ISSN 1000-9825, CODEN RUXUEW E-mail: jos@iscasaccn Journal of Software, Vol17, No2, February 2006, pp315 324 http://wwwjosorgcn DOI: 101360/jos170315 Tel/Fax: +86-10-62562563 2006 by Journal of Software All rights reserved JPEG 1,2 1,3+, 1 (, 510275) 2 (, 510310) 3 (, 510275) A Semi-Fragile Image Watermarking Resisting to JPEG LI Chun 1,2, HUANG Ji-Wu 1,3+ 1 (School of Information Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China) 2 (China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No7 Research Institute, Guangzhou 510310, China) 3 (Guangdong Key Laboratory of Information Security Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China) + Corresponding author: E-mail: isshjw@mailsysueducn Li C, Huang JW A semi-fragile image watermarking resisting to JPEG Journal of Software, 2006,17(2): 315 324 http://wwwjosorgcn/1000-9825/17/315htm Abstract: Semi-Fragile watermark has attracted attention due to its important role in content authentication for multimedia In order to differentiate incidental attacks and malicious attacks, semi-fragile watermark must be robust against content-protection image processing Semi-fragile watermark resisting to JPEG compression while maintaining high detection ability to tamper has been the emphasis in this area In this paper, a semi-fragile watermarking algorithm to resist JPEG is proposed based on the fact that most of the coefficients of high frequency have the same relative energy relations after JPEG compression The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has the advantages such as simple computation complexity, big embedding capability, good robustness to JPEG, and exact location for tamper Key words: : semi-fragile watermarking; digital watermarking; JPEG; wavelet coefficient, JPEG,, JPEG JPEG, JPEG,,, JPEG, : ; ;JPEG; : TP309 : A Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos60133020, 60325208, 60403045 ( ); the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China under Grant No04205407 ( ) Received 2005-01-19; Accepted 2005-08-15
316 Journal of Software Vol17, No2, February 2006, : ;( ), ( ), ( ),, [1],, 3 : [2,3], ( JPEG ), JPEG, JPEG Ho Li JPEG, DCT JPEG [4] [5],Zhang JPEG, Zhou (ECC) JPEG [6] Hu [7] HVS,, [8],Hu,, JPEG JPEG, JPEG JPEG, JPEG,, JPEG, JPEG,, JPEG, 1 2 3 1 JPEG Lie Chang [9],Lin Chang DCT JPEG [10], DWT JPEG, JPEG 1 Lena Baboon Boat Goldhill Lake Milkdrop Fig1 Images used for testing the relationship between the neighboring wavelet coefficients 1 JPEG (512 512) JPEG, HH 1,HL 1,LH 1,LL 1 4 LH 1 1 2, [a 1 a 2 ], d=a 1 a 2 d>g(g,g 0), d 0, ;, d< g, d<0,
: JPEG 317 a1 HL 1, 2 1( ),, d=a1 a 2 a2 LH 1, JPEG,LH 1 HL 1, 1(,LH 1,HL 1 ) LH 1,HL 1, 2 (,LH 1,HL 1 ) 1 2 LL 1, JPEG,,, LL 1 JPEG,,, HL 1 LH 1 1 2 : (1) JPEG,LH 1,, HL 1,,LH 1, HL 1, JPEG, LH 1 JPEG,HL 1 (2) JPEG,LH 1 HL 1 (3) JPEG,, g JPEG Table 1 The relationship between the neighboring wavelet coefficients Quality in high frequency subbands of the images under JPEG 1 JPEG 90 80 70 60 50 Image g LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 0 0786 0770 0718 0711 0679 0666 0651 0632 0636 0613 Lena 1 0844 0828 0773 0766 0731 0720 0681 0662 0665 0640 2 0894 0878 0829 0823 0787 0774 0715 0696 0697 0671 3 0928 0923 0842 0848 0790 0785 0751 0729 0732 0701 0 0916 0928 0864 0897 0827 0868 0798 0838 0771 0821 Baboon 1 0942 0950 0891 0917 0854 0890 0819 0857 0790 0839 2 0962 0967 0913 0936 0876 0909 0839 0876 0808 0857 3 0978 0982 0932 0953 0892 0924 0857 0894 0828 0874 0 0834 0785 0766 0735 0729 0710 0703 0689 0686 0677 Boat 1 0882 0843 0818 0799 0784 0770 0733 0731 0715 0715 2 0921 0899 0871 0857 0840 0832 0766 0782 0745 0762 3 0949 0943 0879 0892 0836 0861 0802 0838 0779 0812 0 0862 0867 0794 0824 0747 0791 0716 0767 0689 0749 Goldhill 1 0900 0907 0833 0861 0786 0828 0741 0796 0710 0780 2 0932 0939 0871 0894 0824 0861 0768 0828 0734 0809 3 0958 0963 0888 0923 0834 0888 0795 0856 0757 0835 0 0843 0858 0780 0804 0740 0768 0711 0741 0688 0724 Lake 1 0888 0899 0822 0844 0784 0810 0742 0775 0716 0754 2 0928 0931 0865 0880 0827 0846 0773 0808 0745 0785 3 0956 0963 0892 0911 0841 0868 0800 0836 0776 0811 0 0770 0777 0697 0726 0664 0687 0636 0658 0611 0638 Milkdrop 1 0829 0838 0754 0781 0713 0744 0669 0693 0638 0671 2 0883 0893 0811 0836 0770 0796 0701 0732 0668 0703 3 0925 0934 0827 0872 0772 0820 0731 0768 0697 0733
318 Journal of Software Vol17, No2, February 2006 Table 2 The relationship between the neighboring wavelet coefficients in high frequency 2 Quality subbands of the images under JPEG after changing the slip windows JPEG 90 80 70 60 50 Image g LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 0 0730 0702 0643 0640 0616 0613 0594 0594 0587 0585 Lena 1 0788 0767 0699 0698 0669 0669 0618 0614 0608 0603 2 0851 0832 0768 0774 0738 0741 0646 0641 0630 0628 3 0876 0845 0753 0751 0705 0702 0675 0671 0654 0652 0 0882 0896 0812 0834 0763 0792 0732 0760 0707 0736 Baboon 1 0912 0920 0843 0862 0795 0821 0751 0779 0724 0753 2 0938 0942 0871 0885 0823 0848 0770 0798 0742 0770 3 0959 0961 0887 0898 0830 0852 0789 0816 0759 0786 0 0778 0709 0692 0660 0656 0634 0627 0622 0615 0611 Boat 1 0832 0779 0753 0722 0714 0694 0651 0658 0636 0642 2 0884 0846 0815 0791 0770 0754 0678 0697 0660 0678 3 0909 0883 0805 0803 0753 0768 0710 0743 0688 0718 0 0816 0788 0713 0715 0666 0674 0628 0649 0611 0634 Goldhill 1 0858 0836 0759 0762 0707 0716 0646 0674 0625 0656 2 0898 0881 0799 0805 0752 0760 0665 0702 0638 0676 3 0925 0913 0805 0819 0734 0766 0684 0729 0654 0701 0 0798 0800 0709 0713 0667 0669 0639 0646 0621 0634 Lake 1 0848 0844 0751 0760 0709 0713 0659 0669 0640 0656 2 0891 0884 0798 0802 0753 0752 0685 0695 0661 0677 3 0926 0923 0818 0820 0752 0755 0708 0719 0679 0699 0 0697 0695 0618 0625 0590 0598 0574 0583 0562 0570 Milkdrop 1 0763 0763 0672 0679 0634 0647 0592 0606 0580 0590 2 0825 0827 0734 0738 0694 0703 0611 0627 0598 0609 3 0851 0854 0712 0727 0665 0683 0633 0650 0612 0627 2 JPEG 21 m m, (m/4) (m/4),, LH 1 2 2, LH 1 256 256, 4 1,, a11 a12 2 2 a21 a 22 bit 0, a 11 a 12 >g a 21 a 22 >g(g,g 0);, a 11,a 21, a 12,a 22, bit 1, a 11 a 12 < g a 21 a 22 < g;, a 11,a 21, a11 a12 a 12,a 22, HL 1, 2 2, a21 a 22 bit 0, a11 a 21 >g a 12 a 22 >g;, a 11,a 12, a 21,a 22, bit 1, a 11 a 21 < g a 12 a 22 < g;, a 11,a 12, a 21,a 22,,, ±(g+1) 22,LH 1 HL 1 2, (LH 1,HL 1 ), JPEG
: JPEG 319, PSNR 21,PSNR bit 0,1, LH 1 HL 1,, PSNR, PSNR, avr_lh avr_hl, : W 1 H 1 2 2 [ p(2 x, y) p(2x + 1, y)] y= 0 x= 0 avr _ LH = H W H 1 W 1 2 2 [ px (,2 y) px (,2y+ 1)] x= 0 y= 0 avr _ HL = (2) H W H W,p(x,y) (x,y) LH 1,HL 1,, PSNR, PSNR avr_lh avr_hl 3 Table 3 The average variance of neighboring wavelet coefficients of test images 3 2 2 Image Lena Baboon Boat Goldhill Lake Milkdrop avr_lh 112229 6 544563 7 356649 6 217793 4 204904 0 113178 8 avr_hl 41880 6 1 6722 98452 5 165427 3 276399 1 89611 6 512 512 8bits, g(g=0) LH 1 HL 1 128 128,, 4 Table 4 PSNR for embedding watermark into different sub-bands of high frequency of test images 4 PSNR Image Lena Baboon Boat Goldhill Lake Milkdrop PSNR (LH 1 ) 41132 2 35027 6 36632 0 38423 0 38146 5 39863 1 PSNR (HL 1 ) 44220 4 30057 5 41843 9 39487 4 37251 3 43113 4 3 4, PSNR 23, 21,,, ±(g+1),, g+1 g+1 min{avr_lh,avr_hl},,, avr_lh avr_hl, 5 (g=0), a11 a12, 2 2, a21 a 22 (1) LH 1, a 11 +a 21 >a 12 +a 22, bit 0, 1; HL 1, a 11 +a 12 >a 21 +a 22, bit 0, 1
320 Journal of Software Vol17, No2, February 2006 Table 5 Alteration of average variance of neighboring wavelet coefficients of test images after embedding watermarking 5 Image Lena Baboon Boat Goldhill Lake Milkdrop Embedded sub-band HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 The average variance of near wavelet coefficients before embedding watermarking 41880 6 544563 7 98452 5 165427 3 204904 0 89611 6 The average variance of near wavelet coefficients after embedding watermarking 25926 4 276699 9 52719 2 79552 1 81149 5 57864 9 24 241 [11], D ( i, j) = W ( i, j) W ( i, j) (3),, 0, ; 1, [11], : S={ }; S dense ={ }; S sparse ={ }; S total =S dense +S sparse ; λ=s total /S; δ=s sparse /S dense : λ, λ=0,; λ>0, δ, δ T(T ),, δ<t, T, [8] T,,, 05 242,,, ;,,,, [11],,,,, II :, x(i,j), x(i 1,j),x(i,j 1),x(i,j+1),x(i+1,j) x(i,j), x(i 1,j 1), x(i 1,j+1),x(i+1,j 1),x(i+1,j+1) x(i,j) II : ( ),,, II: (1) ; (2),, II,, II,,, 2, 25, [12],
: JPEG 321,,, Key, m n P H ={P 1 H, P 2 H,,P m H } P W ={P 0 W,P 1 W,,P n W },, Key, Key, Key Key, P H 128 128 2 32768 P W,, [( 2 ) ] = 2, Key 3 31 g 23, g+1 min{avr_lh,avr_hl},, HL 1 LH 1, g 0 g min{ avr _ LH, avr _ HL} 1 512 512 8bits lena,baboon,milkdrop g 0,1,2,3,4,5, 2 (a) Original images (a) (b) Watermarked images, g=2 (b),g=2 Fig2 2, PSNR g, 3, 3(a)~ 3(c) Lena,Baboon,Milkdrop (a) (b) (c) Fig3 The relationship between PSNR and g 3 PSNR g
322 Journal of Software Vol17, No2, February 2006 Lena 90,80,70,60,50 JPEG,, 241 δ, (T=05) 6, Y,N Table 6 Watermark data extracted from watermarked Lena after JPEG Watermark data g 6 δ extracted from watermarked Lena after JPEG Lena Quality factor 90 80 70 60 50 1 2065 2 1633 0 1004 1 0565 6 0429 5 2 4439 7 3419 2 2249 3 1145 0 07176 1 Y Y Y Y N 2 Y Y Y Y Y 6, T 05,g=2, 50 JPEG 4, 4(a), 4(b)~ 4(f) g=2, 90,80,70,60,50 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig4 Robustness of the watermark resisting to JPEG 4 JPEG, JPEG g 32,, 5 (a) Embedded watermark image(g=1), the area in broken line (b) Image after tamper will be replaced by the original image (a) (g=1), (b) (c) Extracted watermark (δ=00942) (d) Final difference image (c) (δ=00942) (d) Fig5 Location for tamper 5
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