Expressions, Data Types, Formatted Printing, Scanning CSC 123 Fall 2018 Howard Rosenthal

Expressions, Data Types, Formatted Printing, Scanning CSC 123 Fall 2018 Howard Rosenthal

Lesson Goals Review the basic constructs of a Java Program Review simple Java data types and the operations on those types Review the concept of casting Review formatted printing Understand how to declare and use variables in Java Programs Review how to formulate assignment statements Review how to read in data from a terminal Using the Scanner object for interactive input Compatibility and casting Note: This is meant to be a quick review, not a complete reteaching. Please ask questions if there is something you don t recognize or remember. 2

Key Terms and Program Structures 3

Key Terms and Definitions public class Hello { public static void main ( String[] args ) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } } Above is a source program (source file) for a Java program. The purpose of this program is to type the characters Hello World! on the monitor. The file must be named Hello.java to match the name of the class. The upper and lower case characters of the file name are important. Each class is created in it s own file A program may consist of multiple classes On all computers, upper and lower case inside the program are important. Java is very case sensitive The first line class Hello says that this source program defines a class called Hello. A class is a section of a program. Small programs often consist of just one class. Most programs use multiple classes to create objects Some classes are are imported while other are created by the programmer Every class is contained within a set of braces 4

Key Terms and Definitions (2) When the program is compiled, the compiler will make a file of bytecodes called Hello.class. - This is the file that the JVM uses. If the file is named hello.java with a small h it will compile but hello.class won t exist if the code declares the class with a capital H It will create a class Hello.class that will work but keep it simple and follow the capitalization exactly Methods are built out of statements. The statements in a method are placed between braces { and } as in this example. A method is a section of a class that performs a specific task All programs start executing from the main method Each method is contained within a set of braces Braces For every left brace { there is a right brace } that matches. Usually there will be sets of matching braces inside other sets of matching braces. The first brace in a class (a left brace) will match the last brace in that class (a right brace). A brace can match just one other brace. Use indenting to show how the braces match (and thereby show the logic of the program). Look at the example. Increase the indenting by three spaces for statements inside a left and right brace. If another pair of braces is nested within those braces, increase the indenting for the statements they contain by another three spaces. Line up the braces vertically. With Notepad++ the indent levels for both braces and parentheses are color coded After a left brace an indent will be created for you automatically Make sure that you step back to align your left and right braces You can also indent when necessary by using the tab key 5

Key Terms and Definitions (3) Most classes contain many more lines than this one. Everything that makes up a class is placed between the first brace { and its matching last brace }. The name of the class (and therefore the name of the file) is up to you. By convention the first letter of a class is typically upper case. If the class has a compound name each word in the name starts with a uppercase letter i.e. NumberAdder A source file always end with.java in lower case. Therefore the file name is ClassName.java In programming, the name for something like a class, a method or a variable is called an identifier. An identifier consists of alphabetical characters and digits, plus the two characters '_' and '$' - underscore and dollar sign The first character must be alphabetical, the remaining characters can be mixed alphabetic characters and digits or _ or $. No spaces are allowed inside the name. An expression is a sequence of symbols (identifiers, operators, constants, etc.) that denote a value 3*(2*x+y)-6*z 6

Key Terms and Definitions (4) A reserved word is a word like class that has a special meaning to the system. For example, class means that a definition of a class immediately follows. You must use reserved words only for their intended purpose. (For example, you can't use the word class for any other purpose than defining a class.) Page 25 0f the text lists reserved words A statement in a programming language is a command for the computer to do something. It is like a sentence of the language. A statement in Java is always followed by a semicolon. A group of statements within a set of braces is called a block We will learn that each block level defines a scope for the variables defined within that scope The part "Hello World!" is called a String. A String is a sequence of characters within double quotes. This program writes a String to the monitor and then stops. 7

Reserved Keywords In Java The table below lists all the words that are reserved Java. Notice that all the reserved words are lower case abstract assert boolean break byte case catch char class const* continue default double do else enum extends false final finally float for goto* if implements import instanceof int interface long native new null package private protected public return short static strictfp super switch synchronized this throw throws transient true try void volatile while *Even though goto and const are no longer used in the Java programming language, they still cannot be used as variable names. 8

Comments A single line comment begins with // This // can come at the beginning of the line or after a statement on the line : System.out.println("On a withered branch" ); // Write first line of the poem Multiline comments begin/* and end */ /* Program 1 Write out three lines of a poem. The poem describes a single moment in time, using 17 syllables. */ It is a good idea to fully comment your program This includes describing the logic, and defining your variables Using descriptive variable names makes this much easier 9

10

Data Types and Operators A data type is a set of values together with an associated set of operators for manipulating those values. Who can think of some basic data types in the numerical world? The logical world? When an identifier is used as a variable it always has a defined data type The meaning of the 0 s and 1 s in the computer depends on the data type being represented We will begin by defining the eight primitive data types byte, short, int, long, float, double, char and boolean all lower case 11

Data Types and Operators (2) All data in Java falls into one of two categories: primitive data types, and reference data types which refer to objects that are created from classes. There are only eight primitive data types - byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, and boolean. Reference data types are memory addresses that refer to objects Java has many different classes, and you can invent as many others as you need. Much more will be said about objects in future chapters (since Java is a object oriented programming language). The following is all you need to know, for now: A primitive data value uses a small, fixed number of bytes. There are only eight primitive data types. A programmer cannot create new primitive data types. 12

Some Notes on Objects An object is a big block of data. An object may use many bytes of memory. An object usually consists of many internal pieces. The data type of an object is called its class. Many classes are already defined in Java. A programmer can invent new classes to meet the particular needs of a program. We create classes and access the methods of those classes Some classes have static methods that are accessed without creating new objects We will see the differences as we move ahead In CSC 123 we learn how to create separate classes and how to instantiate objects from those classes 13

There Are Eight Primitive Data Types In Java 14

Primitive Numeric Data Types (1) Numbers are so important in Java that 6 of the 8 primitive data types are numeric types. There are both integer and floating point primitive types. There are 4 integer data types byte a single byte used for small integers short two bytes int 4 bytes all integers are assumed to be of type int long 8 bytes use for very large number 15

Primitive Numeric Data Types (2) There are two data types that are used for floating point numbers float - 4 bytes double - 8 bytes this is the default for all floating constants and is used in almost all cases for floating point arithmetic Floating point numbers, unlike integers, are not always precise. If you compare floating point numbers you can get errors or unexpected results when executing due to the way that they are represented in the computer Due to this lack of perfect precision we usually prefer to use double over float for real numbers that aren t integers, since the precision is greater, although still not perfect. As we will see shortly, there are casting issues when you mix numbers, especially with floating point numbers Java has advanced methods using objects to calculate numbers even more precisely This class called BigDecimal is used for very precise monetary and scientific calculations In the tables, E means "ten to the power of". So 3.5E38 means 3.5 x 10 38 16

Primitive Numeric Data Types (3) There is a fundamental difference between the the representations of integers and floating point numbers in the computer. Integer types have no fractional part; floating point types have a fractional part. On paper, integers have no decimal point, and floating point types do. But in main memory, there are no decimal points: even floating point values are represented with bit patterns. 17

Summary of Primitive Numeric Data Types Integer Primitive Data Types Type Size Range byte 1 byte (8 bits) -128 to +127 short 2 bytes (16 bits) -32,768 to +32,767 int long 4 bytes (32 bits) 8 bytes (64 bits) -2 billion to +2 billion (approximately) -9E18 to +9E18 (approximately) Remember: Integer data types reserve the leftmost bit to indicate positive (0) or negative (1) in two s complement format Floating Point Primitive Data Types Type Size Range float 4 bytes (32 bits) -3.4E38 to +3.4E38 double 8 bytes (64 bits) -1.7E308 to 1.7E308 In the tables, E means "ten to the power of". So 3.5E38 means 3.5 x 10 38 18

Numeric Operators (1) Operator Meaning Precedence - unary minus highest + unary plus highest * multiplication middle / division middle % remainder /modulus middle + addition low - subtraction low Precedence of operators can take the place of parentheses, but just as in algebra, you should use parentheses for clarity. Where there are no parentheses and equal precedence evaluation is from left to right 19

Numeric Operators (2) All of these operators can be used on floating point numbers and on integer numbers. The % operator is rarely used on floating point. (we won t be using it, but the remainder concept would be similar) When mixing floating point numbers and integer numbers, floating point takes precedence this is called casting An integer operation is always done with 32 bits or more. If one or both operand is 64 bits (data type long) then the operation is done with 64 bits. Otherwise the operation is done with 32 bits, even if both operands are of a lesser data type than 32 bits. For example, with 16 bit short variables, the arithmetic is done using 32 bits: 20

Exponents There is no exponent operator in java You can use Math.pow(x,y) to obtain the value of x y There is also a special method Math.sqrt(x) to obtain the square of x Math.sqrt(x) is equivalent to Math.pow(x,.5) Math.pow and Math.sqrt both are of type double 21

Arithmetic, Casting, etc. 22

Integer Arithmetic In integer arithmetic you always truncate 7/2 = 3 11/4 = 2 The modulus operator gives you the remainder 7%4 = 3 9%2 =? Any ideas on where the % can be helpful? Note: In Java the sign of the result of a%b is always the sign of a (the dividend). 23

Casting Java is a highly type sensitive language When evaluating any expression with operands of different types Java first promotes or casts the operand of the smaller data type By smaller we mean the range byte is smaller than short which is smaller than int which is smaller than long which is smaller than float which is smaller than double boolean expressions are never cast char automatically casts up to int, not to short You can only cast downwards explicitly, otherwise you may create an error Example : int a =10; short b =5; a = b; This is casting upwards it is implicit and automatic b = (short)(a); This is casting downwards must be explicit 24

Mixing Numeric Data Types (1) If both operands are integers, then the operation is an integer operation. If any operand is double, then the operation is double. 7.1+7.4 = 14.5 7.0+7.4 = 14.4 7+7.4 = 14.4 (15/2) +7.4 =? (15%2) + 7.4 =? The numbers are casted upwards This becomes more important in the next chapter when we learn about typing variables Note: Unless otherwise declared all decimals are assumed to be of type double 25

Mixing Numeric Data Types (2) Remember that without parentheses you follow the hierarchy Mixed integer/decimal addition is cast to decimal when the mixing occurs (10.0+5) = 15.0 10/4*(18.0) = 36.0 (5/9) *(212.0-32.0) = 0.0 Note: Integers can be of type byte, short, int, long, but default to int However you can directly assign an int to a short or byte variable (if it fits with the range) short b =5; works Floating point numbers can be of type double or float, but default to double Example: float z; z = 2.0+3.0; this creates an error Why? Java doesn t allow the double to cast down because of precision issues z = (float)(2.0+3.0); - This is correct we explicitly cast down. 26

Relational Operators 27

Type boolean Type boolean identifiers can have only one of two values true or false. (1 or 0) A boolean value takes up a single byte. There are three operators && - means and both operands must be true for the value of the expression to be true - means or one of the operands must be true for the value of the expression to be true! - means not p q p&&q (and) p q (or)!p (not) true true true true false true false false true false false true false true true false false false false true 28

Type boolean Short Circuiting There are also boolean operators & and What s the difference? When you use && or the compiler is more efficient, it can shortcircuit when necessary This means that once it determines if a statement is true or false it stops evaluating i.e.: (true false) false it is evaluated true after the first is evaluated (true && false) && true same idea, but evaluates as false after first && So when is there a problem: If you try to assign a logical value (allowed) this might not take place if there is short circuiting: (true false) (a= true) a doesn t get assigned the value true (a= true) is allowed as the expression evaluates as true (true false) (a= true) a does get assigned the value true Don t use these types of assignment statements inside of boolean statements it will inevitably lead to errors 29

Relational Operators Operator Description Example (with A=2, B=5 == Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. (A == B) is not true.!= > Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A!= B) is true. (A > B) is not true. < Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A < B) is true. >= <= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A >= B) is not true. (A <= B) is true. The result of applying a relational operator is a true or false value 30

The hierarchy is very similar to what you know from algebra When there is an equivalent hierarchy level and no parentheses you evaluate from left to right When in doubt use parentheses Operator Hierarchy Priority Operators Operation Associativity [ ] array index 1 () method call left. member access ++ pre- or postfix increment -- pre- or postfix decrement + - unary plus, minus 2 ~ bitwise NOT right! boolean (logical) NOT (type) type cast new object creation 3 * / % multiplication, division, remainder left + - addition, subtraction 4 left + String concatenation << signed bit shift left 5 >> signed bit shift right left >>> unsigned bit shift right < <= less than, less than or equal to 6 > >= greater than, greater than or equal to left instanceof reference test == equal to 7 left!= not equal to & bitwise AND 8 left & boolean (logical) AND ^ bitwise XOR 9 left ^ boolean (logical) XOR bitwise OR 10 left boolean (logical) OR 11 && boolean (logical) AND left 12 boolean (logical) OR left 13? : conditional right = assignment *= /= += -= %= 14 right <<= >>= combinated assignment >>>= &= ^= = 31

Some Extra Examples 5>4 true 4>5 false (5>4) (4>5) -? (5>4) && (4>5) -? 32

Evaluate as true or false true false && 3 < 4!(5==7) Another Example (true (false && (3 < 4)))!(5==7) putting in the parentheses correctly always helps (true (false && true))!false (true false) true true true true 33

34

Type char Type char is the set of all characters found on the standard keyboard, and thousands of other characters as well. char is a primitive data type Type char is denoted using single quotes A, 5 Java uses Unicode 2 byte representations that increases the number of characters that can be represented from 127 to 32,767 unique characters in actuality only 7 bits are used for ASCII characters and 15 bits are used for two byte Unicode, the leftmost bit is always zero. Note: Keyboard letters in ASCII Code and Unicode have the same value i.e. A = 65 i.e. 01000001 in ASCII or 0000000001000001 in Unicode You can add and subtract type char they are actually treated like integers when adding i.e. A +1 = 66 0r 0000000001000010 - char would automatically cast up to int You could cast back down to char by saying (char)(66) which yields B They are added as type int 4bytes to accommodate all Unicode characters The most common characters and their Unicode values are found in Appendix B You can also compare type char values they compare based on their ASCII value ( A < B ) would evaluate as true 35

String String is a class in Java with lots of different methods that allows you to manipulate them An individual String is an object, not a basic data type. A String is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes Java provides a String class and we can create String objects Why does String have a capital S while primitive data types have lower case first letters String is the name of a class Strings can be concatenated I am + a man would evaluate as I am a man Strings and values Everything depends on the order The sum of two numbers is + (5*2) prints as The sum of two numbers is 10 Why? You always work from inside the parentheses outwards However ( The sum of two numbers is 5 ) + 2 prints as The sum of two numbers is 52 In Chapter 9 we do a lot more with String objects 36

Casting With Strings and Characters A + B = 131 (integer) A + B = AB (String) A + B = AB (String) + A + B = AB (String) A gets cast to String A + B + = 131 (String) 3 + 4 + = 7 (String) + 3 + 4 = 34 (String) Key is that without parentheses we are reading left to right 37

38

Printing and Special Characters The System.out object is a predefined instance of a class called PrintStream, and is included with the basic java.lang and therefore is always available for use. It is called the standard output object, and prints to the terminal We will learn how to print to other File objects later in this term We will be using several basic static methods from this class System.out.println( abc ) // prints the String and a character return System.out.print ( abc ) // prints a String without a character return Escape sequences inside the String can be used to control printing Escape Sequence Character \n newline \t tab \b backspace \f form feed \r return \" " (double quote) \' ' (single quote) \\ \ (back slash) \udddd character from the Unicode character set (DDDD is four hex digits) used when the character isn t available during input 39

Printing Example public class PrintAPoem { public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println ( He wrote his code ); System.out.print( \the indented well\n ); System.out.println( \ttill he was done ); System.out.print( \nthe Author\n ); } } He wrote his code He indented well Till he was done The Author System.out.println(concatenated String) prints and goes to the next line System.out.print(concatenated String) prints and stays on the same line 40

Printing Example Concatenation in Print Statements When you write expressions in a System.out.println() statement the expression may or may not be calculated first, depending on if and where you put the parentheses The rules are exactly the same as used when concatenating String(s) Ultimately the println method will output a single String public class PrintingNumbers //Class name { public static void main ( String[] args ) { System.out.println("The sum of 5 + 6 is " + (5+6)); System.out.println("The sum of 5 + 6 is " + 5+6); System.out.println("The sum of " +5 +" + " +6 + " is " +(5 + 6)); } } 41

Formatted Printing with printf (1) For simple formatted outputs, each format parameter aligns to the subsequent variable or constant after the String It is possible to more clearly format your output with the printf method Width, precision, leading blanks, signs, etc. can all be controlled The printf method has a String followed by a number of primitive or object variables to be printed You can also specify formatting a geographic area, but we ll ignore that for now Please use printf as opposed to println and print in this class to the greatest extent possible Nice reference http://www.java2s.com/tutorial/java/0120 Development/UsingJavasprintfMethod.htm 42

Formatted Printing with printf (2) System.out.printf( characters %format1 characters %format2 characters %format3, varorconst1, varorconst2, varorconst3); The first parameter is a String (in double quotes) that lays out the sentence and format for each variable, and includes special control characters There is a one to one mapping of format to variable The variable must match the format type Example System.out.printf( The average of %,d students taking %d exams is %3.2f\n, 1250, 4, 78.655); // prints out as: The average of 1,250 students taking 4 exams is 78.66 Each format specification begins with % and ends with the format specifier type (see next page) 43

Some Key Conversion Character Specifiers For Formatted Output Specifier Name Example %b or %B boolean false or FALSE %c or %C character f or F %d decimal integer 189 %e exponential floating 1.59e+01 %f Floating point number 15.9 %s or %S String if Java Java or JAVA %x or %X Hexadecimal integer 1f2a or 1F2A %% The percent symbol % We will also learn several other important elements Flags for left justified, etc. Width - specifies the field width for outputting the argument and represents the minimum number of characters to be written to the output Precision - used to restrict the output depending on the conversion and specifies the number of digits of precision when outputting floating-point values. 44

Important Control Characters Control Character Name \n new line \t tab \\ Prints \ Always placed inside the String 45

Controlling Integer Output With printf The %wd means reserve a minimum of w spaces, right justified The in %-wd means left justified The 0 in %0d means left fill with 0 s The + in %+d means add a positive sign for positive numbers A ( encloses a negative number in parentheses A, is used as a group separator (may work differently outside of U.S.) See Printf1.java 46

Simple Formatted Output With Decimals For simple formatted outputs, each format parameter aligns to the subsequent variable or constant after the String public class Printf2 { } public static void main(string[] args) { double x = 27.5, y = 33.75; System.out.printf("x = %f y = %f\n", x, y); } Output: x = 27.500000 y = 33.750000 47

Controlling Formatted Outputs With Decimals Uses the same formatting structures as integers Adds the ability to specify the number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point, as opposed to printing a minimum of a default 6 %w.nf has a minimum width of w and n decimal places %#w.nf the # guarantees a decimal point Variable associated with f must be of type double or float - it won t cast up any type of integer Note: On some machines it may not do a perfect job in rounding as it uses bankers rounding Bankers Rounding is an algorithm for rounding quantities to integers, in which numbers which are equidistant from the two nearest integers are rounded to the nearest even integer. Thus, 0.5 rounds down to 0; 1.5 rounds up to 2. It has been extended to be used at any level of precision 1.685 would print to two places as 1.68 while 1.675 would also round to two places as 1.68 See See Printf3.java 48

Controlling Other Formatted Outputs (1) Strings with %-ws - will left justify w specifies width s is for a String If s is capitalized then the entire String prints capitalized We will learn how to use String variables later this semester Same rules apply for c (char) and b (boolean) See Printf4.java 49

Formatted Printing With printf Putting It All Together (1) See Printf5.java 50

51

What is a Variable A variable (either primitive or a reference) is a named memory location capable of storing data of a specified type Variables indicate logical, not physical addresses Those are taken care of in the JVM and the OS Variables in Java always have a specific data type Variables must always be declared before they can be used Remember that a data type is a scheme for using bit patterns to represent a value or a reference. Think of a variable as a little box made of one or more bytes that can hold a value using a particular data type. double Cost_of_Home 128,695.22 52

What is a Variable (2) A declaration of a variable is made if a program requires a named variable of a particular type Three things happen The variable is named with an identifier The amount of space required for the variable is defined How the bits in that space are interpreted is defined The value of a variable is always its last declared or assigned value in a program public class Example1_CH3 { public static void main ( String [] args ) { long payamount; //the declaration of the variable payamount = 123; // variable assignment System.out.println("The variable payamount contains: " + payamount); payamount = -8976; // variable reassignment System.out.printf("The variable payamount contains: %d\n,payamount); } } 53

Declaring Variables Variables must be declared before they are used Basic syntax: Type name1, name2, name3 ; Example: double dinner_bill, creditbalance, moneyinbank;//three variables of type double Variables can be explicitly initialized when they are declared short rent = 75; double milkprice_half = 1.99; boolean testimony = true; Can t do multiple assignments at once when declaring variables int x=y=z=0; // Incorrect syntax int x,y,z=60; // only z is initialized, but good syntax int x=60, y=60, z=60; //all three are initialized, good syntax Don t try to assign a value that that is illegal short big_number = 250000; This gives an error why? 54

Naming Variables (1) Use only the characters 'a' through 'z', 'A' through 'Z', '0' through '9', character '_', and character '$'. Just like any other identifier A variable name cannot contain the space character. Do not start with a digit A variable can be any number of characters Java is case sensitive. Upper and lower case count as different characters SUM and Sum are different identifiers A variable name cannot be a reserved word Don t use the same name twice, even as different types it will generate an error during compilation Programmers should follow the good practice of creating meaningful identifier names that self-describe an item's purpose Meaningful names make programs easier to maintain userage, housesquarefeet, and numitemsonshelves Good practice minimizes use of abbreviations in identifiers except for wellknown ones like num in numpassengers Abbreviations make programs harder to read and can also lead to confusion, such as if a chiropractor application involves number of messages and number of massages, and one is abbreviated nummsgs (which is it?) 55

Naming Variables (2) There are certain conventions used by java programmers Variables and methods start with a lower case letter with the exception of final variables (slide 59) i.e. var1, interest Multiword variables capitalize the first letter of subsequent words i.e. interestrate, milesperhour Names of classes by convention begin with a capital letter i.e. Calculator, MyProgram 56

Assigning Variables Assignment statements look like this: variablename = expression ; //The equal sign = is the assignment operator variablename is the name of a variable that has been declared previously in the program. Remember: An expression is a combination of literals, operators, variable names, and parentheses used to calculate a value must be syntactically correct Assignment is accomplished in two steps: Evaluate the expression Store the value in the variable which appears to the left of the = sign Examples : int total; double price, tax; total = 3 + 5; // total =8 price = 34.56; tax = price*0.05; //tax = 1.728 While you can t do a multiple assignment in a declaration statement, you can do multiple assignments once the variables have been declared: int x,y,z; //declaration of the variables x=y=z=0; // works as an assignment statement provided the variables have been declared previously these work right to left int x=y=z=3; // This will generate a syntax error because you are first declaring the variables here These two statements also work: int x,y,z; x=y=z=14+5; // First calculate the value of the expression, then do the assignments Only rightmost part in multi-assignment can be an expression, all the rest must be variables 57

Assigning Variables (2) Primitive variables must be initialized before they are used They aren t given a default value They are typically initialized by reading in a value You can also explicitly initialize in the code int value; value = value + 10; // this gives an error as value wasn t initialized 58

final Variables final variables are really constants They are assigned a value that doesn t change final double PI = 3.14159; final int PERFECT = 100; final variables are by convention written with all capitals It is legal to defer initialization of a final variable, provided that it is initialized exactly once before it is used for the first time boolean leapyear =true; final int DAYS_IN_FEBRUARY; if (leapyear) DAYS_IN_FEBRUARY= 29; else DAYS_IN_FEBRUARY= 28; 59

An Example of a Simple Program (1) The Fibonacci sequence is 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55. The next number is the sum of the previous two numbers. Pseudocode for printing Fibonacci series up to 50 Set the low number =1 Set the high number equal to 1 Print the low Start of Loop check that high is less than 50 Print the high Set the high equal to the low+high Set the low equal to the high -low Repeat loop 60

An Example of a Simple Program (2) public class Fibonacci { // Print out the Fibonacci sequence for values < 50 public static void main(string[] args) { int lo = 1; int hi = 1; System.out.printf( %d\n,lo); while (hi < 50) { System.out.println(hi); hi = lo + hi; // new hi lo = hi - lo; /* new lo is (sum - old lo) i.e., the old hi */ } } } Note: also look at Fibonacci2.java 61

62

Obtaining Input Data Using Scanner Scanner is a class. You must include the following statement to use the class to create a Scanner object: import java.util.scanner; or import java.util.*; You are importing a class with all it s methods that can then be used to create objects Declare a Scanner object variable and create an object: Scanner scannername = new Scanner (System.in); new means you are creating a new object new is a reserved word System.in is a variable that tell the Java program that this input stream is coming from the keyboard You can now access seven types of primitive input: byte, short, int, long, double, float and boolean using predefined methods associated with the Scanner class A Scanner object doesn t read characters We will learn a way around this when we study the String object The scannername is just another variable name It contains an address which refers to the Scanner object you have created 63

There are 7 Input Methods Available For Primitive Data Types ScannerName.nextByte() ScannerName.nextShort() ScannerName.nextInt() ScannerName.nextLong() ScannerName.nextDouble() ScannerName.nextFloat() ScannerName.nextBoolean() Note: the type names are capitalized in these methods Note: There is no way to directly input a char with a Scanner object What you are looking at above is the standard way objects access methods: objectname.method(par1, par2, ) - There are no parameters required for the Scanner methods 64

Each Scanner Object Is Created From The Scanner Class keyboard Name0f input file (System.in) Constructor used to create object Methods nextbyte() nextshort() nextint() nextlong() nextfloat() nextdouble() nextboolean() next() nextline() hasnext() o 0 0 65

An Example Showing Scanner Usage import java.util.scanner; public class ScannerUsage { public static void main(string [] args) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); // Creates a new Scanner called keyboard System.out.println("Enter an integer of type int"); int n1 = keyboard.nextint(); System.out.printf("Enter an integer of type byte\n"); byte b1 = keyboard.nextbyte(); } } float f1; double d1; long l1; short s1; boolean bn1; System.out.println("Enter a floating point of type float"); f1 = keyboard.nextfloat(); System.out.printf("Enter a floating point of type double and Enter an integer of type long\n"); d1 = keyboard.nextdouble(); l1 = keyboard.nextlong(); System.out.printf("Enter an integer of short int and Enter boolean value\n"); s1 = keyboard.nextshort(); bn1 = keyboard.nextboolean(); System.out.println("n1 = " + n1 +"\nb1 = " + b1 + "\nf1 = " + f1 + "\nd1 = " + d1); System.out.printf("l1 = %d\ns1 = %d\nbn1 = %b\n, l1, s1, bn1); 66

A Practical Example Using Scanner import java.util.scanner; // Make the Scanner class available. public class Interest2WithScanner { public static void main(string[] args) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner( System.in ); // Create the Scanner. double principal; // The value of the investment. double rate; // The annual interest rate. double interest; // The interest earned during the year. System.out.printf("Enter the initial investment: "); //always ask for an input with a question principal = keyboard.nextdouble(); System.out.printf("Enter the annual interest rate as a percent"); rate = keyboard.nextdouble(); rate = rate/100; interest = principal * rate; // Compute this year's interest. principal = principal + interest; // Add it to principal. System.out.printf("The value of the investment after one year is $ %.2f\n, principal); } } // end of class Interest2withScanner 67

68

Casting (1) The value of a smaller numerical type may be assigned to a higher numerical data type automatically Do you know the order? Casting down must be done explicitly Example: int natural, bigger; double odds, othernumber; odds = 20.3; natural = 5; othernumber = (int)(odds)*natural; bigger = (int)othernumber; System.out.printf( %.1f\n,otherNumber); //prints 100.0 System.out.println(bigger); //prints 100 othernumber = odds*natural; bigger = (int)othernumber; System.out.printf( %.1f\n,otherNumber); //prints 101.5 System.out.println(bigger); //prints 101 69

Casting (2) Remember that float is a special case that always requires casting if you are assigning a floating point number to a float variable float x = 15.0; //This creates an error float y = (float)15.0; //This is proper explicit casting float z = 15; //Implicit casting 70

Casting (3) Character data may be assigned to any of the types short, int, long, double or float When this happens the ASCII/Unicode value is assigned to the numerical value double x = A ; System.out.printf( %.1f, x); The output is 65.0 Why? However, char chm = A ; System.out.printf( %c, chm); The output is A 71

Shortcuts Operator Shortcut For += x+=10 x=x+10 -= x-=10 x=x-10 *= x*=10 x=x*10 /= x/=10 x=x/10 %= x%=10 x=x%10 72

Prefix and Postfix for Incrementing and Decrementing (1) There are two mechanisms for adding or subtracting 1 from a variable ++number; //prefix form for adding 1 to number --number; //prefix form for subtracting 1 from number number++; //postfix form for adding 1 to number number--; //postfix form for subtracting 1 from number What s the difference? In assignment statements prefix action takes effect before the assignment In assignment statements postfix action takes effect after the assignment 73

Prefix and Postfix for Incrementing and Decrementing (2) Prefix Incrementing Postfix Incrementing int number =5,result; result = 3*(++number); System.out.printf( %d\n, result); 18 System.out.println(number); 6 int number =5,result; result = 3*(number++); System.out.printf( %d\n, result); 15 System.out.println(number); 6 Use postscript incrementing carefully, it can be confusing However, it is very useful when dealing with loops 74

Prefix and Postfix for Incrementing and Decrementing (3) Here is what happens in a postfix in prior example result = 3*(number++); a. temp = number; // a hidden temp is created by the compiler b. number = number +1; c. result = 3*temp; What is the value printed in the following example; int number =10; number = number++; System.out.printf( %d\n, number); 75

76

Exercise 6. Triangle1Stars Write a program that prints the triangle: * ** *** **** ***** ****** Programming Exercise 1 Use this framework: public class Pname //Class name { public static void main ( String[] args ) //main method header } { } Code goes here //Body Compile with javac Pname.java Execute with java Pname once you compile successfully 77

Exercise 2. Uptime Programming Exercise 2 The uptime command of the UNIX operating system displays the number of days, hours and minutes since the operating system was started. For example the UNIX command uptime might return the string Up 53 days 12:39. Write a program that converts the 53 days, 12 hours and 39 minutes to the number of seconds that have elapsed since the operating since was last started. 78

Programming Exercise 3 CharSum Write a program that that prints out your initials and the prints out the sum of the ASCII values for the following character sets: N T C A F G The output will look as follows: HGR NTC 229 AF 135 G 71 79

Area Programming Exercise 4 Write a program that prompts a user for the dimensions (double) of a room in feet (length, width, height) and calculates and prints out the total area of the floor, ceiling and walls. 80