ2 b)9 /%)d %1e '& ÄZ2 5# +$ N%2.%? <. 5& %V X%! <% 9% 3S>%T bc X%! ' GT.á 12 JN /%B G$%2 F.C '& GT '@ tgt / G$%2 F.C <T!" F.C V '.%? <T ÄT G,T GZ t$n '. <T & 4w3& 3$H '. T /%" V > /3g2. M XZ % %g 4$.J 5g2 XZ t<t % 5!6 XZ %. <T 5!6 ft >] <T. <T F; '*ZV '1J '.á '1`H t%1e. M <? G$& <T <T G,T t? 1 / 9. J0 $ 0 / 9. +]%Z "# 'J Z 2%".%? 5T2 F; BC 3 $ 2 $ Z 4$ t1 / 9. +]%Z 0 / 9. J0 'J X%B# %g >%3S a$?.%? $. $ 5Z Ä22.%?? < Gd 1; Gg!j t& ÅS~2 $ G$%2. /%" <? & <$% 5!6 % 4$..J H &% % T /%B <? VT VZ F; Z!" 5!6 <3& XZ % $ Control Strip.%? <T <T G,T & GZ XZ ' tt a$? G2
17 "!.,?2h.i 3 ' t%1e '? Å!C '13*H ' <? 5g2 XZ % %1e. "# f$. <T <T G,T Ö% N%2 /3g2 4$.J 5g2 GH <T y; 0$T $%2 '& F0 4w3& 4Z iv /%)d.%? <.T VZ '&3S>%T =T $ <% / & Ö% 5!6 Ö% t<t Z Ä22 4$ tj '%*T /!3, t5!6 ' <? é '1! tft GT*# <T. <T <? $T? <%C % Z 5!6. $1! (5!6 '1 ) =+, at%2 <? é '1! M3> b!c +$2 <3& <? &% ft GT*#. <T T /%B MåT G3*H 4$.J H %ZI <T '.%? <T /%)d %1e /!3, G" n F%S G3*H 4$..%? &e 5!6 <T '1+c!j 32 2 %? G$& <T V U%BC 5!6 ScH ] t<t V!" 5!6 G$&. )H Ç" +!3,. <T 5!6 XT. )H Ü3@.J 'J%!N!" 5!6 ' YV $. <? y%9.j "# F39 5!6 Zs3N G3*H "!.,?2h.i G?, 233 N F%w3& '%.?? H qbc 6 XZ /g G2 t1 2. $ 5!6 /%)d %1e $;6.? XZ G2 T% %9 $ & y; 6 & /# $á 'JH G1N.%? <T U%BC '&$&. 3# t<t 5!6 ' Ç" GZ#. F39 '.%? XZ Ü3# $ 0 5!6 =*#.%? <w U%BC <HH ' GT =32 4$3Z 5!6 <? N Ü%6 G3*H 4$ t5!6 $& [V. M "!.,?2h.i 4 (B#?, 333 Ö% t%1e E$2 t%1e, /BC t< /BC? W% Y0J t5!6 /%)d %1e. M!"6.%? G)d W% 26 <T /3g2 %1e a$? t5!6 GT*# t'?# 5`, F% Ç@ F%w3& '% 6J H XZ T % 4? 0. <T <? &e 5!6 $ <? <& Ä, %J &.J T 5!6 ' YV $ +> %N F%w3& $&Ä, 13!6 %3, GTZ.J s6 6J H $ %!"6 6 /BC Gc, /%" <? 'J<. 5!6 * 4$ 4$3Z tft >] <T. <T ' <? G)d Step Wedge ' T >] /!3,. M %g 4$.J H T %!, t23 <? $ /%)d %1e!# $ <% $%& ')*+, /!3, a$?.? %ZI L V Z J qc t5!6 <? Y0J ÜS$T Ä2 $? <? "# ')*+,!# tt *. L 4$ Z 2%".GT.J x " $Ä, $ /%)d %1e $;6 t? /%)d %1e $;6 W% L V 4$ Z 2%" "!!P 6[,% 43 i$ &?#. % 6@ /, 9 t%? &5!6 %1e. M!"6 Z $%& '&5!6 'IJ<3?!# '&5$6 G)* 5$6 & GSH% t&5!6 ' %N% /, 9 3+2 <, Z 4$.J H <$% 5!6 /ScH..Z qc <? LI# $ 6@ '&5$6 4w3& < i$
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 18 "!., # '2h # 4?9+ 143 %? G)d &5!6 ' ÄT S 42á 5C@ L#. <T $. /, 9 t $%& '&5!6 'IJ<3? /!3, F$. M <3? 4$.%? V? F; ')*+, Z GT 6B '<3? ')*+, x9 <3?.%? G)d XN <? < G)* < ')*+, /!3,.%? G)d 3H 1] /%" Z GT ')*+, /!3, F$ *3? '& XT ')*+, XT.%? G)d 3H /%B 99 2 01 '&%.GT ')*+, % 3? LS Z 3H H# ', % <3? 3H /%" 99 2 01 '&M+,.GT % & M+, 3? & F Z 3H H# ', M+, <3?.%? Ö? 01 3? % &. M+, 4>.%? G)d.& F 5$6 ' /, 9 4$ 'JH % 4 +? X3? )$2 x9. 2 %. 16 5$6 XT 2711 ')*+, 1380 ')*+, 02 16 1380 2711 % <3? M+, <3? ')*+, XT x9 <3? "! P 6[,% # c#?9+ [5 ] 4 $% 1*2 $12 M+, &. <T Z à%6 /, 9 Z "')*+, =" "c " '$ /, 9.?. t$3 4$ y% $ j H? '&*.?!,% ]4( 243 < 32 F; Gd s!@ i$ <$ % 5$6 V &<3? [ V2, %g.j H 5$6 >3? s!@ &<3? 4$ %N >3? '&* 5$6 j s!@ &<3? < H <$% 5$6 )>. T 1 / 5 lz# o, '% &<3? 4$ t5!6 ' <? G)d /, 9 &<3?. H 5!6 2 Z b9 $) &<3? 4$.%? i$ '&5!6 ' <? G)d '&<3?.J [! 10 lz# Ö2 5C@ 42á L#. <T $ &<3?.? F*+$ <. 'JH g. $ < "!!P 6[,% ] 343 H Z 4$ U%BC Z%V '&<T $ T.<3? '1?. <T $%& '&5!6 'IJ<3? $%? % X # <T &. M $ <T % '&<T t&<3? ]& x%@ %g.gt.%? 032 U%BC
19 "!.,?2h.i 3 '. JT $) <% +> ÄZ 4$ X #.J yc y; @ LcS H Ö%. $ <T % ÄZ.%? n 5!6 T Ü Z /%B &%2.%$ M+, ' &<3? 4$.GT <T t '&5!6 <T % ÄZ O.? &%V <$.Z 'J%!N <)?.. 4$.J $2 4S2 < X%u* at%2 $ % & 01 3? '&%.%? qc 01 % 3? t% 4$2 H? $ 4$2 >3? tn%! $ c. ')*+, '&< H &5$6 j s!@ &<3? <% yj G3T (01 3? M+,) % ' ty% '&% j H? >3? s!@ &<3? G># 4$. H % X3? G3T % ' t %N >3? Z '&%.J.J H &5$6 'IJ<3? Ä22 <? 'IJ<3? y%n X3? $ à? yj G3T. &% t*. ')*+, '&<.(5 +?)? b)c!)h % '1 % & ' Z %? 2%" 01 % '. 13$6 01 11 01 10 R5 F$ Ö? R1 R2 R4 21 01 01 3 09 23$ R3 15 01!!P 6[,% ] 5 $%
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 20
21 /E" S$ JK 4 %4. HBC IJ 4. $%& 5!6 ' <? G)d $%B2 F; 9 Z GT 2!3,,%3. /), %2.%$ $%& M+, %1e h] /!3, 4$.%? F$3 G)l $%B2 /%B 6$ X =*# 5!6 $ IjZ ' (Contact) %3& h] b$9 5!6 $ IjZ ' $3? /!3, ) %1e ( 5!6 '. =*# 5!6 $ IjZ &%) h] 3+ 0!#.%? ( &%. "# $%B2 FZ G$ H ' <$% =*# 4?E./ 14 $%& M+, %1e h] '. %!" % /012 t313 213 '& <? < x? /012 <,. 2), %2.%$ (Dodging Printer) P S$ l// JK 78; 114 Ü23,) Gd '% s) ] $ i$. <T 'N t=*# 5!6 $ IjZ ' 5!6. $%B2 X ' t&<t 4$ yn 5!6 ÇcT Z %? <T n S? i$. tg> i$ 5!6 =32 =*# ÇcT &% (ëá. c & Ä22 4$.J 5g2 Z%V %9 5!6. G3*H & +$2 $? ÄT2 F; $? F0 <Z (Over and Under Exposed) $. $ 5Z &% b9 LI# <? &% JN /%" =*# ÇcT.GT 0> $ (CRT) '2Z S? ëá n S? s).$ %)1 $1 $%B2 GZ P S$ l//.i 78; 214 M+, %1e <T % '1&T Z /2 4$ GT 113 <? F%, /BC 3& <T 4$ /BC 5!6 M+, %1e ' Ü23, ( >%3S sch. J0 '1*+, %1e ') <% o, ' Üá%3S %2.%$.%? <T 5$6 i2 /%" (Film Cleaner) P ](F E,/ 78; 314 X3, $ <)*] % j; '&%. <T $%& 5!6 <)*] NV % $T nv J &<T 4$ > 13!6 ' %N% nv J NV % Ü23, +$ N%2.$3 s6 $%& 5!6 4ZT *$+> 5*T 01 '1&T. <T t%? s3n 5!6 ÇcT ' Å!C '&<HH 1+c!j ' GZ# d +$+>.%? "%2 $%& 5!6 $3? % =32, > 4ZT *$+>?2h.i! 414 & 4$ ÄT ÄZ2.? %2.%$ M+,.T VZ at%2 <? "%2 Ö%. $ <T % /%)d %1e '&. <T /%".%? ` <.T VZ at%2 <T % % Ö% N%2 /%)d %1e '1&T <T ' XZ '%*T /!3, b$9. Ü3# <T. )H GT '@ t%2.%$ IjZ.T VZ T j '&.%?
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 22 ;$ R3 P 6mF 514? $. /BC ' $!# 4$ <T % =*# IjZ 0N ` % 3& Ü)$2 <% Ortochromatic Continuous tone Ö%. T <T Ü23, &IjZ 4$.*& =*# 0H % F. $%B2 1 /)d ' tf% y; @ G"V 43@ 2? (Resin Coated) \?% Ö%. Ü3# $ &IjZ.? '3Z %1e.(Medium Weight)? at% GC@ ' $ &IjZ.? / 3 F+á # $ IjZ ÇcT.? ÄT 'N GT*# ' tg % 5!6 Ö% N%2. 1; (Base) $ MN Ortometric Continuous tone Ö%. $ 0 %2.%$ 12 ' <T % =*# '13!6.%? <T %g 4$ ' X GTZ '13!6. $ ÜN2.? L? T! Ö% ' F k 4 4?A 24 "! S$?A 124 h] 3T 24 / 5 24 / 5 H# S ( +T,%B %) MN. =*# '&IjZ ' $ $%& '1*+, 1 ] & G$ %g.%? <$ YV $3? '& +> t)j J. 3`, $) <? h] '1*+, '.%? 4.? 1 / 5±0 / 2. 0 / 3±0 / 2. 3Z $) F; ' 'c é& T+S (*) >] tm+, ' /, 9.? 0 / 9 2 0 / 6 4 $ 5$6 & >] /4"?A 224 24 / 5 24 / 5 S (! 0 / 1 H#) ÄT GC@ S 82 T! '13!6 MN. $ &%2.%$ &T /, 9 '?# 5`, U%BC) '?# /, 9 32 '# $ <? h] '&%2.%$.? T. 3Z $) F; ' 'c é& (*) >] t%2.%$ ' /, 9 1 ] & G$ %g.? ( $%& 4.? 1 / 5±0 / 2. 0 / 3±0 / 2 /4" "! S$ JK ")?, 34 >%2 E$2 Ü3# <T F..%? '1 VZ at%2 <? "%2 c a$? $ V 5!6 =*# IjZ.%? N%2 X%B LB '~ Dodging Printer %2.%$ M+, i2%2 h] '1&T. F+á # tät GZ X%B# %g.%? <T. M <? T JN $ 5$6 & t(contact Printer) >%3S %3& h] '1&T. <T /%". <T i$2 '13*H % FZ $. 4? '13*H % FZ 5Z) Å!C '13*H % S@% 5g2.%? &% H (<T JN '1åá
23 /E" S$ JK 4 032 <T t`. % & /%" 6J H $. % 4? 0 ' $ $%& 5!6 tz Ö?. )H.J H h] <T MåT <? 032 T '1? $ 5!6 Z %g 4$.%? h] F. <? /$.; f$ =T $ %1e F. 4w3& &% F. 5g2 /%" 5!6 $ M+, ScH ] t<t % IjZ Ö% $%& 5!6 GTZ N%2 1&T > 5g2. M i3z 4w3& 'B /%" >] GTZ g. 5!6 $ M+, GZ.%? &e &% $.;.J %1e F. &% F. '.á /# " tf; f$. <T <? T ft >] <T /4" "! S$.i ")?, 44 43@ 6J H $. % <.T VZ '1!3S>%T bc '< /%" $ 5!6 M+, %1e <T &< ä] 1+c!j t1å3 Ç" +!3,. t*& =32 5!6 =*# IjZ Ü3* Z $13*H '%*?.%3 "# F39 %? N%2.%? C$ G$%2 F.C <T F VT <.T VZ T ÄZ2 b)9 /%)d %1e '& V ' ÄZ2 5# +$ N%2.%? <03& %V X%! <% 3S>%T bc X%! ' Z.%? 12 JN /%" $ G$%2 F.C '& tgt / G$%2 F.C <T!" F.C? Å!C '13*H ' <? 5g2 $.; '&5!6 $ M+, %1e. "# f$. <T $ <T G,T 4$.J 5g2 GH <T y; 0$T $%2 '& F0 4w3& 4Z iv /%)d ' t%1e ' <.T VZ '&3S>%T =T $ <% / & Ö% 5!6 Ö% t<t Ö% N%2 /3g2.%? & /# N F%w3& '%.?? H qbc 6 XZ /g G2 t1 2. $ %1e $;6.? XZ G2 T% %9 $ & y; 6
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 24
25 "! (#=> 5 1LM 5 \?% $%& M+, 'S2 sh W. ',%3. (/BC) GSH% F; 9 Z GT '$6 t $%& 'k!l ). XZ W ' S2. <T 'J%6 Y 1*+, 4$ NV N%2 '& ('J%6 n%!).j 4S2 t(%n /%" +3Z '&<.? S? T $ * X Y 5`H $%& '&M+, 'k!l qc $; \C 4$ w; F6/ W)? Pass point Tie point Ä22 $. /), "'%), W" "'<J W". %g,43@? H % '&M+, ( @, \?%) n # Z %? J *+, W. T F; '<J /BC Z *& *+, W. T F; '%), W.J H <T % $+$ &% XB2 %g3.($i &M+, NV N%2 /!3, 1; i3z <? 4S2 ( 2)T) 'J%6 b$c 1;.?F 15?U 115? $%& '&M+, NV N%2 '& 5* 'J<. F+ w] t(gps i3z ) ')*+, /g> ')*+, '1&*$ 'S T /BC (Å> t(gps $ INS i3z ) ')*+, /g> 3%& J T '& \V] (y.% &%V $;6 4$ t?? %N.á '1H 6Z GH (INS) %N% 'J<. '&5*T 3, GH F% 4$ > (y) > <% H F%Z 5& (Å>) 3Z H 10. 1 H 0 Multiantenna GPS observation %T% Y. <T 4w3&.? 3 H /)T T Y X%B# H GH) 3Z d 5. 3Z * Z & 3 GT <? $ J T '& \V] 4S2 j b$c 12? %N (y) %ZI '& bh 5* 'J<. F+ F%Z 2 4$.? ( +?T @# X# $%& 'k!l X%3S $6 LI# I>.GV 1; bh 4S2 F%2 (n%! +?T /)T) 5* X%3S /& $ ')*+, '1&*$ 'S T /BC tät & F. F%2 %N 4$.G* %B i3z 'k!l Z Y 4$. H <T % )Z2 G3*N n%! i$ <%3 ÄZ2 'J%6 &%V n%! +?T /)T '. %. XZ W S2 \&Z k, GT %T% INS GPS '&<.$J F 215. 2), Ä22 'Z # t $%& 'k!l /!3, î *+, ('3&) MZ 12 î *+, MZ ' (,2 2c*). XZ W GSH% #9 î(. ' '&Y i3z ) )H <? #9. XZ W /BC 4S2 '&M+, ' n '&< 'JZ î&%2.%$ ' 1; (*2) 'IJ G, <? 'JZ '&< *+, W yc
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 26 F03& %9 %2 )H 4$ /!3,) *+,. XZ W,%3 &T /BC 'J<. î(%? în%! > +?T /)T îå!c '&cv LI# $T?. *+, W ( $1? 4+?T). /BC 4S2 $1 +?T /)T (" I 315 %? "# $.!" X%B t $%& 'k!l $6 9 î'j%6 n%! ÇcT. % W $ *+, XZ W. /BC. $%& '&M+, ( X0, Y0, Z0,,, ) NV N%2 '& (" '5 # hn 415. 2), $%& 'k!l $6. "# /á%b GH d% %, 4$2 î&m+, \?% F0 = î'<j W s$.%2 %] Ö% ts2 î &T '&'J<. GH & M+, GZ î. XZ W s$.%2 %] S2 î. XZ W GH î&< (<3H) < < qc2 '&cv S2 î&< < ÇB2 i23*t '&cv.(s? T t* X të$t) <T % 2)T Y!"!#F 515 %3 <? $. % F%2 $6 4$ X%B ' %B '&Z 4$251. $)2 $ M+, 52 /!3, <T % ('J%6 '&X) \?% '&M+, [. $ M+, NV N%2 î M+, '&+)? '.T 5Z,TZ t. 'J%6 <T %) <? 'IJG, )H. W bh /BC 4S2.($ '&Z $ +2%` 4?E./ 25 3$ c 3/ 78; 125 F+ $ &<T 4$.J <T W *2 bh '&<T. $ &%2.%$ ' *+, W 'IJG, '. $ %0 '&<#.; 5&6 &%2.%$ =*# 2á $á F+ 60 lz# ch +? '<$ $&<# $
27 "! (#=> 5 (Wild PUG 5 <T ) W F.%T Y $ (Wild PUG 4 <T ) =*# 2á $á 4? b$9.j $ /%B %0 '&<T '< /3g2 GT '@ I>.$I /%" F+ 10. 1 H $ W *2 /!3,.%? '1 5g2 9% /?0J 6$I /%" (i$ < & Ü l) <2%Z. "%6 F+á # 5g $ Z%V 3 /%B *+, XZ W 'J<. 'IJG, tyc t %H Y 'k!l /%" G># 4$ W% '&GH GT 1$.% &%V H (Image Matching) $e2 '&Y =T Z%V.? 3Z )H G># <? ZÑ '&GH. $)!78;?8A [4( 78; 225 (F+ 7. 1 'J<. GH) i$ N '&<T $ t *+,. XZ W &T /BC 'J<. ' <T % (* X)!!2 3 $ (S? T)!!2 'k!l ' bh 'k!l '&< 12 ÄT '&Y )!!2 $)2 '&<T $ (Wild STK1 ) &%2å3Z%$T t(kern MK2 ) &%2å3Z%%.J H. <T %N 4$.*& ÇN &T '&'J<. G1N (Kern DSR14/15 $ Leica SD2000/3000 (Measuring 'J<. c. t&<t 4$.GT. 0 ( Wild A7 Wild A10 ) p%>; bh '1&T <? $ '&<T GH G*2 5g2 Y GT 1$.? <? 'IJG, W. " 100 2 65 4 $ Mark)? $.!#? p%>; '& <T Z 4$ txl F%S.% &%V / i$& Ö% * 0 F; F%3 <)>Z %Z!"6 'J <. 1 <T!Z 'J <. GH 4S2 2 L) F+ 2 GH T i) '? /". F; F%3 <)>Z <T %Z!"6 'J <. %g3 c ] $ t<? < H (") X G># <T ", 32,%g 4$.%? <T 1 $ (F+ 1 S <? < H 4+3 Ö2 4$24$ <T X#.J 'IJG, qc <? $ '? " ' qc Ü %0 W 6J H 4+3 Ö2 4$2á <T MåT.J G`H 32 GH <? 'IJG, W %3 )T <T %Z!"6 $. c bc F%2 d. Dz F = d 2 d1 F%Z.%? G`H i)? ' <? 'J <. c 4 Gd!"6 = d á Ö2 c 4 <? 'J <.!"6 = d1 4$ Ö2 c 4 <? 'J <.!"6 = d2 'J <. G># 4 Ö2 L V = Dz.%? yc p0 F+ # 2 Dz d GT 1 )/ <T %Z!"6 t?? L V! 0 / 02. \ <T %Z!"6 <? )T %Z!"6 w] & ' $ Z 4$.? Ç" &'J<. Z %? "# F39 2 J +2 G`H 4$ MåT <%3 <)>Z.J +2 %Z <T $ (<? $ i) '? /" i3z ) "V $~6 X t<t!z G`H GH \$.; %g F%Z *. F39 %g 4w3&.? T < H# <T V %Z 0Z!"6 Z '%J %3 $ Å!C G1N <? $ $~6 X 2 %3 6S <T J i$ J i$ F%2 &G`H F%
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 28 Ü N%2 MåT.J $ <T = 4$J0 X $ 4+3 GH lz# F; GT '.?? )T Ä? 0 / 02. &G`H H# lz# L V tj G`H T c \? by J +$%9 %? GH lz# )* X c 66 &G`H t )* N%2. M.%? +2 $ )* N%2 /%B$ j.$3.2! 66 c. )2 66 c G3T 1 c. X )2.%? Å!C G1N $ &G`H.J W 4$ t's T F%T*2 )T F%Z.%? 9% /)T 'J<. 4 MåT.1 c G3T J $. '& GH $ *$ 4$.J *$ X; <$ GS@? M+, = F+ 8. 3Z Y X at% S 'cv?. Ö2 0& & 0 / 08. 3Z Z at% S 'cv 4$ 'J<. I> t%? /)T $ $%B2 0Z /BC t&x XB2 ' t* X 2)T Y Z ;. GT H $. b$9 /BC 4$ 'J<. t%n% '&<T *.GT 0> 0 /BC 5* 'J <. 5* j 'J <..& 82 $%B2 0Z /BC )* N%2 ", Z J $&<T (5* 'J<.) X Y GT '@ Y 4$ $. /+ G$, t%? Z GH g % X )* N%2 1? < 5`H Z /%B! 4$ t<t (Space Rod) $~6! F; XB2 5& %3,.2. <T 2 ÇcT?IJ $%B2 0Z. Z GT 'S? %3 &! 4$. i$ & +$ N%2.J G`H F; y x MåT.? $%B2 0Z y x F3& <? G`H y x I> tt X! 4$ ' <? i# G, %N $~6! n G3*H ' Z "%BC G, <T z GZ# 3!"6 Z ;..%? G`H X z F%Z.(%? 32 GH Z 4$ U%BC T, i3+) J b)c $ Gd 4$ F%2 t? %!S <? 'J<. <.T VZ at%2 GH $%B2 0Z 2 G, 4$.$; GT $%B2 0Z bh /BC 2 %3 6@ <? G`H z /)T!# $ 'J <.!#.J +2 0 %Z ' 3 2 '& 4 t5* 'J<. 'N F%2 t& 3 82 $%B2 0Z /BC )* N%2 ", Z $& <T 'J<. I>. )* N%2 ",. <T a6 'J<. $%B2 0Z /BC 5* j /%B GT H $. Y Z 4$.? &%C +2 X & ' $%B2 0Z /BC t%? 'IJ G, i)? ' T c \? 1 tj G`H H# lz# Ö2 ZI> à%6 <? 'IJ G, W 2 t%? )T /S 4$3Z Y <? $ W 32. <T $%B2 0Z /BC 3.J %Z & ' à%6 '& 4. 1; GH G*2 5g2. "# f$ ${2 T. M 12 \C 4$ <? ZÑ '&<T. <T )/ G)* 1; 12 E$2. < 6. \ Z <T % '&<T G*2 Y0J. 'C* <%3& GT '@ I>.% &%V.? %N% t??i <.j;
29 "! (#=> 5 4 o( ; 35 /4" 135 %J & $..# %g 4w3&.? <? 12 4 B6 [ /BC bc $ <T % '&%2.%$ GSH% GT 1$.J <T ÄT '] '&\+T. <%3& t&%2.%$ =*# ÇcT ' G d $ J?V 9% '&%2.%$ ' ~ % $ qc $ &T '&'J<. G1N.á W $ *+, W.( 7145 )? <? 'IJ G, S$ 235 <? 12 4 \C [ /BC bc (Contact Prints) >%3S %3& h]. "# $ <T % '1*+, 4w3&.( 7145 )? <? 'IJG, qc 1; ' ~ % $. XZ W GSH%.?.J [ % & M+, 4>?# ')*+, 3T = <3& *98 X3? G1N %? "%2 3$ SF( 335.(1145 )?.á /, 9 '# %N% $ g % c *+, MZ 4 I8F c?8a '3 435 ZZ.? %N% %H $6 /%B $,2 2c* XZ W i+2. XZ W /BC G*> <? 12 (7145 bc) M+, =. J0 T $ 0,2 2c*. XZ W GSH%.? %N% F 45 4;< 145 3$ (,!) SF( 1./ 1145 % '&M+, 3T =. +]%Z 5 $ 4) ÄT T %N% '& ' F+á # $ *+, MZ %? 12 $. /BC bc (g & W% '&M+, 0Z at #. 3* W%cV t?? 'g# H *+?. '&% w] '% %? 5T2 '.% /%B F+á # 3T2 '&% 43@.%? 5T2. '&% F%S %.? g# H 1; '.%2, Z.%? [ W% *+, MZ ' < R % <3? > /%B F; '1 % & 3? /%" ) %? 5T2. '&% ' =! 2 ch %2 '$ &M+, 32 0Z.(%? <; g %. 26@ % & 469. M+, H# tf+
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 30.%? <; 9% 0Z 'á (&% F M+, f &) 1 tö? '&M+, 3?.J qc MZ ' )$2 %c c *98 X3?.J qc MZ ' Ü3# qc2 /%" H 2!N b9 t ; p0 '&1 )$2 # %N% qv? o%,. <T $ *+, MZ tg % c. ÄT %N, /%" 4w3&.%? $%J (p0 '& '; $ &1? tp0 '& V t& <N ) &M+, ' 12. t? g Å!C '&= M+,,%3 ] $. qc # T 12 w] 0 /%B Å!C *+, '&= W% '&< GT '@ '% 4].? n MZ 43@.J 5T2... c T z av tc z av tc i$ z av. <T $+$. i+2 H 4$ <? 12 MZ = Z G? N%2 $ 43@.J qc 4]aV ')*+, Å!C '&n%!.? %N% ')*+, = 4$J0. +]%Z f $ 1] % Ä*# G># XZ W <3&!)H Z GT '@ t? <? 12 Ü )H g % c. 3*H. Z '%.%? <; MZ ' t(< n. ) W%. ] $ MZ GT '@ t? st Z w] I>.J yc p0!v $) *+, MZ S <? 12 (3T 85 65 $1 S S$) L9 &.?# 3T 2 / 5 <3& t3t 80 60 S p GT '@ %g 4$ ') J qc 1; ' $3& at%2 Å!C '1J XB2 <% )* GS@ J $ W)2 tg % MZ W% %?& <? 5T2 %0 '3&,MZ J & '? n M+, 1] $ T >%9 g. MZ p & Z G? N%2 $.(%? qc MZ '& G? '&M+, 32 $ t&* *+, MZ 12 4w3&.( 2@ &MZ 4 @, \?% %N) %g3 43@.(? 12 '. %. \ J #) %? < F MZ ' &* <?.%3 < MZ i$ ' * '& M+,. G3*H ] F%2 tmz '& p S2 $%N 6" W 3! 4 ch O ; $&<$ $,2 XZ W tmz '. XZ W #9!# W%cV i3z <? 5T2 (3! 8 S, @ ) O 0H Ö @á'* $&k!l 2c* XZ '&3 5`, t< /BC '3&.%? B 1; J '&M+, 0Z 32 O <T T% [ F; GT G3T $?%J ÜN2 5g2 (6 +?) >N Ä>H $ *+, MZ 12 <T %.%? <, $% > <, $% > <, $% > <, $% > <, $% > <, $% > 8;!, P^9 S$ EF / I8F g /g3 I8F g / /g3 I8F g F (..................................................................... 3$ SF(,! 6 $%?A q+ ],%/g (! 0 ; /0 ; ],% B ],% 23$ Y"/ R (mm)g# F E 1/"(2/ R "/ P83; I( F (B/,! R F( (F("/
31 "! (#=> 5 ($,F! (# (#=> 8; 0 ) /g3 4 I8F c + 2145 BC o%, ' $ &0$; $ &< s92 1; F% F+á # Z %? #9 '%J $ W 4$? '@ 0 $. % G$, F; <,.%3 yc &F3VT?%J $ i]%z '&2% [CT 2 <3? XN. = ')*+, = N%2 2c*. XZ W 4!"6 lz# lz# t? g 110000 = $%& '&M+,. 12000 = 12 w] Xl F%S) J XS t ')*+, %!"6 Z %? N%2.(% &%V X 5 2c*. XZ W 4!"6.%? 6J g X GH t? n%! L9 a6 5& F; X 2 2c*. XZ W!"6 w] <? /2 =T )/ g % M+, = i$. =T H GH lz# J S$.? 2c* c 1] %Z GH <; GT.J 'J <. yc 2c*. XZ c i$ X & GT 6Z t? % F% a 43@ Z %? yc 2%" Z F% a6 2c*. XZ W 32 2c*. XZ W %N t43@.+.2 )H <? )T #. 1; "%6 tg * 3&) %? < \?% M+, % i$ 12 Z w].? '@ Z *+? W yc #9 Z # 469 W 'T $ t? g X X%9 ÅB. \ $)2 Z 2%" t(&<.%? yc #9 % % c Å$ i$ 12 t/%"4$ j.j 9 4].J <T 0? %N% n%! F )H. Z 2c*. XZ W. J "%2 )/ > t%? % W 4$0$N %2 3 G># é& G? &%C <? 4+?T n%!!z GH 'd{2 ] J.%3 &%V $ )l! /d{2 150000 12 10 9 6 120000 125000 12 9 7 6 4 I( T3 # /g3 4 I8F c 2 I() R 110000 15000 12500 12000 11000 1500 12 10 9 7 5 12 10 11 10 7 7 4 8 7 7 5 4 8 7 6 5 3 8 6 5 4 3 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S$ R 3000 4000 5000 6500 8000 10000 12500 15000 20000 30000 40000 50000 75000 ($,F! (# (#=> 8; 0 ) / 4 I8F c + 3145 H & M+, J* Üd 6J H Çc* Ü)* b9 Üá Z %? #9 '% F+á # $ W 4$? '@ 0 $. % G$, F; <,.? 'J <. qc2
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 32 F0!"6 ')*+, = N%2 (Bridging Distance),2. XZ W 4!"6 lz# 110000 = '&M+,. ' 2 F0 5T2. w] Xl F%S) J [CT 3 3? XN..(% &%V X 5,2. XZ W!"6 lz# t? GH tj yc #9 $+$. X 3!"6,2. XZ W w] t<? /2 bc )/ GH lz# FT G1N 4$.% &%V X &,2 c 1] %Z. "#,2 GH XS!"#,2 3 "%,2. XZ W yc Y c 1] %Z F39 F%2 t&m+,. [CT H,2.%3 4$0$N F X yc % 4 n # W 4$) J yc #9 % & 4$ á,2. XZ W.($ \&Z 4+3 H# 1; S2 Ä22 4$ 2 %? '1. S X ] 2 Z Ö?. )H X ]. $,2. XZ W yc #9 T H# %N ')*+, % & X%9 Z G? N%2 $ Ü3@.$I /%" ')*+, % & %0.GT '@,2. XZ c I( T3 # / 4 I8F c (8) E 3 I() 50 20 10 5 2 / 5 2 1 0 / 5 S$ R 5 4 6 5 4 3 5 4 3 6 6 3 3 6 4 3 6 6 5 3 3 6 6 5 5 3 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3000 4000 5000 6500 10000 12500 20000 30000 40000 50000 75000 (? <T H n%! ' 5& % ' 5& Z 6J $c XN 5g2) ')*+, /%" GT 1$.GT <? 5g2 (Wide Angle). $. '& M+, ' à%6 XN F6/.. F Gd G!S t)h G># F*+$ $&= (Super Wide Angle).!V $. '& T, i3z I> 6$ \$06 (Base/Height). Ö2 $%&. G)* t$ L9.. Ö2 \&Z L9 i$. $%&!>.%3 X, %0 XN [ $. 3Z # 2 F%2 ># 4] I>.G6$ &%V %)1,2 '&GH 6$ \&Z,2 '&GH (Narrow Angle) i$ $. '& T, i3z ')*+, /%" N%2 $ 43@.J yc <? $ XN [ $. 3Z,2 XZ W 4 "%6 2 % &%V '@ M+, = $? g % (à%6 XN [) T '10 0 '$ '10 J Z G?,2. XZ W!"6 4S2 cv $F Y F%2 t$3 b)c2 à%6 XN <? $ '& =.%3 H 9%
33 "! (#=> 5 GPS! l,f # (#=> 0 4 I8F c + 4145 (7 +?) J "%2 Z 4$ G1N $. b$9 T. +$ '&M+, @, \?% F0 \$06 n%! '&?%J,2 2c*. XZ c 1] 12 yc (Å> î %60 # 2 n%! & +2 o,,2 XZ W. <. <3& n%! '&?%J 2c*. XZ c 1] yc (y @, ')*+, % n%! '&?%J,2 2c* î n%! '1. XZ c 1] 12 yc ([.n%! '1 (Cross Strip) u ' t ' @ ' /g3 4 I8F 1g / 4 I8F 1g (v+8) U 23$,! GPS! l,$# (# => '.) 4 I8F c ta8 u8a I$% 7 $% Ü. GN 1># $ G)* F% 2'BH G!, " [ " G>#. XZ c i$. \ 3, J "%2 tf$ '$I3, n%! T& +T \$06 %g )/.J yc #9 n%! '&?%J XZ W 'J<. 43@.? <? B \?% '&% 32 n W i3z $ @, '&% \ Üá3# t5g X+? '&n%! % Z G? N%2 $.GT '@ 1; '&M+, 32..% &%V. (& *+? < $ ). XZ c 4. \ @, ')*+, %. 4 I8F c 6[,% 5145.J 5V GT G3T 4$ c.j; n%! ë] G3T 'á c. <%3& $ 'IJ <3? % 3? LS F; ë] G3T 5H Z ' % J yc 3H f ', 2c* XZ c & 3?.%? 6J g 8 $ 7, V; 5H M+, 3? 'S 5H.$ Ä22 <$J.j; n%! Ö?. 20,,2 XZ W 'IJ <3?
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 34 W 3? F; Z '%9 J G)d 5g2 $0 XN $ W% /, 9 tà%6 'IJ<3?. M 4w3&.J &=; $" '&'J<.!# 1; SH <3? 'k!l!#. XZ.? < & NV n 0N $ & M+, ' W 4$ X $T? % W% /* $ TZ W ' 0 $0 '&Y0J GT16 t<? $ % <, TZ a)2 '&<.J ` NV n <3& 12 3$ c ta8 6145 %3 yc $. b$9 T F%2 *+, W!Z %c Y.? '$. '& $%& ')*+, Ö?. )H c <? ÄB 5`, i3z W $ 1... qc '&2%,F3VT '&?%J l S)9 W. <T 2 %2.%$ $ M+, ' W (F%3 ä%t) 'IJ G, yc 3 &3& '0$. + $N g. $0& Ü)>j > Y 4$2bH X Y b9 <% Y $T. 2X%3S %T Y.? '1? b9 ÄT <%) <T H N 3& 0.? $. x Y 4$ %].? <T H Å!C '$%B2 /NN%,. Ä22 4$ 2? 3T i$. 3Z $) &M+, )> 2 C W Ö%. iw&!"6 )/.J yn &M+,?# #% *+, XZ W 16145 j i3z yc &M+, n G3*H (s 3T 3 2 )$2 S ) )T '&< yc 9% '&%2.%$ ' %0 '&< *+, XZ W <;.J 'IJG, (LJ%$]) /%" $. bc $ GT %T% 'JZ /!3, Z <? $ '&< 'IJG, yc.%? 'IJG, $I.; +? %60 >%9 \?% &M+, 0Z 'JZ Ö% 4$!S$ EF [F 'IJ<3?.G? &%V %N % &. M+, T 12 tö% 4$. C Z & GT 1$.%?.J < % 3? M+, 3? 0 > +? &M+, 0Z W% '&Z M+, \? $ f 4 n Z %g 4$ G# o8 ]( [F % W% M+, $á > 1 &Z. +$ Z ' %.J qc #9 % sh 3? 1 > /%B X Ö% '&Z.?? H $á % W% M+, $ > 1 $ Z $.J 'IJ <3? < $á% 3? M+, 3? 2 > /%B Ö% '&Z < $% 3? M+, ' k!l ' 12 /!3, w] (+ '.) ) o# G# o8!s$ [F i$ %g 4$.J 'JZ n X % & ',? X# n%! ' F03& %c <% <3? M+, 3? 3 > +? á Z.%? 6J F; 4$ G3*H Z i$ M+, 'á G3*H Z n '&M+, Ü, $ &Z 4$.J 'IJ<3? < % 3? M+, 3? 4 >+? $ Z.J 0 n%! $ Z t(&*. ')*+, )? M+, % i$ 12? $%& ')*+, w] 4< [F 9 4w3&.J yc &M+, 0Z 4$ á > 1. (3T 1 )$2) 3Z!"6.; /%B
35 "! (#=> 5 +? % 4$24$ '&M+, 4$ '&Z % 4$2á '&M+, 'á '&Z tgt %N% % ] $ Z W% 3? t?? H M+, 0Z 'á G3*H 'Z J,.; '&Z 'IJ<3? %g.%? 6J.; 2 > +? %0 <3?,? <? sh M+, 0Z 4$ Z w] <% 3? M+, 3? 1 > +?.J [ <% 3? M+, 3? X n c H? j # c c i$ ' M+, 0Z GT 4+3 t1?. ~S )/.á /@%2 <? 6J g c 4$ ' )T '&M$ $ /%" 4$.J yc 'JZ.%? <; 9% '& M+, G &Z 32 GSH% GT.á %g 4$.J T C '&Z F% Z $ t'jz /!3,. M.J B H 1; Z $&M+, 0Z %0 '&Z 9%cV i3z t<? qc *+, MZ ' &Z Z j i3+ $ %0 '&Z) %? "# F39 &Z ('IJ <3?) 'IJZ G". $ 43@.(J [. W%cV &%2.%$ ' *+, XZ W (*2) 'IJG, 26145? ÄT 4? $T ' <% L" Ü)* Z! <? 5T2 '&Z.á W t'jz /!3,. M? '@ $. /+ G$, U%BV 4$.J (ä%t) 'IJG, %2.%$ ' yc 3T i$ H# c <% M+, = F+ 8. 1 $ $ M+, M+, i$. W X GH î? M+, )>. îj qc %2.%$ ' 3T i$ ch ' <$ <? ä%t c Z i$ 0 c 3? 5T2 i$ 3T i$ ch ' <$ 9% M+, ' c )$2 îj n % <? 5T2 j Z!)H 5`, MåT.%??% F; $+$. F+ # 2 Z n c 1]. \ (& XZ, X W%cV t& <) s9 % XB2 $+$ % XB2 +$%9 $ X $ % <$J ä%t yc?) sh av i$ ' <% îj ( 6@ XZ Z $~6 " i$) c 1] H# i3z <% XZ H g> & /!3, G6 2 J qc *+, MZ ' W *2 /!3,.GT <? ä%t &%2.%$. iz c & %? %!S 4$.GT $I F+ CT &% 4 Ä2 /%B W *2 F+!N b9 U%BC b9. ~S )/ *2 /!3, F%2 b9 4$.GT à" 0 '$. /2 $+$ %. E$2 Z b9 $T >{* W F% % X%9 Z $& MåT $ % W)2 F * /%" % & W% W 4w3&.(? X T. \ $) $+$. W 4$!"6) %3 ä%t % yc 9 Z Z <T '& 3]. i$ & / '& $3p0 F+ $ tå!c '&= $&M+, W *2 %g.?? %N *2 t? '<J W s$.%2 %] S2 t&m+, \?% F0. d{ n%! i$ T& +T +$ g GT '@ *+, XZ W yc $. /+ G$, z 4zw3&.z? z)> z& '%), c 3 H# ' $ X & t* X Y 'k!l /%" 'z@ zt Wz z Mz+, & '<J c 6 H# %N ts? T Y 'k!l %g <z? 4+?T n%! i$ b!c GH ] d2 M+, & %N% '<J W S2 ] & Z? N%2 $.GT
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 36 +]%zz(gross errors) 'z&cv qcz2 tmz+, z& c 18 $ 15 t12 t9 W 4$ S2 \$06 >, I>.$ \$06 'g# H # 2 <? 4+?T /BC (Reliability) F39 G!H J $I F+.?. % H#. <%3& C '<J W S2 GT '@ '<J W Z G? N%2 $ 43@.? <? s$.%2 X ÇcT GV%+$ /%" F+ # 2 $ '%), W. y G1N!"6 lz# T W i$0 F+ # 2 M+, 0Z M+, & ÇcT C )T F+!T 4$ 2 J yc (Gd x ) i$ F+ # 2 W 4$ F; <,.J yc $+$.J 5&6 %V!!2 )* N%2 & (X #) x % X%# X \V] F0 $ tj H <T % 0 '%), W F%S % Z?? H SH% '<J W Z 2%".J%0 W 4$0$N &% (Hinge effect) F? '% $ 6 H i$ Z %? yc '% $ &X '<J W.$ \ n%! +?T /)T $+$ XB2 & 'S2 i3z $ t%? ')*+,!" W%cV s9 /%B Z >Z $ @, ')*+, W%cV.%? * B.!" W%cV Ü0> $+$ F+á # '<J W n%!. X & t*& 2 *+, = ' Z *+, % $ n%! ] $ F03& 'k!l /%".? <? * B 2= i]%z n%! '<J c 3 H# i3+ $ 2= p0 % $ & ]$!#T W 36145 C!#T W%cV.%3 <T n%! +?T /)T (Ö2 5& W)!#T W. F%2 tf+ /%".?) 3Z X. ÅB. 1; X%9 <% qc2 H Ç@ Z $.J yc $ W% '&X. i$ & ]$ &!#T av ' 5&. N Ü Z c 4 H# c 6[, (F 7145 $)2 $%& 'k!l Å!C # (. *+,) W Ö% <)?. ', Ç" ts$t $T? %g Z) J G$, $ $. /+ %g 4$.GT '@ &%2.%$ &M+, ' 1; 'IJZ 'IJ3 to%,.($i /%" <T % '&3 S ÄT 'S F%!? i3z $ W 'IJ 2c*. XZ W 17145 9% '&M+, ' t0h O W 4$ 0Z 3! 18 Ö @ Ö @á '* '&k!l +? $&3. J0 T) W ZZ tf; <,.J [ <? 5T2 '&3 4$ (5145 bc) W Z 5T2 F+ /%" )? %N% 12 9% '16 $ i$& bh $T? % /@%2 <3& (M+, =. W Ö%. <? $ W w] GT 1$.(%? <T g % 4+T. ZZ 5T2 ' J "%2.% &%C ZZ 12 '. $? <? 'IJG, )H,2. XZ W 27145 i3z 9% '&M+, ' 1; GSH% F; <, <%V F.%T W% '&M+, ' $ W 4$ bh (5145 bc) W Z MåT.J qc t3! 5 ÖS? ; O W 4$ 0Z +? '<$ $&3
37 "! (#=> 5 % /@%2 <3& (M+, =. J0 T ) W 4$ ZZ F; <,.J [ <? 5T2 '&3 4$. ZZ 5T2 ' J "%2 F+ /%" )? %N% 12 9% '16 $ i$& bh $T? '. $ t? <? 'IJG, )H. W Ö%. <? $ W w] GT 1$.(%? <T g % 4+T.% &%C ZZ 12 $ M+, F. F.%T. ('.%)!" '&% '<J W 37145 W 0Z 3! 4 ÖS? O 0H $&<$ <? i$ %2.%$ & 4$ á t0z '<J W bh '&3 $. (16145 bc) W Z <;.%? 5T2 9% '&M+, %2.%$ ' 1; L9 %0 (*2) 4$ % á %. á % 4$ %. t % 4 '<J W 43@.J [ <? 5T2.J. ( @,),6 '&% '<J W 47145 W 0Z 3! 5 Ö @ O 0H $&'.%> <? i$ %2.%$ & 4$ á t0z '<J W bh.j [ <? 5T2 '&3 $. W Z MåT.J 5T2 1; L9.J (*2)!" '&% '& %2.%$ $ @, '&% '<J W )/ &n%! 4 '<J W 57145 W 4$ 0Z 3! 8 S O 0)T S <? i$ W% '&%2.%$ ' $ W 4$ bh.á 43@.J [ <? 5T2 '&3 $. [CT ('&)n%!. Ü, W Z MåT.J 5T2 1; L9.? %N% <$J 12 Z%! 4 '<J W /BC. T16 GT (&]$!#T W%cV) Ö2 5& W 67145 W% '&%2.%$ &M+, ' W 0Z 3!.J 5 Ö @ O ; $&'.%> i3z $ W 4$ [ <? 5T2 '&3 $. W Z MåT.J qc 6@ W 77145 W% '&%2.%$ &M+, ' W 0Z ZI>à%6 '&3 / $&3 i3z $ W 4$ 4]. /%".J [ <? 5T2 '&3 $. <Ext c 3?> /%B W Z MåT.J qc.j 12 $ 0 W% /@%2 <3& 1; ZZ t 9!I( 6[,% 8145 G3T M+, 3? F; GT G3T 5H % 3? F; ë] G3T 5H Z '% GT 3H 1] ', X & 3? 1$.? 01 % 30 29 '1*+,. + X 0129, Xl F%,.? X F; <& +2 ë] 9% % 3?. + ', i3z M+, & (Bundle Adjustment) S? T +?T /)T Y GT.? 3 %. 24 M+, 0324, Xl F%,.%? i+2 &M+, $. M+, %V 3? F; X)
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 38 c!78;?8a [4( 245!"6. <%3& $,9% /)T 32 GT 1$.? / <T % '&<T * 'J<. Y.%? <T tgt <$J [ F; F%T)>Z Y0J Z $%& 4 <? <)>Z %Z f5 x< "(2/!78; l,f # [4( 1245 X) V Y /`0N.J (* X)!!2 3 $ (S? T)!!2 Y =T $ &'J<.? $Ñ x GT 2 X F$ Z (* îj $ X ' 4+3 = 4$J0 Z J 5g2!+? <T bx 1 îj H X G># 2# g. <T ",!Z 2 %? 4? 'J<. Ö?. )H &2%Z / <T 2 lz# G`H L V %? 'J <. T c \? by J +$%c %? Z GH )* N%2 3 î? X = 3! 0 / 02.3Z H# î(j G`H X & $%B2 0Z /BC Z $1&T 0N ) %? ", ÜB )* N%2 4 îj G`H,2 2c* *+, XZ W <? ä%t W!Z 5 îgt 6J 5*T F; $%B2 0Z /BC 'J <. Z %? G`H 2BC 5*T X & 6 82 4$ Ü)N Z 2%". &%V H Gd $%B2 0Z /BC < < 82 > ", +& 2 7 'J<. $. '&F. $%B2 0Z tj "%2 X# 4,.% &%V '@ $%B2 0Z G`H G6J J )T 1; /BC t<.j; t< F$ t'z G? &.j; t. % & '.. % & & *+? Ö? /z,f " /z,f"8;,/!78; l,f # [4( 2245.$I /%" %2å3Z%$T $ %% G># $ &'J<. +$ %? F03& j $ F03& /%" $ % '%N G*+? 4. G$Z t T, [N%, /B2.? <? X3, &%2.%$ h] & )22 /B2 4$ 43@ <% M+, = F+ 30. 3Z $ &X +2!# <3H Y MZá '&cv F0.$3.2 M+, = F+ 10. $) W% RMS 'cv F0 $ G)* &X '<J W "# /6 V t(strip formation)% +2 W% /)T.$3.2 M+, = F+ 30 20 t15. Ä22 $) Z Y t X '& W% 4 /BC?) %V.á GH. 1; ' 'J<. $ <% + 9 qc2 'J<.!# Z 2%" )/.? $T? H /SN $ +?T /)T & 2 <? 'IJG, MZ ' W 4$ $
39 "! (#=> 5 o# $%;?2; 345 F03& %c (F*+$j ')*+, /BC #) < %N% 'ST '&X 32 $ F+á #.J 4+?T ]å+$ /2;!# 1345? $. a$? N $ <T % 2)T '& î? x B$Ñ sn ${2 % 1 î?) %? <w 1; 'J + 2 î? ÄT 1; 3, GH G,T 3 î? $I LcS 1; ' '& < G6 Ä22 4 î? %%N Å!C '& F. Å!C /& 5 î? %V 6@ '& +?T G!H. ÜN2 6 î? (... W 'IJ <3? G" XZ ) /)T Ö?. )H > '& XZ H ÜN2 7 î? Ä$@ M$2 (Band Width Minimisation) o, Z%V T H# H ÜN2 8? ($. %?) Å!C '& NV `.á '$I LcS 9 tm+, = t1;. i$& F. <3& n%! <? 6S,2 2c* XZ W G*> S2 t&'j <. Z S2 tn%! <? &e W Z S2 t 6@ /& S2 tm+, = F+ XZ W <3H at% S 'cv tm+, = F+ )* at% S 'cv tn%! '& X 32 &T '& G`H 1; %0 W Z & X. i$& i+2 ),2 2c* XZ W ' $1 3H 'cv t( GT <? G`H tm+, = F+ n%! <? 6S XZ W at% S 'cv!z c 4$? 'J XS /BC /BC 4$ L V 4S2 i+2 X & c & /BC tgt <? 'J <. 1; c 4$ Z $& X tm+, = F+ )* at% S 'cv.w 32 $1 /BC G*> c!4 2345. "# f$ b!c GH t? H Å!C 2& '&<J 4 ". G)* Z '%J W ÄT &F. Robust %T% '1? $;Z +!3, G" t$ L9..& \$06 'J5] % n%! +?T F0) n%! T& a$? s2 12 t(gross data errors) &< %N% '&cv Z%V qc2 estimation Å!C /& &F. GH '$. * +! t<% ( *+, XZ '<J W s$.%2 % S2 t&m+, \?%
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 40 $. bc t<t % 2)T '& Å!C 2& '&<J &F. tf+ /%" %? "%2 I>. $I /%" bc 1>/1*+, 1; 'J<. / qc2 GH 4w3& 1;. /BC GH Ä*#. XZ W.%? 'T 4 XN ";% '#5 '5 R; # u8a c (#8; 4 I() I( [4( /{A/ '5?8A '5 4 I8F g ÄT ÄT ÄT/ÄT ÄT ÄT ÄT/ÄT ( X,Y ) ÄT ÄT ÄT _ ( Z ) _ ÄT ÄT ÄT /)T b!c GH $. ' 12? +?T /)T Z,2 $ 2c*. XZ W )/ W t43@.%? 6J g H 0 P 0 '&= Z Ä22 t(check points)j H <T % +?T F B = Z &n%! 4 '<J W S = Z & ]$!#T W tc = Z $%B2 0Z tt = Z '<J.J = Z Ö% g. <? 'J<. W Ö% GS@ t &T '&'J<. F03& à%6 Y bc GT '@.(8 +?) %? G)d 6 <? qc R9F P 1 P 2 P 3 H 1 H 2 H 3 X 2c*,2....... R (@ g R9F <... > <... > <... > <... > <... > <... >....... 23$ R (t g,% <... > <... > <... > <... > <... > <... > c 4?A '2h 1, 8 $%...... g (u?a I( / S$,% <... > <... >.J &F. 5 XN bc $ à%6 Y <? 'T W
41 "! (#=> 5 4 (X,Y) (Z ) 0 w p1 w p2 w p3 w t a * w c 0 w h1 w h2 w h3 w t w c w s u8a c!4 ] 5 I() R9F P 0 P 1 P 2 P 3 H 0 H 1 H 2 H 3 T C S w b w b B (w h1<= w p1) ; a <1 ; w s <= w h1 ; w b <= w p1) g X 2c*. XZ,2. XZ n%! F '<J $%B2 0Z ]$ #T &n%! 4 '<J ( w p3 < w p2 < w p1 & w h3 < w h2 < w h1 d2.; '~6 F; +? n%! )* N%2 <? G`H *+, /BC &F. %] Z G? N%2 $ XZ W GH J 4$.IJ d W GSH% b!c GH. XZ W $%B2 0Z &F. % Z ># $&M+, ' W *2 3, J?) Çc* g % c $ <%) F*+$ < <T %. ~ % $ ZI>à%6 &F. Y,? 6J / $&GH $&<T i3z $ Å!C '&GZ t<? $ % <,.(%? 3!H '<J W F%S $) H X i$. \ Z. XZ W) J x " GT '@ 0 $. % N%2 % tw% '1> $. M <? *2 Ü $. #. \ 3H 'cv '<J W %0 '<J W t+ "# '<J W. 'S2 GS@ '%)1 Z 4$ J.J H &T bh 'J<. $ 43@.%? < 82 " 1; F. LI# 1; 3? "1" '% 5H t<$j!2 W F%S $.%??% &M+, ' 1; "ÅS@ c " /), %0 c t? ')*+, '&% 4 bh j *2.? '<J c i$ W% 3H 'cv w].(gt '@ 0 &M+, ' 'IJZ) J 'IJZ '%), c i$ F%S F+ /%" $ H RMS Z. 2 W LI#. $ t%? ÅS~2 > T& +T tw. 'S2 F? ct J.J 0&? X%)H F%2 t?. #. \ 6 3H 'cv w] t,2 2c*. XZ W. <T /%" %+T%$T XZ. M 12 Z 4$ Z G? N%2 $.%3 &F.,2. XZ W F%S %0 W <? }# $ 9 4]. /BC 4w3& > Z 3?.GT. F; F% Çc*. F39 c.%? <; +?T Y0J $ %ZI % 32.%? < 82 1; F. 12 F*+$ %9 $ ( Z%! 4 '<J XZ W) n%! ] $ 4 n %N% XZ W 32.J &F. W% '&n%!. i$ &
(?F) "! # () # 3,!.,B8; 42 o# $%;?2; 3345 $I /%"$.!Z % N%2 $ n%! +?T /)T 32 GH $ <? $ /1N%2 I> <% =*# )*!V /1N%2 GH G)* * X Y.J '&G`H) 'J%6 /& %N% i23*t '&cv G)* (Bundle Adjustment) S? T Y F03& $ +?T /)T Ö?. )H > V /& %0 'cv ÇB2 I> <% =*# * ( &T ) $1 +?T <T % /& $ /),.GT '@ Ü Z (Selfcalibration Y i3z ) F; i$ & +2 '&M+, w] G? N%2 $.? 6B2 '&cv. d{ 12 %2 (/S 4$3Z Y Self '& t4 & at%2 <? 12 '&M+, ' t? <? 12!C '&4 at%2 n%!.j H <T % )T $ $0 calibration /!3, F$ <? )T # F. M$ t(gross errors) $ '&cv 32 LI# $T?. M t(\#6 L V %N) /%B$ j.?? %C3& g W ' <? 6S (M$) GH $ +?T.J +2 +?T /)T ÇB2 $ <? 6S GH $ <? 6S S L Z G? N%2 $ (Gross data errors) &< %N% '&cv Z%V qc2 Xl F%S.?? %C3& 'J%6 '&'J<. G1N <? 6S S L $ XZ W ' GH ' <; t%? 6S 'J%6 /& ' F+ 10 GH <% 18000 ')*+, = w] t<t % T, Ö% *,XZ W,2 GH.J 6S 0 / 080 $ XZ W 2c* (.!V $. T, ') i$ (. $. T, ') 5 i$ t(i$ $. T, ') T Ä22.% &%V t<? 6S 2c* GH. 3Z XZ $ '%), t'<j) W LI# %J & 4w3& 2345 %ZI % G)* W F. 82 %J & 12 XN Ä>H ÜN2 $ Y0J 4$.%? <; F; W% Y0J +?T $1 f$ <3& $ (..$3 F W LI# $ F. 82 $á BV.J 4S2 1; 2)T /BC <? }# ÄT Z 82 $. XZ W!# 8 tx!# 9 Ü l Å!C, +?T /)T Å!C # W Z 82 3, %? "%2 /)T. '!# ] %0 W. i$ & Z qc2 F% &S 2 J... %T!# 7,.<? < Z 82. +$ % 4$) %? &% ' >m # k, n%! i$ '&% 4 '<J W +; > )/ G)* ' T& +T. n%! +?T /)T 'k!l t(gt &% 'k!l 2Ñ '&ÅS@.GT %V % +?T /)T 'k!l J H g $ 0 $. /+ tgps '&< i3z 'k!l Y. <T /%" 6S W% 2)T 6@ /& F%S )T,')*+, /g> 4 $%B2 0Z /BC XZ G2 %C n%! <%3 3, $%B2 0Z XZ W l %0 '&GSH% GT 1$.J 4S2 ' n%! '1 XZ W) $ \&Z 4+3 H#. XZ W. ># 4].;.(?. % (Rank) i q s6 +2%` ') & G$ '&,%3 4S2 t(%!z 20. \)? $. ) <*$ GPS J 3%& 4!"6 w].% &%V '@ GPS /& %N% i23*t '&cv LI# '.TX G1N 6