Announcements Homework: Read Chapter Four and complete Homework 4 Next Week: Quiz on Chapter Four Handout Lecture/Discussion on Chapter Five OSI Model Lab on Configuring Windows 7 Research Paper: Due on November 17 th Submit topic by September 29 th (two weeks)
Chapter 4 Network Adapters
Network Adapters A network adapter is the primary interface between a computer and a network. Also known as a Network Interface Card (NIC). A printed circuit that is build into the computer motherboard or added as a peripheral device using an expansion slot (PCI, PCI-X, PCIe) or USB port.
Network Adapter Examples Intel Gigabit Ethernet - PCIe Intel Gigabit Ethernet - PCI PCIe 1x (Serial) PCI (32 Bit Parallel) RJ45 Port
Network Adapter Examples (Cont) Marvel 8001 Gigabit Ethernet Controller RJ45 Port Gigabyte Motherboard link
Network Adapter Examples (Cont) Gigabit Ethernet Cardbus 10/100 Mbps Ethernet USB
Network Adapter Examples (Cont) Dlink 802.11 b/g/n Wireless 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz Intel 802.11 a/b/g/n Wireless 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz PCIe 1x Mini PCIe 1x Express Card
Network Adapter Examples (Cont) Intellinet 802.11 b/g Wireless 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz Asus 802.11 b/g/n Wireless 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz USB 2.0 USB 2.0
Network Adapter Examples (Cont) Multi-Mode Fiber Optic IBM Token Ring 16/4 Mbps ST, SC, MT-RJ ports PCI interface RJ45 port PCI interface
Network Adapters and the OSI Model 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical Network Adapters
Data Link Layer Functionality Interfacing with a System Bus Outbound Buffering Data Encapsulation Addressing Error Detection Media Access Control Full-Duplex Operations
Physical Layer Functionality Parallel-to-Serial Conversion Encoding and Decoding Inbound Buffering Auto Negotiation Transmission and Reception Connection to Physical Media
Common System Buses Bus Name Width (bits) Throughput PCI v1 32 133 MB/s CardBus 32 133 MB/s PCI-X v1 64 528/1056 MB/s USB v2 1 60 MB/s ExpressCard v1 1 serial lane PCIe v1: 250 MB/s PCI Express (PCIe) v1 PCIe v2 1 per lane 1 per lane USB v2: 60 MB/s 1x (1 lane) = 250 MB/s 16x (16 lanes) = 4 GB/s 1x (1 lane) = 500 MB/s 16x (16 lanes) = 8 GB/s
Data Encapsulation, Addressing, Error Detection 1 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101011 Destination Address Source Address Header Ether type Data (46 1500 bytes) Frame Check Sequence Footer Ethernet II Frame
Ethernet Header Destination Address obtained from: Address Resolution Protocol (IPv4) Network Discovery Protocol (IPv6) Source Address - obtained from the host network adapter MAC address. Etype identifies the network layer protocol that is encapsulated in the data field, such as IPv4, ARP, IPv6, and Apple Talk.
Data Field 1500 bytes in a standard Ethernet II frame 9000 bytes+ using a Jumbo Ethernet frame.
Ethernet Footer Contains a checksum that is calculated by the source node based on the data in the frame. The destination node recalculates the checksum using the same algorithm. If the two numbers are different, the frame is discarded.
Media Access Control (MAC) Address A unique 48-bit (six-byte) number assigned to each network adapter. Also known as the physical address. The first three bytes of a MAC address are the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI). The second three bytes are assigned by the manufacturer. To see the MAC address of a computer type the following at a command prompt: ipconfig /all
Full Duplex The full duplex mode allows a NIC to transmit and receive data at the same time. This can double the NIC throughput. Before full-duplex can be used, all nodes on the network must be full-duplex capable.
Indicator Lights Link light Comes on solid when there is a positive connection between the NIC and the network. Activity light Blinks when there is network activity. Speed light This LED indicates that the interface is connected at a certain speed. Collision light This LED flickers when collisions are detected. Generally only found on older NICS.
Dell Optiplex 755 Indicator Lights Activity Light Flashes a yellow light when the computer is transmitting or receiving network data. Link Light Green - 10-Mbps connection Orange - 100-Mbps connecition Yellow 1000 Mbps connection Off No connection Activity Light RJ45 port Link Light
NIC Drivers A driver is a small program that acts as an interfaces between the host operating system and the network adapter. With Microsoft operating system, the Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) is used to implement virtually all NIC drivers.
Microsoft NDIS Data Link OSI Layer Network Stack Component Transport TCP/UDP, Others TCPIP.Sys Network IP, Others Logical Link Control NDIS NDIS.Sys Media Access Control Vendor Miniport Network Drivers (.Sys) Physical Adapter NIC hardware and firmware
NDIS (Cont) NDIS allows flexible bindings between NICs and protocol stacks. Protocol Stack 1 Protocol Stack Two Protocol Stack 3 NDIS (Port Driver) Miniport Driver 1 Miniport Driver 3 Miniport Driver 3 NIC 1 NIC 2 NIC 3
NDIS Versions NDIS Version Applicable Operating Systems 2.0 MS-DOS, Windows for Workgroups 3.1, OS/2 3.0 Windows for Workgroups 3.11 3.1 Windows 95 4.0 Windows 95 OSR2, NT 4.0, Windows CE 3.0 5.0 Windows 98, 98 SE, Me, 2000 5.1 Windows XP, Server 2003, Windows CE 4.x 5.2 Windows Server 2003 SP2 6.0 Windows Vista 6.1 Windows Vista SP1, Server 2008 6.2 Windows 7, Server 2008 R2
Advanced NIC Features Auto-Negotiation a multi-speed NIC sets itself to the appropriate network speed. Wake-on-LAN allows a computer to be turned on over the network. Pre-Boot Executable Environment (PXE)- allows a computer to be booted from the network without the need of a hard drive or an installed operating system.
Wireless Technology & the OSI Model Data Link Layer 802.2 LLC 802.11 Media Access Sub-Layer Physical Layer (PHY) 802.11b DSSS 1 11 Mbps 802.11g DSSS 1 11 Mbps 802.11g OFDM 2 54 Mbps 802.11n MIMO 3 108 Mbps 802.11n OFDM 2 54 Mbps Max Rng 200 ft 200 ft 200 ft 150 ft 150 ft 2.4 GHz ISM 4 Band 5 GHz UNI 5 Band 1. DSSS = Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 2. OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 3. MIMO = Multiple Input, Multiple Output 4. ISM = Industrial, Science, and Medical 5. UNII = Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure