CHAPTER 1 The Basics This chapter is intended to take you through the basic steps of using the Visual Basic Editor window and writing a simple piece of VBA code. It will show you how to use the Visual Basic Editor (VBE) and the Project Explorer and code windows. You will learn how to write a simple macro to display a Hello World message box. Exploring the Visual Basic Editor in Excel If you use Excel a lot, you are familiar with its spreadsheet layout. When you open Excel, a standard view looks like Figure 1-1. You have a menu bar and toolbars across the top, the spreadsheet itself, and tabs along the bottom that let you access individual worksheets. The menu bar has changed considerably in Excel 2007 and now uses interactive ribbon controls for the submenu structure instead of the menu structure that previous users were familiar with. To some extent existing users are at a disadvantage with the new menu and will no doubt spend many frustrating minutes trying to find out how they now do something. Fortunately, the Visual Basic Editor (VBE) window has stayed much the same as in older versions of Excel, so if you have used Excel 2003 to design VBA code, you will not find too many differences. You can insert data and formulas into the cells, format the cells or the entire worksheet, and insert graphics and graphs. You may even have tried recording a macro by clicking on the Developer item in the menu bar and clicking on the Record Macro icon in the Code control of the ribbon. Most users are unaware that, in addition to the spreadsheet application of Excel, there is an extremely powerful programming language built into Excel that you can use to design your own applications. You can use VBA code to write macro applications in VBA that do some very powerful things. A macro is a procedure written in VBA code that performs 3
4 Excel 2007 VBA Macro Programming Figure 1-1 The standard Excel worksheet screen certain tasks. This could be something like sorting all worksheets within a workbook into alphabetical order or adding menu structures to the Excel menu. Whatever you decide to do with them, macros automate tasks and make life easier for you and the users of your workbook. However, before you can start programming in Excel, you need to know where the macros are stored. This is not as obvious as it used to be when text-based macros were entered into a special macro spreadsheet. In the old macro language, you simply inserted a macro sheet and entered your commands anywhere. Now that the macro language has grown and become a full object-oriented language, the method of storing it has also changed. Macros are now kept inside hidden VBA projects that are stored and saved within the workbook. The language works in conjunction with object structures and hierarchies, and you can even create your own objects by using class modules (see Chapter 18). Objects that you create yourself can be reused in other VBA projects if you save them as add-ins (see Chapter 44). Some people may argue that VBA is not an object-oriented language, but it certainly has all the features for it.
Chapter 1: The Basics 5 Figure 1-2 The standard Visual Basic Editor window These VBA projects can be accessed through a companion program called the Visual Basic Editor (VBE). Press ALT-F11 to see the window shown in Figure 1-2. At first glance, this window with its new menu bar, containing menus for File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Debug, Run, Tools, Add-Ins, Window, and Help, might be confusing. It opens as a separate application window, but it is still very much a part of the Excel application. In fact, this window opens up a whole new ball game in terms of what you can do with Excel. In the next section, I ll explain the windows in more detail. VBA Project Explorer and Code Windows The Project Explorer, which shows a Project tree, is in the left-hand side of the screen, just below the menu and toolbar. It shows the VBA project for the active workbook as it stands, displaying the details in tree form so that you can easily navigate between them. If you click a branch of the tree, you ll enter that particular workbook or worksheet from the Visual Basic Editor. The VBA project is the root of the tree, and the workbook and worksheet objects are the branches coming off the tree. As you add and delete worksheets or workbooks, the
6 Excel 2007 VBA Macro Programming branches of the tree change to reflect the new worksheets or workbooks being created. You can also add in other objects such as UserForms and modules. Effectively, what you are seeing is a list of currently loaded workbooks and the worksheets within them in an Explorer-like interface. Remember, VBA is an object-oriented language. The first branch on the tree coming from the root of the VBA project says Microsoft Excel Objects. Coming off this branch are objects for the workbook that contain worksheets. This project tree, as reflected in UserForms in dialogs and in the Excel object model, is discussed in Chapters 9 and 12. Other objects can be inserted into the Project tree, such as UserForms, modules, and class modules. This is a very important concept to understand because the workbook is an object that can be referred to, and each sheet is also an object that can be referred to. These are not the only objects within Excel, but looking at the Project Explorer simplistically, these are the objects shown there. Double-click ThisWorkBook, and the code window for the Workbook object will open. Initially, it does not show a great deal, and you may wonder what to do with it. If you type something at random such as What do I do now? and press ENTER, you will get a compile error. This is because there are disciplines and rules about entering code. Everything that you enter here goes through a Visual Basic compiler that interprets what you have written and converts it into instructions that your computer understands. Unfortunately, it does not understand plain English, which is why you get a compile error. Click OK in the Compile Error message box and delete your statement. Notice that the statement line turned red when the compile error appeared to draw your attention to the problem. Even if you do nothing about it, it will remain red as a danger signal to show that there is a problem in your code. The drop-down list in the top-left corner of the window shows (General). Click the drop-down to see another choice, Workbook. Click Workbook to see the code for the workbook event of Open. Your screen should now look like Figure 1-3. What does this all mean? Quite simply, the Workbook_Open event happens when you open this particular workbook. This occurs at the point when you choose File Open and select the file and load it in. The code window automatically shows the statements Private Sub Workbook_Open() and End Sub: L 1-1 Private Sub Workbook_Open() End Sub This gives you a code area to write your VBA code against the Workbook_Open event. If you check the drop-down list on the right, you will notice there are other events that you can harness code to as well, but for the moment I will concentrate on Workbook_Open. In VBA, if you are not using this event, you do not need this code. Every time you click an event in the drop-down, these two statements are automatically inserted. If you intend to write any code for the event, then you must include these two statements or you will get a compile error. Think of them as start and finish lines in a race they tell the compiler where the code starts and stops. If you do not want to write any code for that event, you can delete them, but both must be deleted or you will get a compile error. The compiler wants your code neat and tidy, which means it must be structured properly.
Chapter 1: The Basics 7 Figure 1-3 Code window for the Workbook_Open event Click the Open drop-down (the box with the down arrow on the right) in the top-right corner and you will see a list of events for the workbook that you can add code to. Each of these events is called at a specific time and corresponds to a specific use of the workbook, and any code found will be run. An example is the Workbook_Open event. All the code you enter for this event will be run. If there is an error, the relevant error message will be displayed. Currently, you have the start and finish of an event. Although there s nothing between the Sub and End Sub statements, the routine is still live and will fire automatically every time the workbook opens. However, because there is no code in the event, it will not do anything. Your First Excel VBA Macro Programming books traditionally help you take your first steps in a program by writing a simple piece of code to display the text Hello world, and this book is no exception. You will use the MsgBox statement to display the statement. This is a simple user interface showing the statement and an OK button that you have probably seen before in Windows.
8 Excel 2007 VBA Macro Programming For this example, you will use another event on the Workbook object. You could use the existing Workbook_Open object, but this would require you to close the workbook and reopen it because the event is only fired off when the workbook is opened. Instead, you ll use the NewSheet event, which gets fired off every time you insert a new worksheet into the workbook. Select from the drop-down list in the top-right corner the event NewSheet. Your window will now have two more statements added for the event Workbook_NewSheet. Just as with the Workbook_Open event, these are like start and finish lines. In the blank line under the statement Private Sub Workbook_NewSheet(ByVal Sh As Object) but before End Sub, type in msgbox Hello World. Be sure to be lazy and do not use the SHIFT key when typing msgbox, and see what happens. The word msgbox transforms into the upper- and lowercase MsgBox because it is a defined statement word in VBA and is already set up to appear in this way. However, you must make sure you spell it correctly make a mistake, and you will get a compile error. L 1-2 Private Sub Workbook_NewSheet(ByVal Sh As Object) MsgBox "Hello World" End Sub Notice that the MsgBox statement is indented with the TAB key. This is a useful way to see where one set of statements begins and ends. When complicated loops are used, without this notation it is easy to get lost and lose track of where a loop starts and finishes. For more on loops, see Chapter 4. A MsgBox statement is a simple way to provide an interface to the user by displaying a message and an OK button. I m sure you ve seen message boxes like this pop up from time to time, and now you know how easy they are to create. They can be quite sophisticated, and Chapter 5 explains in more detail how to use them. After you type in the word msgbox, a box containing all the parameters for this command is displayed. In this instance, you do not have to take any notice of this box, since you are only displaying a text string. However, it can be extremely useful in telling you what parameters are required for a function and in what order they should appear. If, for example, you wanted to give the message box an icon or a title, the parameter box would help you do this correctly. The parameter box is a list box that appears when you reach the parameter for the icon and gives a list of optional constants for the icon of your choice. This type of help is available for all functions when using the VBA editor. Your code window should now look like Figure 1-4. To make this event macro run and display the message, go back to the Excel window and insert a new worksheet: Switch to the Excel worksheet screen by clicking the Excel icon on the Windows taskbar at the bottom of the screen or clicking the View Microsoft Excel button on the VBE toolbar (the first button). Then right-click the workbook tabs at the bottom right of the worksheet screen (these have names like Sheet1, Sheet2) and click Insert in the pop-up menu.
Chapter 1: The Basics 9 Figure 1-4 Code to display Hello World message box using Workbook_NewSheet event Click the Worksheet icon in the Insert window and the Hello World message box will appear with an OK button on it, as shown in Figure 1-5. You can see already that you can produce professional-looking interfaces on Excel with hardly any code! This is a simple demonstration of adding code to an event. It would be extremely irritating if every time you added a new sheet to your workbook you got the message Hello World, but fortunately there are more practical applications for adding code to events. Events are being fired off all the time when things happen on an Excel spreadsheet. You can insert code to take action on a particular event, such as a user making changes to a worksheet, and each time the event happens, your code will be run. However, you cannot do any editing in the code window until you click OK and the macro finishes running. This is because the focus of the code is on your message box window, and the focus cannot be moved anywhere else within Excel until the message box disappears.
10 Excel 2007 VBA Macro Programming Figure 1-5 Hello World message box on worksheet To stop this message box from appearing whenever a new sheet is loaded, delete the line MsgBox Hello World by pressing the DELETE key. Another way to prevent code from running is to turn it into a comment by putting the single quote ( ) character in front of the line: MsgBox Hello World. This line will then turn green and will not be used. Comments are also used to place explanations and descriptions of your code inside a macro so that it can be understood at a later date. More Exploring of the VBA Project Window Going back to the Project Explorer and the tree showing the project (in the top left-hand corner of screen), there are also objects for each worksheet within the workbook. A new object should now be displayed in the tree for the worksheet you inserted in the last example. Every worksheet is a separate object and is represented as such in the Project tree. Double-click any of these sheet objects, and a new code window will appear in the same way as for the workbook object. Again, the drop-down in the top-left corner shows (General), but you can click it to change it to Worksheet. Worksheets have different and fewer events than the Workbook object. Code can be inserted to execute when the sheet is activated or
Chapter 1: The Basics 11 Figure 1-6 VBA code to display a message box when Sheet1 is activated deactivated or when it is calculated. For example, you could enter the code shown in Figure 1-6, and each time Sheet1 is selected from the tab controls at the bottom of the Excel window, the message Sheet1 is selected will appear. Saving Off Your Macro You need to be able to save your code off along with the workbook file that you are working with. In Excel 2003, this was quite simple in that you either clicked the disk symbol on the toolbar or clicked File Save on the menu bar in the VBE window. Excel 2007 distinguishes between file types. Primarily, there is an Excel Workbook type and an Excel Macro Enabled Workbook type. When you create your initial workbook, it defaults to the standard Excel Workbook type. This means that when you create some VBA code and then try to save it, you will get an error message because the file is not Macro Enabled.
12 Excel 2007 VBA Macro Programming What you need to do when you first create the workbook is to immediately save it as the Excel Macro Enabled Workbook type. This will then identify your file as having macros and there will be no further problems saving your code. Enabling the Developer Item in the Excel Menu The Developer item in the Excel menu is used frequently within this book, and it is important that you have it displayed. When Excel 2007 is first installed, it is not shown by default. To make it display, click the Excel Start button in the top left-hand corner of the worksheet screen and then click Excel Options at the bottom of the window that appears. Click Popular in the menu on the left-hand side of the Options window and check the Show Developer Tab in the Ribbon box. Click OK.