DIGITAL DIVIDE IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ICT and Development Section ICT and Disaster Risk Reduction Division
2 Outline: 1. Broadband connectivity for sustainable development; 2. Digital divide (global/regional).
Broadband connectivity for sustainable development: Broadband connectivity continues to be a critical link between users and leveraging the opportunities of the information communication technologies. Broadband connectivity is important for: a) Industry sectors productivity (manufacturing, e- commerce, banking, transportation etc); b) E-government services (public services); among others 3
Global trends: 4 Access varies between major global regions. Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
Global trends: 5 Access varies between major global regions. Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
6 Access varies between ESCAP subregions Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
7 Access varies between ESCAP subregions Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
8 Access varies between ESCAP subregions over time Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
9 Access varies between ESCAP subregions over time Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
10 Access varies between income groups Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
11 Access varies between income groups Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
12 Digital divide could be examined using a combination of factors: 1) Access (fixed & mobile-broadband services per 100 inhabitants); 2) Speed (download speed for mobile-broadband service (Mbps); 3) Network capacity (International Internet bandwidth per Internet user (bit/sec); 4) Affordability (Mobile-cellular monthly sub-basket as % of GNI/capita); and 5) Coverage (Percentage of the population covered by at least a 3G mobile network).
Measuring ICT access: 1. ITU ICT Infrastructure Development Index (IDI): Only global ICT dataset for most countries and years. Variables included access indicators (Int. Internet bandwidth/user etc); ICT use (% of individuals using the Internet etc) & ICT skills (mean years of schooling etc); 2. Others (E-Government Index, World Bank s Little Data Book on ICT, the new Facebook/Economist Intelligence Unit 3i index and the WEF s Global Information Technology index): use mostly sourced from the ITU statistics. 13
14 Internet speed Selected ESCAP countries Download speed for Mobilebroadband (July 2018) Mbps Mobilebroadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants International Internet bandwidth per Internet user (bit/sec) Percentage of the population covered by at least a 3G mobile network Mobilecellular monthly subbasket as % of GNI/capita Republic of 42 113 53,308 100 1 Korea New Zealand 43 102 94,581 98 0 Australia 51 135 88,660 99 0 Singapore 54 148 958,635 100 0 Simple average 45 116 78,850 99 1 Uzbekistan 9 59 5,437 75 3 Nepal 7 52 3,855 54 4 Afghanistan 6 16 11,302 24 9 Tajikistan 5 18 2,442 90 4 Simple average 7 37 5759 61 5 Source: Speed data from Ookla speedtest (http://www.speedtest.net/), other broadband variables sourced from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND Indicators CONNECTIVITY database 2018 THROUGH (22nd THE Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. ASIA-PACIFIC Available from: INFORMATION https://www.itu.int/en/itu- SUPERHIGHWAY D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx
15 Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
16 Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
NETWORK COVERAGE (% of population covered by at least a 3G mobile network) & AFFORDABILITY (Mobile-cellular monthly sub-basket as % of GNI/capita), 2017 17 Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
ACCESS Fixed-broadband subs./100 inhabitant) & CAPACITY(International Internet bandwidth per Internet user (bit/sec), 2016 18 Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/pages/publications/wtid.aspx
Inequality of opportunities (Dissimilarities Index) Average D Low High Inequality and Fixed-broadband connectivity in selected Asia-Pacific countries Bridging the current widening digital divide in the region will contribute to narrowing inequality as well. 0.45 Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Afghanistan Bangladesh Pakistan Mongolia Kyrgyzstan 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Timor-Leste CambodiaIndia Nepal Indonesia Fiji Armenia Iran (IR) Tajikistan Lao PDR Thailand Vanuatu Myanmar Bhutan Papua New Guinea Viet Nam Russian Federation 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.2 SOCIAL INEQUALITY (inequality of opportunities), countries with high fixedbroadband connectivity are generally countries with low social inequality (i.e. health, education, electricity, water sanitation etc) Low Income inequality (Gini index) Philippines Sri Lanka Maldives Turkey High China 19 ECO INEQUALITY (income inequality), the linkage between fixed-broadband connectivity and income inequality is less clear, although regression analysis done by the Secretariat shows a statistically significant negative relationship. Source: ESCAP (2018), Inequality in Asia and the Pacific in the era of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, ESCAP
20 Thank you
ESCAP ENEA 21 Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu- D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx
ESCAP NCA 22 Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu- D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx
ESCAP Pacific 23 Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu- D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx
ESCAP SEA 24 Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu- D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx
ESCAP SSWA 25 Source: Produced by ESCAP based on data from ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2018 (22nd Edition/June 2017), 17 July 2018. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/itu- D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx