International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue, February-1 1 Voltage Stability Enhancement through Static Var Compensator A.S. Siddiqui 1, Tanmoy Deb Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Research Scholar JMI Email: tdeb1969@gmail.com Abstract--- With increase in electricity demand, the voltage stability of buses is affected requiring fast reactive power compensation. With the de-regulated environment, congestion limits the amount of line flow. In this connection, effect of Static Var compensator (SVC) has been investigated under dynamic situation to maintain voltage stability. This paper investigates effect of voltage stability on a IEEE-14 bus system using SVC. Index terms---svc, voltage stability, reactive power compensation. 1. Introduction Consumption of electricity is increasing with economic development with deregulated electricity market. This is leading to congestion in power transmission lines. With restrictions imposed by right of way issues among others, it is imperative to use existing transmission network more efficiently. Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides a way-out by dynamic voltage support and reactive power compensation. SVC acts as a continuous variable shunt succeptance that adjusts to meet a preset voltage requirement of a bus. Due to its fast acting and continuous compensation, SVC is used in transmission line to enhance power transfer capability. Literature studied discusses use of SVC for reactive power compensation and voltage support. N.G. Hingorani introduced the concept of FACTS devices [1]. E. Acha et. al. has discussed SVC and step down transformer model for power flow studies. The SVC is taken as continuous variable shunt susceptance that is adjusted to meet required magnitude of voltage []. Sabai Nang et. al. discusses dynamic performance for system disturbance and effectively regulates system voltage using SVC []. A. olwegard et. al. uses SVC to improve transmission capacity by reactive power compensation. [5)]. D. Thukaram & S.A. Loni uses SVC for system voltage stability improvement [6].. Principle of SVC Static Var Compensator is a VAR generator whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive currents so as to maintain/control
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue, February-1 specific parameters of electrical power system (typically bus voltage). SVC is a combination of controllable shunt reactor and a shunt capacitor. The controlled shunt reactor is series combination of reactor and ant parallel connected pair of thyristor which is known as TCR (thyristor controlled reactor). bus voltage, SVC tries to absorb reactive power and with decrease in bus voltage, SVC injects reactive power. The equivalent circuit shown below is used to derive the SVC non linear power equations and linearised equations required by Newton method. Fig..1. Schematic diagram of SVC The susceptance of SVC can be varied by varying the firing angle of thyristor (TCR branch) in the range of 9-18. During normal operation, SVC can control total susceptance according to the terminal voltage. At minimum and maximum susceptance, SVC behaves like a fixed capacitor or inductor. When system voltage dips due to any fault, SVC immediately provides reactive power to the system to improve the voltage. There are two configurations of SVC viz- (a) Combination of TCR and fixed Capacitor (b) Combination of TCR and TSC (thyristor switched capacitor).. Modeling of SVC SVC provides shunt controlled reactive power compensation through thyristorized power electronic devices. The switching of inductor is stepless and smooth and that of capacitor in step. SVC tries to maintain bus voltage constant by injective power (either capacitive or inductive). With increase in Fig..1 Equivalent circuit of SVC The current drawn by SVC is I SVC = jb SVC V k (1) Reactive power drawn by SVC, which is also reactive power injected at bus K is Qsvc = Q k - V k B SVC () The positive sequence susceptance of SVC consisting of TCR of inductance X 1 and shunt capacitance X c is given by () B SVC = B C - B TCR = 1 X C X L X L X C (π-x) + sin x) π By putting eq. () in eq (1) Q K = - V K X L - X C
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue, February-1 X C X L [ (π X SVC ) + Sin ( X SVC ) From e.g. (4), the linearised SVC equation is given as: Δ P K (i)= Δ Q K V [Cos ( X SVC )-1] Δ Q K Δ X SVC (i) At the end of iteration (i), the Π X L π (4) variable firing angle X SVC is updated a curding to: (i) (i-1) (i) X SVC = X SVC + Δ L SVC 4. Problem Formulation Here, the problem is divided into specific steps. Step 1 The test case system is taken as 14 bus IEEE system. Step Load flow is carried out for 14 bus IEEE system. This is taken as base case result. Step By using SVC, the voltage in the bus can be increased or decreased where it is required. The SVC is incorporated into (i) the Newton Raphson load flow algorithm. Step 4 The base case result shows the bus voltages. Wherever the bus voltages are below flat voltage, SVC is connected to bus to improve the bus voltage to flat voltage or nearer to flat voltage. 5. Results and Discussion: Newton Raphson load flow method is used to solve load flow problem in power system using SVC. IEEE-14 bus system has been used to demonstrate the proposed method over a small range of power flow variations in the transmission system (see table-r) As shown in table, the lowest base case voltage magnitude (PU) is.9417 at bus-14. After connecting SVC to that bus, the voltage improves to 1. pu with firing angle position of 1.866 degree and equivalent susceptance value is.98 pu. Negative sign means that SVC works in capacitive mode and reactive power supplied by SVC is.98 pu. By increasing % load, the reactive power and firing angle. In Table-1 the data are of IEEE 14 bus system load flow result. This result has taken as the base result of this system. Then by using FACTS devices to this system the new results which is given in Table- compared with base case result. As shown in above table the lowest base case voltage magnitude (pu) is.9417 at bus- 14.After connecting SVC to that bus, the voltage improves to 1. pu with firing angle position of 1.866 degree and equivalent susceptance is -.98 pu.negative sign means that SVC works in capacitive mode and the reactive power supplied by SVC is -.98 pu.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue, February-1 4 By increasing % load,the reactive power and firing angle is 14.814 degree respectively with voltage at that bus improving to 1 pu. By decreasing % load,the firing angle position and the reactive power supplied by SVC is 1.789 degree and -.185 pu respectively. Same procedure is repeated with bus nos. 5,7,9,1,11,1, and 1. So there is improvement of bus voltages to 1. pu with installation of SVC on these buses. The changes in bus voltages due to load variation (either increasing or decreasing) is taken care off by the SVC, makes bus voltages equal to 1. pu. This demonstrates utility of SVC in control of bus voltage. 6. Conclusion The study was carried out on IEEE 14 bus system. The SVC is represented as variable reactance whose magnitude changes with firing angle.results confirms that SVC can provide fast acting voltage support to take care off voltage reduction at the bus. 7. REFRENCES 1. N.G.Hingorani & L.Gueygi, FACTS: concept & Technology of flexible ac transmission system, IEEEPress, Newyork.. A.Acha,Ambrige Perez & Fuerte Esquivel, Advanced SVC model for Newton Raphson load flow & optimal power flow studies, IEEE trans.on power system, 15(1),pp 19-19,. Nang Sabai, Huin Nander Maung & Thida Win, Voltage control and dynamic performance of transmission system using static var compensator, world academy of sciences, Engg. & Tech., 4, 8. 4. A.E. Hammad, Analysis of power system stability enhancement by static var compensator IEEE PWRS, vol-1, no.4, pp--7. 5. A.Olvegard et al, Improvement of transmission capacity by thyristor control reactive power, IEEE PAS,Vol 11,8,pp 9-99,1981. 6. D. Thukaram & A. Loni, Selection of static var compensator location and size for system voltage stability improvement, Electrical Power System Research, 54 (), pp-19-5, 8. BIOGRAPHIES (a) Tanmoy Deb : He obtained his B.E. (Electrical Engineering) and M.Tech (Power System and drives) from SVNIT, Surat, India and YMCA Institute of Engineering, Faridabad, India. Respectively. He is research scholar in Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India. His area of interest are FACTs devices and Deregulation of power system. (b) Dr. Anwar Shahzad Siddiqui He obtained B.Sc. Engineering (Electrical) and M.Sc. Engineering (Power System and Electrical drives) from AMU, Aligarh, India. He earned his Ph.D. Degree from Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India. He has been teaching and guiding research in electrical engineering for about one and a half decades at AMU,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue, February-1 5 Aligarh, JMI, New Delhi and BITS-Pilani, Dubai campus. His research interests include power system operation/ control and applications of artificial intelligence techniques in power system. He has published several papers in this area.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue, February-1 6 TABLE-1 BASE CASE Bus Bus Voltage Bus Voltage Branch PQ Send (pu) PQ Rec No. magnitude Angle (pu) From (pu) (pu) To 1.6 1-1.57-.87i -1.579+.4i 1.18-4.5715 1-5.768-.11i -.716+.967i 1. -1.7 -.74+.997i -.7179-.118i 4.9898-1.54-4.5554+.579i -.579-.48i 5.9974-8.77-5.41+.654i -.47-.45i 6.9875-15.57-4 -.41-.1416i.91+.154i 7.978-1.758 4-5 -.61-.41i.6181+.8i 8 1. -1.758 4-7.89-.647i -.89+.467i 9.9595-15.659 4-9.168-.616i -.168+.447i 1.956-15.9144 5-6.44-.641i -.44+.14i 11.9679-15.748 6-11.7-.6i -.711+.61i 1.97-16.196 6-1.786-.89i -.778+.71i 1.964-16.518 6-1.1777-.871i -.175+.818i 14.9417-17.16 7-8.+.14i -.-.151i 7-9.89-.1691i -.89+.1566i 9-1.54-.158i -.54+.155i 9-14.944-.196i -.91+.168i 1-11 -.58+.45i.61-.4i 1-1.168-.111i -.167+.11i 1-14.567-.48i -.559+.i
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue, February-1 7 TABLE- Bus No. Bas Case Voltage (pu) (without SVC) Voltage (pu) On base case load (With SVC) Reactive power (pu) Firing Angle (deg) Voltage at % increase load (pu) (without SVC) % increased load (with SVC) Voltage (pu) Reactive power (pu) Firing Angle (deg) Voltage at % increased load (pu) Voltage (pu) % decreased load (With SVC) Reactive power (pu) Firing Angle (deg) 5.9974 1. -.16 1.675.9655 1. -.675 14.757 1.81 1..65 17.8475 7.978 1. -.615 1.969.9478 1. -.417 16.8.9881 1. -.1875 1.1198 9.9595 1. -.8 15.919.9198 1. -.465 18.815.975 1. -.54 1.7476 1.956 1. -.676 14.777.9141 1. -.49 15.85.97 1. -. 1.551 11.9679 1. -.17 11.7971.947 1. -.16 1.8184.984 1. -.1 1.857 1.97 1. -.1 1.698.94 1. -.149 11.76.9864 1. -.96 1.478 1.964 1. -.696 14.18.917 1. -.97 15.681.9814 1. -.11 1.6944 14.9417 1. -.98 1.866.895 1. -.965 14.814.965 1. -.185 1.789
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue, February-1 8 APPENDIX 1 POWER FLOW DATA IEEE 14 BUS TEST CASE Base MVA = 1 Bus Data Branch Data Bus Type Pd Qd Gs Bs Branch From- To 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 1 1 14 1 1.7 94. 47.8 7.6 11. 9.5 9.5 6.1 1.5 14.9 1.7 19 -.9 16 7.5 16.6 5.8 1.8 1.6 5.8 5 1-1-5 - -4-5 -4 4-5 4-7 4-9 5-6 6-11 6-1 6-1 7-8 7-9 9-1 9-14 1-11 1-1 1-14 r x b.198.54.4699.5811.5695.671.15.9498.191.6615.181.1711.85.9.179.5917.4.19797.176.1788.171.411.91.55618.5.1989.5581.17.17615.111.845.78.197.19988.48.58.49.48.4.46.18 For simplicity bus voltage magnitude is taken as 1. pu and phase angle is except slack bus. Slack bus voltage magnitude is 1.6 and angle is Generator Data Gen Bus 1 6 8 P g Q g Q max Q min.4 4-16.9 4.4.4 1. 17.4 1 5 4 4 4-4 -6-6