PETUNIA OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS REQUIREMENTS First you will need a Commodore PET computer and the PETUNIA board. You will also need an amplifier and speaker combination of some kind, as well as a standard RCA to RCA male patch cord. The amplifier and speaker combination can be your home stereo system or anything similar as long as it has auxiliary inputs. The patch cord should be available in varying lengths, from any electronics dealer. Buy a cord long enough to reach from your PET to the amp without the cord clotheslining across the room. INSTALLATION On the back of your PET, you will find three connector edges of the board: one with 6 fingers and two with 12. The six finger connector is the second cassette connector and the one with 12 fingers right next to it is the User Port connector. The PETUNIA plugs onto both connectors simultaneously. To plug the PETUNIA onto the connectors, MAKE SURE THE POWER IS OFF! Then carefully plug the PETUNIA board component side up onto the two connectors. This is all that is necessary to connect the PETUNIA to the PET. ~) Next take the patchcord and plug it into the RCA jack on the PETUNIA labeled AUDIO. Plug the other end of this patchcord into your amplifier / receiver, making sure the volume is all the way down. It should plug into the jack marked "AUX" or "AUXILIARY". If there is no jack so labeled, you could use ones marked "TUNER" or TAPE IN. Consult the owner's manual for your particular set. Turn up the volume on your amp a tiny bit; the PETUNIA can get pretty loud on some systems. OPERATING PROCEDURE The PETUNIA is actually an 8 bit Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). The software provided is a subroutine that takes one to four note values and a note duration, and plays them by rapidly changing the output of the DAC. Note: it is up to you to write a program to feed notes to the subroutine. The subroutine plays the note for the duration specified then returns to the program. The program can be written either in BASIC or machine language. J You must load the subroutine called PETUNIA into your PET. The subroutine occupies memory from 1000 to 1D77 HEX, or 7168 to 7424 decimal. The cassette provided is actually a BASIC program (also called PETUNIA), that pokes the machine code into those high memory locations. 1.
PETUNIA OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS CONT'D. Load the cassette into your PET as you would any other BASIC program, then type "RUN". The program will poke the routine into memory and then protect it by poking 135,28. This tells BASIC not to write over the subroutine. The program will tell you when it's finished. Delete the program by typing "NEW". Then load in your music playing program. It is a very good idea to make a back-up copy of the program --, on a separate cassette. When you're done, you'll want to restore the protected subroutine area back to BASIC, so it may be used by other programs. To do this, poke 135,32. HOW TO MAKE MUSIC As stated earlier, the subroutine provided merely plays notes programmed into it. It is necessary for you to program the notes. Programming the notes consists of loading 2 numerical values into 2 memory locations for each note. Four notes are possible at a time, requiring a total of eight memory locations. To determine the numerical value which corresponds to each note in the scale, refer to the chart provided in the appendix. It is also necessary to tell the subroutine how long to play each note. This is called the DURATION value, and it must also be programmed into memory. The decimal value 64 corresponds to a quarter note. Other values can be found by experimenting. Finally two memory locations must be set to determine the overall TEMPO of the piece; these are the TEMPO values. The addresses of the various memory locations are shown in the following table: LOCATION Hex Decimal Function 1DOC 7436 Voice 1 low byte 1DOD 7437 Voice 1 high byte 1DOE 7438 Voice 2 low byte 1DOF 7439 Voice 2 high byte 1D10 7440 Voice 3 low byte 1 D11 7441 Voice 3 high byte 1D12 7442 Voice 4 low byte 1D13 7443 Voice 4 high byte /) 1D14 7444 Note duration 1D15 7445 Tempo low byte 1D16 7446 Tempo high byte 2. \)
/) i PETUNIA OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS CONT'D. The PETUNIA is a DAC connected to the PET's User Port. It is necessary to set the user port direction to all outputs. So your music playing program should do this by POKE-ing decimal location 59459 with 255. The BASIC statement would look like: 10 POKE 59459,255 To summarize, you must write a program which puts note values as well as timing information into memory locations and then jumps to the subroutine to play the notes. When the note is done playing the subroutine will return to your BASIC program which should then set up the next notes... on and on until the song is finished. To call the subroutine, the Basic statement would be: (line #) SYS(7447). A sample program to play the note C3 and then the note C4 is shown following. The note values are taken from the table in the appendix. 10 REM SAMPLE NOTE PLAYING PROGRAM TO PLAY C3 & C4 20 POKE 59459,255 30 REM FIRST WE SET C3 INTO THE VOICE 1 LOCATIONS 40 POKE 7436,209 : POKE 7437,3 50 REM NEXT WE WILL SET THE DURATION 60 POKE 7444,64 70 REM AND LASTLY THE TEMPO 80 POKE 7445,52 : POKE 7446,0 90 REM AND THEN WE PLAY THE NOTE 100 SYS(7447) 110 REM SUBROUTINE RETURNS HERE AND WE SET UP C4 120 POKE 7436,163 : POKE 7437,7 130 REM WE'LL LET THE TIMING STAY THE SAME 140 SYS(7447) 150 REM THAT'S IT!! 160 END 3.
PETUNIA OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS CONT'D. Here is another program using the Petunia. It will randomly generate all combinations of voices, notes, durations, and tempos. If you want to, you can alter the constants A thru F in order to limit the number of combinations. 10 Print '~': POKE 59459,255 20 REM - RANDOM NOTE GENERATOR 30 REM - BY CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS 40 FOR Z=O TO 10: POKE(7436+Z),0: NEXT Z 50 F=2*(INT(4*RND(TI») 60 A= INT(255*RND(TI» 70 B= INT(255*RND(TI» 80 C= INT(255*RND(TI» 90 D= INT(255*RND(TI» 100 E= INT(255*RND(TI» 110 POKE(7436+F),A: POKE(7437+F),B 120 POKE 7444,C 130 POKE 7445,D: POKE 7446,E 140 PRINT "VOICE IS ", (F/2+1) 150 PRINT "VOICE IS ", A,B 160 PRINT "DURATION IS ",C 170 PRINT "TEMPO IS ", D,E 180 PRINT: PRINT 190 SYS(7447): GO TO 40 1 This is not a very efficient way to play music, but you get the basic idea of what is required. Also this program need not be in BASIC, but could have been a machine language routine as well. Good luck with the music programming, and we hope you realize many hours of enjoyment from your PETUNIA. 4.
-~, PETUNIA OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS CONT'D. /) APPENDIX p STANDARD NOTE TABLE NOTE LOW BYTE HIGH BYTE Note values in hertz C2 233 1 65.405 C211 6 2 69.295 D2 37 2 73.415 D211 69 2 77.783 E2 104 2 82.408 F2 140 2 87.308 F211 179 2 92.498 G2 220 2 97.998 G211 8 3 103.83 A2 54 3 110.00 A2f1 103 3 116.54 B2 154 3 123.47 C3 209 3 130.81 C311 11 4 138.59 D3 73 4 146.83 D3# 138 4 155.57 E3 207 4 164.82 F3 25 5 17 4.62 F3fl 102 5 185.00 G3 184 5 196.00 G311 15 6 207.65 A3 108 6 220.00 A311 205 6 233.08 B3 53 7 246.94 C4 163 7 261.62 C411 23 8 277.18 D4 146 8 293.66 D41 21 9 311.13 E4 159 9 329.63 F4 49 10 349.23 F411 204 10 369.99 G4 113 11 391. 99 G41 31 12 415.30 A4 215 12 440.00 A411 155 13 466.16 B4 106 14 493.88 C5 69 15 523.24 C5f1 46 16 554.36 D5 36 17 587.32 D5f1 41 18 622.26 E5 62 19 659.26 F5 98 20 698.46 F5f1 153 21 739.98 G5 226 22 783.98 G5f1 62 24 830.60 A5 175 25 880.00 A5f1 54 27 932.32./) B5 212 28 987.76 C6 139 30 1046.5 SILENCE 00 00 -(dash) 0:=) 5.
PETUNIA OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS CONT'D. APPENDIX 2 SOFTWARE LISTING FOR PETUNIA This program is based on software by Hal Chaberlin which originally appeared in the September 1977 issue of BYTE magazine "A Sampling of Techniques for Computer Performance of Music". We urge you to read this article for a more compiete description of how this program works. The program has of course been modified for use on the PET. A waveform table exists at 1COO HEX and is 256 bytes long. It ends at 1CFF HEX and contains a complex organ sounding note. You may change the values in this table if you wish, but keep the values below 63 decimal so the sum of the four voices do not overlap. The waveform table is not listed. ADDR CODE ASSEMBLY LISTING W1TB=$1COO W2TB=$1COO W3TB=$1COO W4TB=$1COO -) *ZERO PAGE VARIABLES 0035 BASE=$0035 0035 V1PT=BASE 0038 V2PT=BASE +3 003B V3PT=BASE +6 003E V4PT=BASE +9 0041 V1IN=BASE +12 0043 V2IN=BASE +14 0045 V3IN=BASE +16 0047 V4IN=BASE +18 0049 DUR=BASE +20 004A TEMPO=BASE +21 Four Voice Subroutine 1DOO 00 TV1PT BYT 0 1D01 00 WORD W1TB 1D02 1C $1C 1D03 00 TV2PT BYT 0 1D04 00 WORD W2TB 1D05 1C $1C 1D06 00 TV3PT BYT 0 1D07 1C WORD W3TB,) 6.
/-) PETUNIA APPENDICES 1D09 00 TV4PT BYT 0 1DOA 00 1C WORD W4TB 1DOC 00 00 TV1IN WORD 0 VOICE 1 Value ldoe 00 00 TV2IN WORD 0 VOICE 2 Value 1Dl0 00 00 TV3IN WORD 0 VOICE 3 Value 1D12 00 00 Tv4IN WORD 0 VOICE 4 Value ld14 00 TDUR BYT 0 Note duration byte 1D15 52 00 TTEMPO WORD 82 Tempo word DAC=$E841 DDR=$E843 1D17 A2 15 PATCH LDX 21 SYS HERE TO PLAY NOTE 1D19 8D 00 ld PATl LDA TV1PT,X 1D1C 95 35 STA V1PT,X ld1e CA DEX 1D1F DO F8 BNE PAT1 ld21 78 SEI 1D22 AO 00 PLAY LDY 0 1D24 A6 4A LDX TEMPO ld26 18 PLAY1 CLC ld27 B1 36 LDA (V1PT+l),Y 1D29 71 39 ADC (V2PT+1),Y 102B 71 3C ADC (V3PT+1),Y 1D2D 71 3F ADC (V4PT+1),Y 1D2F 8D 41 E8 STA DAC -) 1D32 A5 35 LDA V1PT 1D34 65 41 ADC V1IN ld36 85 35 STA VIPT 1D38 A5 36 LDA V1PT+1 1D3A 65 42 ADC V1IN+l ld3c 85 36 STA V1PT+1 ld3e A5 38 LDA V2PT ld40 65 43 ADC V2IN ld42 85 38 STA V2PT 1D44 A5 39 LDA V2PT+l ld46 65 44 AOC V2IN+l ld48 85 39 STA V2PT+l 1D4A A5 3B LDA V3PT 1D4C 65 45 ADC V3IN 1D4E 85 3B STA V3PT ld50 A5 3C LDA V3PT+l 1D52 65 46 ADC V3IN+1 1D54 85 3C STA V3PT+1 1D56 A5 3E LDA V'4PT 1D5"B 65 47 ADC V4IN 1D5A 85 3E STA V4PT 1D5C A5 3F LDA V4PT+l ID5E 65 48 ADC V4IN+1 1060 85 3F STA V4PT+1 ld62 CA DEX ld63 DO 08 BNE TIMW 1D65 C6 49 DEC DUR ) ld67 FO OC BEQ ENDN ld69 A6 4A LDX TEMPO 1D6B DO B9 TIMW BNE PLAY1 7.
PETUNIA APPENDICES 1D6D DO 00 BNE 1D6D+2 1D6F DO 00 BNE ld6f+2 1D11 DO 00 BNE 1D11+2 1D13 DO B1 BNE PLAY1 1D15 58 ENDN CLI BACK TO BASIC 1D16 60 RTS /) APPENDIX 3 This is a BASIC listing of the software. Data lines 120 through 210 comprise the note table in decimal. The editing features of PET allow you to easily change their values to make any waveform you wish. The main constraint is: do not exceed the value of 63 decimal so the sum of four voices will not overflow. The data lines 290-310 correspond to the assembly listing lines ldoo through 1D16 HEX. 20 30 40 50 60 10 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 110 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 310 **PETUNIA** POKE 135,28 FOR A=1168 TO 1542 READ B POKE A,B NEXT A PRINT ti-~?4a~~petunia SUBROUTINE IS NOW LOADED" PRINT "AND PROTECTED" PRINT "iiil-then I SAY I READY I TYPE 'NEW III ) PRINT "TO CLEAR THIS PROGRAM AND THEN ENTER" PRINT "YOUR MUSIC PLAYING PROGRAM." 51,52,53,54,54,55,56,51,51,58,58 59,59,59,60,60,60,60,60,60,60,60,60,60,60,60,60 59,59,59,59,59,58,58,58,58,58,58 51,51,57,51,51,51,51,51,51,51,58,58,58,58,58 51,51,57,51,60,60,60,61,61,61,61,62,62,62,62 63,63,63,63,63,63,63,63,63,63,63,63,62,62,62 61,61,60,60,59,59,58,51,56,56,55,54,53,52,51,50 49,48,41,46,45,44,43,42,41,40,39,38,37,36,35,34 33,32,31,31,30,30,29,29,29,29,28,28,28,28 29,29,29,29,29,30,30,31,31,32,32,33,33,35,35,36,36 31,38,38,39,40,40,41,41,41,42,42,43,43,43,43,43,43,43,43 42,42,42,41,41,40,39,39,38,37,36,35,34,33,32,31 29, 28, 21, 25, 24, 23, 21, 2 0, 1 9, 11, 1 6, 1 5, 1 3, 1 2, 11, 9, 8, 1, 6, 5, 4 3,3,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,3,4,5,6,1,8,9 11,12,13,15,16,18,19,21,22,24,26,21,29,31,32,34 35,37,39,40,42,43,44,46,47,48,49 0,0,28,0,0,28,0,0,28,0,0,28,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 82,0,162,21,189,0,29,149,53,202,208,249 120,160,0,166,14,24,111,54,113,51,113,60 113,63,141,65,232,165,53,101,65,133,53,165 54,101,66,133,54,165,56,101,61,133,56,165,57 101,68,133,51,165,59,101,69,133,59,165,60,101 70,133,60,165,62,101,11,133,62,165,63,101,72 ~!~! 1~~:~~~~g~~~g~~6~:~~~6~~6~:g~~~t~~~~~~6 ~) 8.
PETUNIA APPENDICES ) To generate a special waveform of particular interest to you, proceed as follows - 1). Draw your waveform on graph paper, scaled as in the example. (X,Y) denotes x spaces to right of orlgln y spaces above the origin Now, for X=O to 255, determine the value of INT (Y). You should now have 256 sets of coordinates. The Y coordinates are the to put into lines 120 thru 270 of the BASIC program. CAUTION: TABLE MUST HAVE EXACTLY 256 BITS OF OR THE PROGRAM WILL BOMB. Another way to generate would be to solve an equation, such as a FOURIER EXPANSION. '"'!. f(x)..!. Sin TrL.Jn ijx) n 1,3,6... nttx L o t---+---..,...-~.. X ) For a square wave, 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 130 this can be written as:?''o'':poke 135,28 FOR X=1 TO 256 Z=(3601256)*(pi/180)*X FOR N=1 TO 19 STEP 2 A=(I/N)*SIN(N*Z) F=F+A: NEXT S=4*F/pi T=INT{31.5+24*S) POKE(7167+X),T PRINT X,T: A=O:S=O:T=O:F=O NEXT FOR A=7424 TO 7542 9.
PETUNIA APPENDICES 140 READ B 150 POKE A,B 160 NEXT A 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 SAME AS GIVEN PREVIOUSLY ON PAGE 8. Lines 20 through 120 from a loop to generate exactly 256 bits of data, as required. Lines 40 thru 60 generate the harmonics to make a good square wave, N being the harmonic number. The larger the N, the longer the run time. Line 80 assures us that only integers are poked, as required by PET. Line 90 pokes the data. Line 100 gives us a print out of each bit and what its data is. This keeps us occupied, as the program takes time to run. We may add: 18 Q = TI 165 PRINT (TI-Q) -) and when the program is finished running, number of jiffies required to run. a print out shows the If we write: 40 FOR N=1 TO 1 STEP 2 we will get a sine wave. If we write: 40 FOR N=1 TO 9 (STEP 1), we will get a sawtooth and the larger the N goes, the more harmonics are calculated and the more ideal our waveform will be. PARTS LIST PETUNIA 1 PC board 2 16 pin sockets 2 CD4050B hex buffers 2 Stackpole 47k resistor packs (7 en. isolated resistors) 1 390K ohm 1/4W 5% resistor 1 820K ohm 1/4W 5% resistor 1 1.6M ohm 1/4W 5% resistor 1 Female F connector PC mount 1 470uf 35 volt electrolytic vertical mounting 1 Socket TRW 251-06-30-160 I 50 12A30 1 Socket 251-12-30-160 I 50 24B10 ) 10.
/) PETUNIA APPEtOX 3 SCHEMA TIC ONE CD4050B IT 7 l >--......;.... -) Pet 12/24 User Port Connector K J IT 6 IC4 BIT 5 R14 Audio Output TWO CD4050B H BIT 4 F BIT 3 E BIT 2 0 BIT 1 C BIT 0 IC3 C3 470 uf ) Cassette Connector GND CS.047