Yarmouk University Providing Fundamental ICT Skills for Syrian Refugees (PFISR) Providing Fundamental ICT Skills for Syrian Refugees PFISR Dr. Amin Jarrah Amin.jarrah@yu.edu.jo
Objectives Covered 1.1 Given a scenario, configure settings and use BIOS/UEFI tools on a PC. Install firmware upgrades flash BIOS. BIOS component information: RAM, Hard drive, Optical drive, CPU, Boot sequence, Enabling and disabling devices, Date/time, Clock speeds, Virtualization support BIOS security (passwords, drive encryption: TPM, lo jack, secure boot) Use built in diagnostics. Monitoring: Temperature monitoring, Fan speeds, Intrusion detection/notification, Voltage, Clock, Bus speed
Objectives Covered (cont.) 1.2 Explain the importance of motherboard components, their purposes, and properties. Sizes: ATX, Micro ATX, Mini ITX, ITX Expansion slots: PCI, PCI X, PCIe, minipci RAM slots CPU sockets Chipsets: Northbridge/Southbridge, CMOS battery Power connections and types Fan connectors Front/top panel connectors: USB, Audio, Power button, Power light, Drive activity lights, Reset button Bus speeds
Objectives Covered (cont.) 1.3 Compare and contrast RAM types and features. Types: DDR, DDR2, DDR3, SODIMM, DIMM, Parity vs. nonparity, ECC vs. non ECC, RAM configurations (Single channel vs. dual channel vs. triple channel), Single sided vs. double sided, Buffered vs. unbuffered RAM compatibility and speed 1.6 Differentiate among various CPU types and features, and select the appropriate cooling method. Socket types: Intel (775, 1155, 1156, 1366, 1150, 2011), AMD (AM3, AM3+, FM1, FM2, FM2+) Characteristics (Speeds, Cores, Cache size/type, Hyperthreading, Virtualization support, Architecture [32 bit vs. 64 bit], Integrated GPU, Disable execute bit) Cooling (Heat sink, Fans, Thermal paste, Liquid based, Fanless/passive)
The System Board
Motherboard Form Factors ATX micro ATX ITX
System Board Components Chipsets Expansion slots and buses Memory slots and external cache CPU and processor sockets Power connectors Onboard disk drive connectors Keyboard connectors Integrated peripheral ports and headers BIOS/firmware CMOS battery Front-panel connectors
Understanding Bus Architecture Parallel vs Serial Connectivity
Motherboard Chipset
Motherboard Chipset
Expansion Slot Types Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) PCI Express (PCIe) PCI-Extended (PCI-X)
PCI and PCI-X Slots PCI-X slots PCI slot
PCIe Slots PCIe slots PCI slots
PCIe Connectors
Memory Modules
Memory Slot Characteristics SDR SDRAM: 168 pins DDR SDRAM: 184 pins DDR2 SDRAM: 240 pins DDR3 SDRAM: 240 pins
Example Memory Capacities L1 cache: 64KB L2 cache: 256KB L3 cache: 4MB 12MB RAM: 4GB 16GB HDD/SDD: 100s of GBs to TBs
CPUs Under Heatsinks
CPU Sockets
LGA 775 (Socket) LGA 1156 (Socket H) LGA 1155 (Socket H2) LGA 1150 (Socket H3) LGA 1366 (Socket B) LGA 2011 (Socket R) Socket AM3 Socket AM3+ Socket FM1 Socket FM2 Socket FM2+ CPU Sockets
Intel Processors and Sockets Intel Sockets Socket Type Processors LGA 775 T P4, P4 Extreme (single core and dual core), Pentium D, Celeron D, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Extreme, Core 2 Quad, Xeon, Celeron (4xx, Exxxx series) LGA 1156 H or H1 Celeron (G1xx), Core i3,i5,i7 (8xx series), Pentium (G6xxx), Xeon (34xx series) LGA 1155 (Replaced LGA 1156) LGA 1150 (Replaced LGA 1155) H2 H3 Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge architecture (Celeron (G4xx and G5xx series) Hasswell and Broadwell LGA 1366 B Core i7 (9xx series), Xeon (35xx, 36xx,55xx), Celeron P1053 LGA 2011 (Replaced LGA 1366) R Sandy bridge E, Ivy bridge EX and Hasswell E
AMD Processors and Sockets Socket Type Socket AM3 (Replaced AM2+) Number of Pins Processors 941 Phenom II, Athlon II, Sempron, Opteron Socket AM3+ 942 Bulldozer Architecture plus AM3 processors Socket FM1 905 AMD Fusion Accelerated Processing Units (APU), A series Socket FM2 904 Trinity and Richland APU Socket FM2+ 906 Steam-roller APU **Accelerated Processing Unit based CPUs incorporate CPU with GPU
Motherboard ATX Power
Firmware Software encoded in hardware Often implemented on ROM chips Found in computers, printers, etc. Common example: computer s BIOS Found on adapters for SCSI, graphics, etc.
BIOS Chip & CMOS Battery
Flashing the BIOS Only when necessary Use only manufacturer utilities and firmware. Don t lose power.
BIOS Boot Screen During POST
BIOS Settings Saved in CMOS Date Time Drive configuration Memory CPU settings Integrated ports Boot sequence Power management Virtualization support Security (passwords, Trusted Platform Module settings, LoJack)
Front- and Top-Panel Connectors Power button Power light Reset button Drive activity lights Audio jacks USB ports
Motherboard Front-Panel Header
CPUs
CPU Location in a Computer
Hyperthreading Multicore Throttling Speed 32- and 64-bit processors Virtualization support Integrated GPU CPU Features
Logical Processors
Memory Inside a Computer
Memory Characteristics Parity Checking Cells Memory banks Error-correcting code (ECC) Single- and double-sided memory Single-, dual-, and triple-channel memory Buffered and unbuffered memory
Memory Types DRAM Asynchronous Synchronous (SDRAM) Single data rate (SDR) Double data rate (DDR) DDR2 DDR3 SRAM ROM
Memory Packaging 168-pin SDR SDRAM DIMM 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM DIMM 240-pin DDR3 SDRAM DIMM
Memory Packaging 144-pin SDR SDRAM SODIMM 200-pin DDR2 SDRAM SODIMM
Cooling Fans Front intake fan Rear exhaust fan Power supply exhaust fan CPU fan Chipset fan Video card chipset fan Memory module fan
Motherboard Fan Power Connectors
System Unit Airflow
1. Inside a PC Power supply Mother board CD-ROM drive Hard disk drive Floppy disk drive Sound/network cards Wires and ribbon cables
A Chip A chip (microchip) is an integrated circuit - a thin slice of silicon crystal packed with microscopic circuit elements e.g. wires, transistors, capacitors, resistors
Motherboard Picture Random Access Memory (RAM) chips. Read-only Memory (ROM) chips Processor chip (the CPU) Expansion slots
Moving Data A data bus (a data path): connects the parts of the motherboard. RAM via expansion cards
RAM Random Access Memory (RAM). RAM is used to hold programs while they are being executed, and data while it is being processed. RAM is volatile, meaning that information written to RAM will disappear when the computer is turned off. continued
RAM contents can be accessed in any (i.e. random) order. By contrast, a sequential memory device, such as magnetic tape, forces the computer to access data in a fixed order because of the mechanical movement of the tape.
How much RAM is Enough? Computers typically have between 64 and 512 Mb (megabytes) of RAM. RAM access speeds can be as fast as 8 nanoseconds (8 billionth of a second). The right amount of RAM depends on the software you are using. You can install extra RAM.
Virtual Memory Virtual memory uses part of the hard disk to simulate more memory (RAM) than actually exists. It allows a computer to run more programs at the same time. Virtual memory is slower than RAM.
ROM Read-Only Memory can be read but not changed. It is non-volatile storage: it remembers its contents even when the power is turned off. ROM chips are used to store the instructions a computer needs during start-up, called firmware. Some kinds of ROM are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and CD-ROM.
CMOS Memory A computer needs a semi-permanent way of keeping some start-up data e.g. the current time, the no. of hard disks the data may need to be updated/changed the battery CMOS memory requires (very little) power to retain its contents. supplied by a battery on the motherboard
The CPU The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the chip on the motherboard that acts as the "computer's brain" it does calculations, and coordinates the other motherboard components CPU examples: the Pentium, the PowerPC chip The CPU is also known as the processor or microprocessor.
Some Processors (CPUs) Pentium Chip PowerPC Chip Chip Fan
The System Clock The system clock sends out 'ticks' to control the timing of all the motherboard tasks e.g. it controls the speed of the data bus and the instruction cycle The time it takes to complete an instruction cycle is measured in megahertz (MHz). 1 MHz = one million cycles per second
Expansion Slots Expansion slot containing an expansion card. Most expansion cards contain a port. Data originates in RAM The expansion bus transports data through the motherboard. 56 A connector cable plugs into the port, and leads to a peripheral. continued
Common expansion cards: graphics card (for connecting to a monitor) network card (for transmitting data over a network) sound card (for connecting to a microphone and speakers) Most PCs offer 4-8 expansion slots.
Expansion Slot Types There are several different types of expansion slot: ISA: older technology, for modems and slow devices PCI: for graphics, sound, video, modem or network cards AGP: for graphics cards
8. Booting a Computer Booting is the sequence of computer operations from power-up until the system is ready for use this includes hardware testing, and loading the OS This is not an example of computer booting.
Other Booting Tasks The computer checks the CMOS memory. The computer loads configuration settings from Config.sys or the Windows Registry.
Common Problems #1 If nothing happens, the system is not getting power. When you turn on a computer, you should see the power light and hear the fan. Fan Power light
Common Problems #2 If the ROM chips, RAM, or processor are broken, then the computer will stop or 'hang' the light and fan will be on, but... there will be no messages on the screen
Common Problems #3 The Power-On Self-Test (POST) automatically checks for problems in the computer. POST checks: the graphics card, RAM, the keyboard performs drives test hard drive, CD drives, floppy drive Problems are reported by various beeps, or by on-screen messages.
Common Problems #4 Configuration data is missing or corrupted in the CMOS or the Windows Registry This will generate on-screen messages.
Windows Safe Mode If MS Windows cannot complete booting, it may start in Safe Mode. Safe Mode is a limited version of Windows that allows you to use only the mouse, monitor, and keyboards no peripherals the screen icons will probably look very large
Windows Safe Mode Picture