Con t e n t s Introduction xix Chapter 1 Introduction to Networking 1 Comparing Logical and Physical Networks.... 1 Networking Home Computers........................................... 2 Networking Small Offices and Home Offices... 4 Understanding Local Area Networks.... 6 Comparing Workgroups and Domains... 7 Exploring the Benefits of Domains and Domain Controllers... 9 Networking Large Offices.... 10 Networking Enterprises... 12 Understanding Wide Area Networks... 12 Understanding Branch Offices.... 13 Accessing Networks Remotely... 14 Understanding Standards Organizations.... 15 Understanding the Internet Engineering Task Force.... 16 Understanding the World Wide Web Consortium.... 17 Understanding the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.... 18 Understanding the International Telecommunication Union... 18 The Essentials and Beyond.... 18 Chapter 2 Overview of Networking Components 21 Comparing Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Traffic... 21 Understanding Unicast Traffic.... 22 Understanding Broadcast Traffic.... 23 Understanding Multicast Traffic... 25 Understanding Network Hardware.... 26 Understanding Hubs... 27 Understanding Switches... 28 Understanding Bridges... 29 Understanding Routers... 30 Understanding Firewalls... 32 Understanding Media... 34 Exploring Protocols and Services... 36 Exploring Protocols... 36 Understanding Services... 37 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
xii Understanding Basic Topologies... 38 The Essentials and Beyond.... 39 Chap ter 3 Understanding the OSI Model 41 Understanding the OSI Model... 41 Application Layer... 43 Presentation Layer...44 Session Layer... 45 Transport Layer... 46 Network Layer... 48 Data Link Layer... 49 Physical Layer.... 52 Putting It Together... 52 Packets and Frames... 53 Understanding the TCP/IP Model.... 55 Mapping Devices on the OSI and TCP Models.... 56 Physical Layer... 58 Data Link Layer.... 59 Network Layer... 59 Application Layer... 60 Mapping Protocols on the OSI and TCP/IP Models.... 60 The Essentials and Beyond.... 61 Chap ter 4 Core TCP/IP Protocols 63 Understanding TCP and UDP... 63 Exploring TCP... 64 Exploring UDP... 66 Exploring Common Protocols... 67 Address Resolution Protocol... 67 Hypertext Transfer Protocol... 68 File Transfer Protocol.... 69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol... 71 Telnet... 71 Remote Desktop Services.... 71 Secure Sockets Layer... 72 Transport Layer Security... 72 Secure Shell... 73
xiii Internet Protocol Security... 74 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol... 74 Post Office Protocol v3.... 75 Internet Message Access Protocol... 75 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.... 76 Kerberos... 77 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol... 77 Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol... 77 Simple Network Management Protocol... 78 Internet Group Multicast Protocol... 78 Internet Control Message Protocol... 78 Understanding Ports.... 79 Controlling Port Traffic with a Firewall... 81 Mapping Internally Used Ports and Protocols... 81 The Essentials and Beyond.... 83 Chapter 5 Exploring IPv4 85 Exploring the Components of an IPv4 Address.... 85 Ascertaining the Network ID and Host ID of an IP Address... 86 Identifying the Default Gateway... 90 Determining Local and Remote Addresses... 91 Understanding Classful IP Addresses... 92 Identifying Reserved IP Address Ranges.... 94 Exploring an IPv4 Address in Binary.... 95 Understanding the Bits of an IP Address... 95 Understanding CIDR Notation.... 98 Masking the IP Address... 98 Using Classless IP Addresses... 100 Subnetting IPv4 Addresses.... 100 Determining the Number of Subnet Bits... 101 Determining the Number of Hosts in a Network... 103 Identifying Local and Remote Addresses... 105 Applying Subnetting Knowledge.... 107 Comparing Manual and Automatic Assignment of IPv4 Addresses............ 110 Manually Configuring IPv4... 110 Using DHCP... 110 Understanding APIPA.... 112 The Essentials and Beyond.... 113
xiv Chap ter 6 Exploring IPv6 117 Exploring IPv6 Addresses... 117 Comparing IPv4 Classes and IPv6 Prefixes.... 118 Understanding Hexadecimal... 119 Displaying IPv6 Addresses... 120 Comparing IPv6 Transmission Types... 121 Understanding the Need for IPv6... 122 Understanding Neighbor Discovery... 122 Exploring the Components of an IPv6 Address.... 123 Understanding Global Unicast Addresses... 124 Understanding Link-Local Addresses.... 125 Understanding Unique Local Addresses... 126 Understanding the Dual IP Stack.... 127 Using IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses.... 127 Understanding IPv4 to IPv6 Tunneling Protocols... 128 Comparing Manual and Automatic Assignment of IPv6.... 129 Manually Configuring IPv6... 129 Using DHCPv6... 130 The Essentials and Beyond.... 131 Chap ter 7 Connecting Computers to a Network 133 Identifying Potential Problems with Connectivity... 133 Understanding EMI... 134 Understanding RFI.... 134 Avoiding Power Spikes... 134 Avoiding Interception.... 137 Preventing Fire Hazards... 142 Understanding Cross Talk... 142 Exploring Cable Types and Their Characteristics... 144 Understanding Twisted Pair.... 144 Comparing Unshielded and Shielded Twisted Pair... 146 Comparing Straight-Through and Crossover Cables..................... 146 Understanding Fiber Optic... 147 Understanding Wireless... 149 The Essentials and Beyond.... 150
xv Chapter 8 Networking Computers with Switches 153 Connecting Multiple Computers... 153 Understanding Physical Ports... 156 Identifying the Number and Type of Ports... 156 Identifying Ports in Drawings... 157 Comparing Hubs and Switches... 158 Understanding Collision Domains... 159 Identifying a Collision Domain with a Hub... 159 Identifying Collision Domains with a Switch... 160 Mapping Ports to MAC Addresses... 161 Comparing Managed and Unmanaged Switches.... 162 Understanding Unmanaged Switches... 163 Understanding Managed Switches... 163 Comparing Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switches.... 164 Using a Managed Switch to Create a VLAN... 164 Exploring Switch Speeds... 167 Identifying Transmission Speeds.... 168 Understanding the Uplink Port... 169 Identifying Backplane Speed... 170 Understanding Security Options... 170 Understanding Port Security.... 171 Planning Hardware Redundancy... 171 The Essentials and Beyond.... 172 Chapter 9 Connecting Networks with Routers 175 Connecting Multiple Networks... 175 Comparing Hardware Routers and Software Routers... 177 Understanding Default Routes.... 177 Understanding Directly Connected Routes.... 179 Routing Traffic on a Network... 180 Creating Static Routes... 180 Configuring Dynamic Routing... 182 Understanding the Routing Table.................................... 185 Identifying Transmission Speeds... 187 Routing Software in Windows Server 2008.... 188 Adding Routing Services to Windows Server 2008... 188 Configuring a Router on Windows Server 2008... 190
xvi Understanding Other Routing Protocols... 192 Using a DHCP Relay Agent.... 193 Using an IGMP Router and Proxy... 194 Using NAT.... 195 The Essentials and Beyond.... 195 Chap ter 10 Resolving Names to IP Addresses 197 Exploring Types of Names Used in Networks... 197 Understanding Host Names.... 199 Understanding NetBIOS Names... 199 Creating NetBIOS Names from Host Names... 202 Viewing and Modifying a Computer Name... 203 Exploring Types of Name Resolution... 204 Understanding Domain Naming Service... 205 Viewing the Host Cache.... 210 Viewing the Hosts File... 211 Understanding WINS... 212 Viewing the NetBIOS Cache... 213 Understanding the Lmhosts File.... 214 Understanding Broadcast Name Resolution... 214 Understanding Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution... 214 Identifying the Steps in Name Resolution.... 215 Identifying Steps in Host Name Resolution.... 215 Identifying Steps in NetBIOS Name Resolution... 216 The Essentials and Beyond.... 217 Chap ter 11 Understanding Network Security Zones 219 Understanding Risks on the Internet.... 219 Exploring an Intranet... 221 Understanding Network Address Translation... 222 Understanding Proxy Servers... 224 Understanding Firewalls.... 227 Exploring the Windows Server 2008 Firewall... 229 Identifying a Perimeter Network... 232 Understanding a Reverse Proxy Server... 233 Understanding Guest Networks.... 234 Understanding Extranets... 235 The Essentials and Beyond.... 236
xvii Chapter 12 Understanding Wireless Networking 239 Exploring Basic Wireless Components... 239 Using Wireless Access Points.... 240 Naming the Wireless Network.... 241 Comparing CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA...243 Comparing Networking Standards and Characteristics...243 Comparing FHSS, DSSS, and OFDM...244 IEEE 802.11... 245 IEEE 802.11a... 246 IEEE 802.11b... 247 IEEE 802.11g... 247 IEEE 802.11n...248 Comparing Network Security Methods...248 Wired Equivalent Privacy.... 249 Wi-Fi Protected Access... 251 WPA2... 252 Using an IEEE 802.1x Authentication Server.... 253 Using Wireless Networks...254 Home Wireless Networks.... 255 Wireless Networks in a Business... 258 Understanding Point-to-Point Wireless... 259 The Essentials and Beyond.... 261 Chapter 13 Understanding Internet Access Methods and Wide Area Networks 263 Comparing Connectivity Methods Used in Homes and SOHOs... 263 Using a Dial-up Connection....264 Connecting with DSL.... 265 Employing Broadband Cable... 266 Connecting via Satellite.... 267 Comparing Connectivity Methods in Enterprises.... 269 Exploring Digital Signal Lines... 271 Using ISDN... 271 Using T1/T3 Lines and E1/E3 Lines... 272 Ethernet WAN... 273 Exploring Remote Access Services... 273 Connecting to RAS via Dial-up... 274 Connecting to RAS via a VPN... 276
xviii Comparing Client VPNs with Gateway VPNs... 278 Adding Remote Access Services to Windows Server 2008... 278 Using RADIUS... 279 The Essentials and Beyond.... 280 Chap ter 14 Troubleshooting TCP/IP 283 Using the Command Prompt... 283 Getting Help at the Command Prompt....284 Using Switches... 285 Understanding Case Sensitivity.... 285 Checking the TCP/IP Configuration with ipconfig... 287 Troubleshooting Connectivity with ping... 291 Identifying Routers with tracert.... 295 Verifying the Routed Path with pathping... 297 Viewing TCP/IP Statistics with netstat... 299 Installing Telnet... 304 The Essentials and Beyond.... 306 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 309 Chapter 1... 309 Chapter 2... 310 Chapter 3... 310 Chapter 4... 311 Chapter 5... 312 Chapter 6... 312 Chapter 7... 313 Chapter 8... 314 Chapter 9... 314 Chapter 10... 315 Chapter 11... 316 Chapter 12... 316 Chapter 13... 317 Chapter 14... 317 Appendix B Microsoft s Certification Program 319 Certification Objectives Map... 320 Index 325