Networking Second Edition Jeffrey S. Beasley New Mexico State University PRENTICE HALL An Imprint of Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ Boston Indianapolis San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal London Munich Paris Madrid Cape Town Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico City
Contents У ~Ч Chapter 1 l-i 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 Introduction to Computer Networks INTRODUCTION NETWORK TOPOLOGIES THE ETHERNET LAN IP (Internet Protocol) Addressing ASSEMBLING A HOME NETWORK Securing the Home Network IP Addressing in the Home Network ASSEMBLING AN OFFICE LAN TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING A LAN ANALYZING COMPUTER NETWORKS Summary Questions and Problems 2 5 5 10 15 16 27 29 30 35 37 43 43 Chapter 2 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 Physical Layer Cabling: Twisted Pair INTRODUCTION STRUCTURED CABLING Horizontal Cabling UNSHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR CABLE Shielded Twisted-pair Cable TERMINATING CAT6/5E/5 UTP CABLES Computer Communication Straight-through and Crossover Patch Cables CABLE TESTING AND CERTIFICATION Testing the CAT6 Link 10 Gigabit Ethernet over Copper Overview Alien Crosstalk (AXT) Signal Transmission 48 51 51 54 57 60 60 61 63 71 75 83 83 83 85 Contents
2-7 TROUBLESHOOTING COMPUTER NETWORKS Installation Cable Stretching Cable Failing to Meet Manufacturer Specifications CAT5e Cable Test Examples Summary Questions and Problems 86 86 87 87 88 94 94 Chapter 3 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 Computer Fundamentals INTRODUCTION THE COMPUTER BUS CONNECTION Motherboard Bus Connections DEVICE DRIVERS Verifying Device Drivers on Windows Vista/XP Verifying Device Drivers on Mac OS X COMPUTER MEMORY Types of Memory AN OVERVIEW OF FAT AND NTFS FAT FAT32 NTFS CONFIGURING THE BIOS BOOT SEQUENCE 3-6 Summary Questi ons and Problems 100 102 102 103 107 108 110 112 113 114 114 115 115 116 117 117 Chapter 4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 Interconnecting the LANs INTRODUCTION THE OSI MODEL THE NETWORK BRIDGE THE NETWORK SWITCH Hub-Switch Comparison Managed Switches Multilayer Switches THE ROUTER The Router Interface: Cisco 2800 Series The Router Interface Cisco 2600 Series The Router Interface Cisco 2500 Series INTERCONNECTING LANS WITH THE ROUTER Gateway Address Network Segments 120 122 122 124 128 130 133 137 138 139 140 140 143 145 145
4-7 CONFIGURING THE NETWORK INTERFACE AUTO- NEGOTIATION 145 Auto-Negotiation Steps 146 Full Duplex/Half Duplex 146 Summary 149 Questions and Problems 149 Chapter 5 TCP/IP 154 5-1 INTRODUCTION 156 5-2 THE TCP/IP LAYERS 156 The Application Layer 157 The Transport Layer 158 The Internet Layer 162 The Network Interface Layer 164 5-3 NUMBER CONVERSION 165 Binary-Decimal Conversion 165 Decimal»Binary Conversion 166 Hexadecimal Numbers 168 5-4 IPV4 ADDRESSING 170 Private IP Addresses 173 IP Address Assignment 173 5-5 SUBNET MASKS 173 5-6 CIDR BLOCKS 180 5-7 IPV6 ADDRESSING 182 5-8 ANALYZING COMPUTER NETWORKS FTP DATA PACKETS 185 Summary 187 Questions and Problems 187 Chapter 6 Introduction to Router Configuration 192 6-1 INTRODUCTION 194 6-2 ROUTER FUNDAMENTALS 194 Layer 3 Networks 195 6-3 THE CONSOLE PORT CONNECTION 201 Configuring the HyperTerminal Software (Windows) 203 Configuring the Z-Term Serial Communications Software (Mac) 205 6-4 THE ROUTER'S USER EXEC MODE (R0UTER>) 206 The User EXEC Mode 206 Router Configuration Challenge The User EXEC Mode 209
6-5 THE ROUTER'S PRIVILEGED EXEC MODE (ROUTER#) 211 Hostname 212 Enable Secret 213 Setting the Line Console Passwords 213 Fast Ethernet Interface Configuration 214 Serial Interface Configuration 214 Router Configuration Challenge The Privileged EXEC Mode 216 6-6 TROUBLESHOOTING THE ROUTER INTERFACE 217 Summary 221 Questions and Problems 221 Chapter 7 Routing Protocols 224 7-1 INTRODUCTION 227 7-2 STATIC ROUTING 227 Gateway of Last Resort 233 Configuring Static Routes 234 Networking Challenge Static Routes 236 7-3 DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS 236 Distance Vector Protocols 238 Link State Protocols 239 7-4 RIP ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL 239 Configuring Routes with RIP 242 Networking Challenge RIP 244 7-5 IGRP INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL 245 Configuring Routes with IGRP 246 Networking Challenge IGRP 250 7-6 OSPF OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST ROUTING PROTOCOL 250 Configuring Routes with OSPF 252 Networking Challenge OSPF 256 7-7 EIGRP ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL 257 Configuring Routes with EIGRP 257 Networking Challenge EIGRP 262 7-8 CONFIGURING A JUNIPER ROUTER 262 Operational Mode 263 Router Configuration Mode 266 Displaying the Router Interfaces 267 Hostname Configuration 268 Assigning an IP Address to an Interface 268 Static Route 268 RIP Configuration 269 OSPF Configuration 270
7-9 TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol Configuring TFTP Networking Challenge TFTP 7-10 ANALYZING OSPF "HELLO" PACKETS Summ ary Questions and Problems 271 271 274 275 279 279 Chapter 8 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 Wide Area Networking INTRODUCTION THE LINE CONNECTION Data Channels Point of Presence Tl Framing Line Coding Formats FRAME RELAY Establishing a Frame Relay Connection Configuring Frame Relay Point-to-Point on the Router Networking Challenge Frame Relay ATM Establishing the ATM Connection DIAL-IN ACCESS Analog Modem Technologies Cable Modems ISDN xdsl Modems The Remote Access Server VPN Configuring a VPN Virtual Interface (Router to Router) Troubleshooting the VPN Tunnel Link Configuring a VPN Server Configuring a Remote Client's VPN Connection WIDE AREA NETWORK ROUTING INTERNET ROUTING Configuring BGP Networking Challenge BGP ANALYZING INTERNET DATA TRAFFIC Utilization/Errors Strip Chart Network Layer Matrix Network Layer Host Table Frame Size Distribution Summary Questions and Problems 288 291 292 292 294 294 295 298 301 302 305 305 308 309 309 310 310 312 315 325 327 331 331 332 337 338 339 343 344 344 345 346 347 348 348
Chapter 9 Configuring and Managing the Campus Network 352 9-1 INTRODUCTION 354 9-2 DESIGNING THE CAMPUS NETWORK 354 Core Layer 354 Distribution Layer 355 Access Layer 356 Data Flow 356 Selecting the Media 356 Load Balancing 357 9-3 IP ASSIGNMENT AND DHCP 358 The DHCP Data Packets 360 9-4 NETWORK SERVICES DNS 361 Campus DNS 363 9-5 NETWORK MANAGEMENT 364 Configuring SNMP 365 Power over Ethernet (PoE) 367 9-6 Switch/VLAN Configuration 369 Virtual LAN (VLAN) 369 Switch Configuration 370 Hostname 371 Enable Secret 372 Setting the Line Console Passwords 372 Static VLAN Configuration 373 Networking Challenge Static VLAN Configuration 376 Spanning-Tree Protocol 377 9-7 ANALYZING CAMPUS NETWORK DATA TRAFFIC 378 Summary 381 Questions and Problems 381 Chapter 10 Network Security 386 10-1 INTRODUCTION 388 10-2 INTRUSION (HOW AN ATTACKER GAINS CONTROL OF A NETWORK) 388 Social Engineering 389 Password Cracking 389 Packet Sniffing 390 Vulnerable Software 391 Viruses and Worms 393 Wireless Vulnerabilities 394
10-3 DENIAL OF SERVICE 395 Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDoS) 396 10-4 FIREWALLS AND ACCESS LISTS 396 Attack Prevention 398 10-5 INTRUSION DETECTION 404 10-6 ANALYZING UNSECURED DATA PACKETS 405 Summary 409 Questions and Problems 409 Chapter 11 Wireless Networking 412 11-1 INTRODUCTION 414 11-2 THE IEEE 802.11 WIRELESS LAN STANDARD 414 11-3 802.11 WIRELESS NETWORKING 420 11-4 Bluetooth, WiMAX, and RFID 429 Bluetooth 429 WiMAX 432 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) 432 11-5 SECURING WIRELESS LANS 435 11-6 CONFIGURING A POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT WIRELESS LAN: A CASE STUDY 438 1. Antenna Site Survey 439 2. Establishing a Point-to-Point Wireless Link to the Home Network 439 3-4. Configuring the Multipoint Distribution/Conducting an RF Site Survey 440 5. Configuring the Remote Installations 442 Summary 443 Questions and Problems 443 Chapter 12 Optical Networking 446 12-1 INTRODUCTION 449 12-2 THE NATURE OF LIGHT 451 Graded-Index Fiber 454 Single-Mode Fibers 455 12-3 FIBER ATTENUATION AND DISPERSION 457 Attenuation 457 Dispersion 458 Dispersion Compensation 460
12-4 OPTICAL COMPONENTS 461 Intermediate Components 463 Detectors 464 Fiber Connectorization 466 12-5 OPTICAL NETWORKING ARCHITECTURES 468 Defining Optical Networking 468 Building Distribution 470 Campus Distribution 472 12-6 SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES 475 12-7 SAFETY 479 12-8 TROUBLESHOOTING COMPUTER NETWORKS (THE OTDR) 481 Summary 483 Questions and Problems 483 Chapter 13 Voice over IP 486 13-1 INTRODUCTION 488 13-2 THE BASICS OF VOICE OVER IP 488 13-3 VOICE OVER IP NETWORKS 490 Replacing an Existing PBX Tie Line 491 Upgrading Existing PBXs to Support IP Telephony 493 Switching to a Complete IP Telephony Solution 494 13-4 QUALITY OF SERVICE 495 Jitter 495 Network Latency 496 Queuing 496 13-5 ANALYZING VoIP DATA PACKETS 497 Analyzing VoIP Telephone Call Data Packets 502 Summary 506 Questions and Problems 506 Chapter 14 The Network Server 508 14-1 INTRODUCTION 510 Network Definitions 510 Network Types 510 Server Types 512 Adding the Network Server 513 14-2 INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING THE NETWORK SERVER 514 Creating a Server Domain (Windows 2003 Server) 514 Configuring Windows 2008 Server 521 Configuring the IP Address 521
14-3 ADDING COMPUTERS, USERS, AND GROUPS 522 Adding Computers to the Windows 2008/2003 Server Domain 522 Adding Users to the Windows 2008/2003 Server Domain 526 Adding Organizational Units and Groups to the Windows 2008/2003 Server Domain 528 14-4 SETTING GROUP PERMISSIONS AND POLICIES 533 2008 Server: Setting Domain Policies 534 2003 Server: Setting Domain Policies 539 14-5 VERIFYING "NETWORK" AND "MY NETWORK PLACES" IN WINDOWS-BASED PCS 546 "Network," Windows Vista 546 "My Network Places" on Windows XP 546 "My Network Places" on Windows 2000 550 "Network Neighborhood" for Windows NT and 98 552 14-6 CONFIGURING THE NETWORK SERVER'S ACCOUNT LOCKOUT POLICY 552 Summary 556 Questions and Problems 556 Chapter 15 Linux Networking 558 15-1 INTRODUCTION 560 15-2 LOGGING ON TO LINUX 560 Adding a User Account 561 15-3 LINUX FILE STRUCTURE AND FILE COMMANDS 565 Listing Files 565 Displaying File Contents 567 Directory Operations 569 File Operations 571 Permissions and Ownership 573 15-4 LINUX ADMINISTRATION COMMANDS 577 The man (manual) Command 577 The ps (processes) Command 579 The su (substitute user) Command 580 The mount Command 581 The shutdown Command 583 Linux Tips 583 15-5 ADDING APPLICATIONS TO LINUX 584 15-6 LINUX NETWORKING 590 Installing SSH 594 The ftp Client 595 The ftp Server 596
DNS Service on Linux 597 Changing the Hostname 597 15-7 TROUBLESHOOTING SYSTEM AND NETWORK PROBLEMS WITH LINUX 598 Troubleshooting Boot Processes 598 Listing Users on the System 600 Network Security 601 Enabling and Disabling Boot Services 602 15-8 MANAGING THE LINUX SYSTEM 604 Summary 611 Questions and Problems 611 Chapter 16 Industrial Networks 616 16-1 INTRODUCTION 618 16-2 OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL NETWORKS 618 Characteristics of Industrial Networks 619 16-3 INDUSTRIAL ETHERNET 625 Achieving Determinism 625 Topology 626 Switching 627 Cabling and Components 627 16-4 INDUSTRIAL ETHERNET PROTOCOLS 628 Ethernet/IP 629 Foundation Fieldbus High-Speed Ethernet (HSE) 629 Profinet 630 Interface for Distributed Automation (IDA) 630 Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) 630 Modbus TCP 630 16-5 LEGACY DEVICE AND CONTROLLER LEVEL BUSES 630 Open Buses 630 Proprietary Buses 631 Summary 632 Questions and Problems 632 Glossary 635 Index 651