CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Europe

CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Report CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 1 of 57

Contents: 1 Introduction... 3 2 Methodology and Survey Approach... 5 2.1 Personal Information... 5 2.2 Competence Questionnaire... 5 2.3 Criteria for Inclusion... 6 2.4 Personal Results... 7 3 Respondent Demographics... 8 3.1 Respondents by Country... 8 3.2 Respondents by Age... 9 3.3 Respondents by Gender... 9 3.4 Respondents by Education Level... 10 3.5 Respondents by Educational Field... 11 3.6 Respondents by Industry Sector... 11 3.7 Respondents by Enterprise Size... 12 3.8 Respondents by Professional Status... 13 3.9 Respondents by ICT Profile (based on declared profile)... 13 4 Proximity Profiles and Skills Evaluation... 14 4.1 Respondents by Proximity Profile... 14 4.2 Comparison between Professional Profile and Proximity Profile... 15 4.3 Analysis of Skills Diffusion... 17 5 Analysis... 19 5.1 IT Manager... 19 5.2 IT Quality Manager & Auditor... 20 5.3 IT Project Manager... 21 5.4 Software Developer... 22 5.5 Integration & Testing Engineer... 23 5.6 IT Security Manager... 24 5.7 Service Support Manager... 25 5.8 IT Trainer... 26 6 Conclusions... 27 7 Annex... 30 7.1 Description of Additional Segmentation... 30 7.2 ICT Competence Knowledge Index... 32 7.3 Proximity Profiles Details... 35 7.4 Profile Segmentation... 52 CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 2 of 57

1 Introduction The following report outlines the results from of a recent pan-an survey to identify the digital competencies held by an ICT professionals. The survey offered a unique opportunity to explore the status of professional e- competence in through an online tool that provided the individual respondents with a snapshot of their competences against an agreed an framework (the an e-competence Framework). The benefits for the individuals who participated in this survey included the ability to compare their competences against required competences for typical ICT job profiles throughout, to help identify individual strengths and weaknesses, and to assist in identifying training and professional development opportunities. In addition, the survey results provide an insight into the status of national level professional competences in various countries in. The ability to determine what competencies are underdeveloped in a country can assist in developing focused training to further educate the workforce. The ability to compare and contrast different countries results also provides a useful competence benchmarking tool for each individual country. The research was conducted via a web questionnaire based on the an e- Competence Framework (e-cf), developed by the CEN (an Committee for Standardization) Workshop on ICT Skills and supported by the an Commission. This framework identifies 36 ICT competences all of which are used in this tool. The survey expert team, based on CEPIS experiences in defining IT competences and jobs, identified 18 typical professional profiles and an expanded set of skills to describe such profiles. The increased set of 44 skills, includes all 36 competences from the e-cf, five of which have been further split into a few subcases in order to allow a more precise description of different technical contents. Annex 7.1 describes the additional e-cf segmentation in detail. The work of the survey has been carried out by the Council of an Professional Informatics Societies (CEPIS) in association with the Federation of Belgian Informatics Associations (FBVI-FAIB), who led the research in. Since the sample of respondents to the survey may not be thoroughly representative of the overall situation in each country, this country report has been assessed and validated by national experts from FBVI-FAIB before publication. Any contributions from national experts about the Belgian survey results have been included in this report. Key points stemming from the survey data gathered by FBVI-FAIB include: The respondents show an average age higher than their colleagues in the rest of, so a need to attract younger people to the ICT area emerges. The majority of the respondents work in large organisations; in the importance of micro and small organisations is quite insignificant. CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 3 of 57

Belgian IT professionals responding to the questionnaire show a very high level of education. is among the countries with the highest rate in getting a university degree, and is the highest in 4 th level education (Masters and PhDs); moreover, is one of only two countries where the majority of respondents are not focused on IT. The Knowledge Indexes of Belgian respondents are generally slightly lower than their colleagues in. CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 4 of 57

2 Methodology and Survey Approach The research has been conducted across 28 countries in and across greater using a web-based survey tool. The an survey results have been compiled by respondents coming from these 28 countries. Sixteen of the countries had a total number of responses higher than 30 and of this 10 had more than 50 respondents and at least one cluster of a minimum of 10 respondents with the same calculated profile; the minimum amount required to create some elements of an individual country report. had 191 respondents to the survey, which resulted in eight IT profiles having more than 10 respondents. It is important to note that the results presented in this report represent only the respondents who participated in the survey. It is not a general statistical reference for the country. The survey was completed by individual respondents who consider themselves to be IT practitioners and was divided into three sections. The survey was based on the enhanced e-cf segmentation, which is described in Annex 7.1. The three sections are described below. 2.1 Personal Information Each respondent enters personal information including education background, employment status, organisation size, industry and selecting the IT profile which matches their current role. The respondent chooses from the following common IT roles: IT Manager IT Project Manager Database Manager IT Quality Manager IT System Analyst Network Manager IT Client Manager Software Developer IT Administrator IT Sales and Marketing Consultant Integration and Testing Engineer IT Systems Engineer IT Applications Consultant IT Systems Architect Service Support Manager Business Analyst IT Security Manager IT Trainer 2.2 Competence Questionnaire In the next phase the respondent completes the competence questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 44 competences. For each competence the respondent selects their competence level choosing from None, Basic, Intermediate and Advanced options. Additional information is also available for each competence to assist the respondent in choosing an appropriate level: CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 5 of 57

2.3 Criteria for Inclusion Although 28 countries participated in this study, it was necessary to decide upon the baseline criteria to ensure that the volume and the quality of responses were suitable for country level analysis. The following criteria were adopted: 1. A competence profile per country is analysed when there are 10 or more valid questionnaires completed. 2. A country profile would be generated if there are more than 50 valid questionnaires completed and at least one competence profile with 10 or more valid cases. On completion of this round of the survey, the following countries met these criteria: Finland Latvia Romania Bosnia-Herzegovina Ireland Malta Spain Italy* Norway* *Italy and Norway participated in the survey, but data from these countries was collected using a separate tool which was already in use locally. The function of the tools were exactly the same, but some differences exist in terms of demographic data collected and especially in terms of granularity of competences described in the questionnaire. The Italian-Norwegian tool used a self-assessment against 156 categories instead of 44 e-cf based competences. The research team carried out a separate analysis task to map the Italian and Norwegian results back to the results gained from the e-cf based survey. In order to convert the data collected through the Italian-Norwegian tool for use for this survey, the following steps were taken: 1) cross reference between slightly different ways of collecting personal information in the preliminary pages of the questionnaire; 2) cross reference between profiles 13 profiles map 1 to 1, the remaining five survey profiles were expressed as a linear combination of two different profiles; 3) experts checked on the compatibility of metrics used in both tools; each profile is described through an array of weighting factors that indicate the CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 6 of 57

relevance of each competence to the single profile, but the consistency between the different descriptions was deemed very good; 4) identification of an optimized and controlled algorithm that minimizes the maximum distance between calculated proximity scores in both questionnaires 1. 2.4 Personal Results On completion of the survey, the respondent is presented with their personal results. The personal results are displayed on a graphical radar split into segments (one for each competence) as illustrated in the image to the right. The profile that is closest to the competences chosen by the respondent (their proximity profile ) is shown along with a proximity index 88.56% in this case. Below the radar is a list of the competences that the individual should look to improve, and competences which are held at levels over and above what is required for the profile. The respondent can also review their proximity to the other profiles and export any of the reports in PDF format to review. 1 The algorithm is based on the simplex method for discrete linear optimization, constrained to 4 integer numbers. This scientific part of the work was carried out through a project associated with a university exam of Optimization at the SUPSI (Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera Italiana, www.supsi.ch); further details available in a dedicated document edited by Giovanni Franza to be published in biblioteca AICA (online library service for members of AICA, www.aicanet.it). CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 7 of 57

3 Respondent Demographics The following section provides an overview of the demographic of the respondents from. Again we underline that those results are based on the following conditions: The survey sample was dependent on the available contact database used to promote the survey in each country; there may be some variance between the membership of this contact database and the full population of ICT professionals in the country. The sample composition reflects the participation of mostly FBVI-FAIB members. The two criteria above also apply to the samples of all other countries who took part in the survey. Therefore the comparisons between the Belgian results and the an average should be considered as very important but also as a preliminary indication which may require more extensive validation. 3.1 Respondents by Country The CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in was conducted from September 2010 until March 2011 across 28 countries in and beyond. Overall 1918 IT practitioners participated in the survey. The percentage of participants by country is represented in the graphic below. Italy Finland 13% 15% Ireland Malta Spain 10% 10% 10% 9% Norway Latvia Bosnia-Herz. Romania 5% 5% 5% 3% Other 15% Figure 1 Respondents by Country Total: 1918 had the fourth highest participation in this survey, which allows for a relatively in-depth analysis of the Belgian results. CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 8 of 57

3.2 Respondents by Age The respondents to the survey represented various age groups as highlighted in the figure below 2. The average age of respondents in is around 43 years old; two years higher than the an average which is about 41. In fact both the younger segment, under 30 and 31-40 are about 6% lower than the respective an average. In contrast with this trend Belgian Software Developers are one year younger than their an colleagues (38.2 years old versus 39.2). A quarter of Software Developers in are under 30 years of age, while the domestic rate for that age group is 10%. The percentage of respondents from 41 to 50 years old is clearly higher than the an average, but the segment over 50 is only slightly higher compared to the an average. However, more than 60% of Belgian respondents are over 40 years old while the an average is 49%. 28.3% 34.3% 39.3% 30.1% 16.8% 22.0% 18.8% 10.5% < 30 yr 31.. 40 yr 41.. 50 yr > 50 yr Figure 2 Respondents by Age For one technical profile (IT Manager) the average age is 49.6 (46.7 across ), and the percentage of people in the over 50 segment is 52% while the Belgian average is 22%, moreover, all of the Belgian IT Managers are under 30 years of age. A similar situation is found for IT Trainer: only one out of 10 is under 40, and the rest are 45.5 years old, while the corresponding an age is 41.1. 3.3 Respondents by Gender The gender results suggest that there is a degree of imbalance of gender equity in IT. The comparative analysis in Figure 3 below shows that the number of female IT Professionals in is currently lower than the rest of in this regard. 2 Note: as <24 yr and >60 yr classes count for a low % of total assessments (about 3% each), they have been grouped into the adjacent class, as a result only four age classes are shown: <30 yr, 31-40 yr, 41-40 yr, >50 yr CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 9 of 57

Within surveyed countries shows the third lowest rate of female representation. However in two profiles, IT Integration & Testing Engineer (18%) and IT Security Manager (8%), the gap between the Belgian and an rate is very small (nearly 2%), while regarding the IT Service Support Manager profile the percentage of female respondents is almost twice as high as the an average (31% versus 17%). 12% 88% 16% 84% Figure 3 Respondents by Gender Female Male 3.4 Respondents by Education Level The respondents were asked to select the highest education level that they had achieved. A very large majority (95%) of the respondents for have achieved at least a degree level qualification, showing the importance of third level qualifications in gaining employment in the sector. The survey results show also that this percentage is among the highest in, which has an average rate of 79%. The investment in 4 th level education in is clearly visible with 73% of respondents having either a Masters or a PhD qualification (the highest rate in, where the average is 51%). 69.6% 45.4% 17.9% 21.5% 28.2% 3.1% 2.8% 2.1% 3.7% 5.7% None of the above Secondary School Diploma University Bachelors Degree University Masters Degree Figure 4 Respondents by Education level Doctorate (Phd.) In there were two IT profiles for which the level of education was much lower than the general Belgian average: IT Integration & Testing Engineer (73% graduated) and Service Support Manager (88%). In particular IT Integration & Testing Engineer shows 36% of 4 th level qualifications which is significantly lower than the Belgian average but not too far from the an average for this profile (41%). A different situation appears for the IT Security Manager profile, which shows that 92% of respondents have a 4 th level qualification. This is significantly higher than the Belgian general average (73%) and also higher than the an average for this profile CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 10 of 57

(63%). Noticeably all Belgian Software Developers, IT Project Managers and IT Trainers are university graduates. 3.5 Respondents by Educational Field The broad spread of educational backgrounds of the IT Practitioners points to the fact that the IT profession is both attractive and accessible to graduates from different faculties. The ever present demand for IT practitioners has led to IT roles being filled through the hiring and retraining of workers from non-informatics backgrounds. In we can see that 52% of respondents come from an educational background where IT was a side subject or not significant in their studies. This is 15% higher than the an figures and suggests that there may be greater difficulty for Belgian companies to source candidates with IT qualifications for their advertised roles. The e-skills Foresights- eskills In report (CEPIS, 2007) suggested that the ICT industry could be facing shortages of up to 70,000 IT practitioners per year in, as supply falls short of demand. It is clear that the IT industry still does not only rely on IT practitioners from IT educational backgrounds to meet their needs. In any case, only three of the Belgian profiles demonstrate a notable rate of non ITfocused education: Security Manager (46%), IT Manager (21%), and IT Trainer (20%), are all clearly lower than the respective an rate (65%, 48% and 57% respectively), but there is a profile for which an IT-focused education shows high rates: Belgian IT Integration & Testing Engineers. In fact, 73% have an IT-focused education, a high rate compared to the average domestic rate (48%), even if slightly lower than their an colleagues at 77%. Main focus Side subject Not significant 48% 37% 16% 63% 25% 12% Figure 5 Respondents by Educational field 3.6 Respondents by Industry Sector has a slightly lower number of respondents coming from the IT demand side compared to the an average, with 49% of respondents in focused on IT demand side activities compared to 51% across. In particular, Belgian results show that there are four profiles which are quite different from this balanced rate. One of them is clearly focused on the IT supply side, the others, on the IT demand side: CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 11 of 57

IT Quality Manager & Auditor are at 64% from the IT supply side, while at an level this rate is 50%. IT Project Manager is 58% on the IT demand side, a rate slightly higher than the corresponding an average of 51%. IT Security Manager leans towards the IT demand side of the IT Industry with 62% of respondents, in line with for this profile (59%). 49% 51% y IT demand side IT supply side 51% 49% Figure 6 - Respondents by Industry Sector IT Integration & Testing Engineers show a clear predominance of the IT demand side with a 73% rate, while across the resulting rate is 57%. 3.7 Respondents by Enterprise Size shows a clear shift towards bigger organisations compared to, in fact only 9% of the 191 respondents work in micro and small enterprises, while 72% work in large organisations with 1,000+ employees, a rate more than twice the an average. Moreover, 72% is the highest rate among the countries analysed, and significantly higher than the second ranked country (43%). 72.0% 33.9% 22.2% 20.8% 4.9% 11.2% 11.9% 4.4% 7.1% 11.5% 1-10 11-50 51-250 251-1000 1000+ Figure 7 Respondents by Enterprise Size Of course, all profiles show a high concentration rate in large organisations, especially Software Developer (94% work in large organisations while across the rate is 36%) and Service Support Manager (also for this profile the Belgian rate of respondents in large organisations is 94%, but across is 37%). Only Security Manager shows a different distribution, with 50% of respondents working in large organisations (35% is the corresponding an average). CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 12 of 57

However 33% of respondents are in organisations with 251-1000 employees and 17% in medium or small enterprises, twice the domestic rate. We are obliged to point out that these figures are based on a small group of respondents (13 cases). 3.8 Respondents by Professional Status The majority of Belgian respondents hold full time positions 3 (86%), which is close to the an average. There are no notable features per IT profile: all profiles show distributions very similar to the Belgian average. Only one profile can be named for a particularity: 100% of Belgian Software Developers hold full time positions. 86.4% 87.4% 10.5% 9.0% 3.1% 3.6% Full time employee Part time employee / Self-employed Student / Unemployed / Retired Figure 8 Respondents by Professional Status 3.9 Respondents by ICT Profile (based on declared profile) The figure shows the distribution of IT profiles chosen by the respondents during the survey registration (before starting the assessment). This subjective point of view is based on their gained experience and the actual work role they are doing. It differs from Proximity Profile as explained in paragraph 4.1. Almost all of the 18 IT profiles from which the respondents were asked to choose their role (during the registration phase) had some level of response. Only four of the Belgian self-declared profiles had a notable difference with the respondent rates of their an colleagues; the IT Manager profile has been chosen by 35.1% of Belgian respondents, while across the rate of this choice was 23.6%; the Software Developer profile has been chosen by 5.8% of the Belgian respondents, while across the rate of this choice is 12.9%; the third clear difference resulted for the IT Security Manager responses, where the Belgian respondents are 7.3% of the total compared to 2.6% who chose this role across ; and lastly the Business Analyst profile, where 9.9% of the respondents indicated they undertook this role, against 5.7% of their an colleagues. 3 Note: as Full time employee choice counts more than 85% of total assessments, the other items were grouped as follows: Part time employee / Self-employed and Student / Unemployed / Retired CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 13 of 57

IT Manager P01 IT Quality Manager & Auditor P02 IT Client Manager P03 IT Sales & Mktg Consultant P04 IT Applications Consultant P05 Business Analyst P06 IT Project Manager P07 IT Systems Analyst P08 Software Developer P09 Integr. & Testing Engineer P10 IT Systems Architect P11 IT Security Manager P12 Database Administrator P13 Network Manager P14 IT Administrator P15 IT Systems Engineer P16 Service Support Manager P17 IT Trainer P18 3.7% 2.8% 1.6% 1.6% 1.0% 2.1% 4.7% 5.4% 9.9% 5.7% 11.0% 12.9% 2.1% 3.6% 5.8% 12.9% 0.5% 1.2% 6.3% 4.8% 7.3% 2.6% 1.4% 0.5% 2.0% 2.6% 5.3% 2.6% 4.2% 2.6% 2.7% 2.6% 5.4% 23.6% 35.1% Figure 9 Respondents by ICT Profile 4 Proximity Profiles and Skills Evaluation Each respondent evaluates their own competence against the 44 competences provided, using the following scale: None: none or almost no knowledge on the topic, confused ideas Basic: knowledge of major concepts, but not exhaustive Medium: knowledge of concepts and applicative capability, some direct experiences High: in-depth and thorough knowledge of concepts and applicative capability with comprehensive experience in complex context A Knowledge Index (KI) has been computed for each competence, using a scale of 0 to 3: KI = ( # of answers none * 0 + # of answers basic * 1 + # of answers medium * 2 + # of answers high * 3) / (# of answers) The proximity profile for each respondent is the profile that best fits with the competences that he/she has declared. The proximity is represented as a percentage. 4.1 Respondents by Proximity Profile Based on the outcome of the calculated proximity profiles we can see a picture of IT Profiles emerge from the competences declared by the Belgian respondents. CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 14 of 57

IT Manager P01 IT Quality Manager & Auditor P02 IT Client Manager P03 IT Sales & Mktg Consultant P04 IT Applications Consultant P05 Business Analyst P06 IT Project Manager P07 IT Systems Analyst P08 Software Developer P09 Integr. & Testing Engineer P10 IT Systems Architect P11 IT Security Manager P12 Database Administrator P13 Network Manager P14 IT Administrator P15 IT Systems Engineer P16 Service Support Manager P17 IT Trainer P18 9.9% 1.6% 2.6% 0.5% 2.1% 4.7% 8.9% 5.8% 4.2% 6.8% 3.1% 1.0% 3.7% 8.4% 5.2% 15.2% 16.2% # of respondents 29 154 19 80 3 51 5 52 1 41 4 45 31 153 9 127 17 231 11 126 8 85 13 60 6 68 2 64 7 165 0 96 16 163 10 157 Figure 10 Respondents by Proximity Profile A high rate of respondents has competences for the roles of IT Project Manager, IT Manager and IT Quality Manager & Auditor. The IT Project Manager profile shows the highest rate in (more than twice the an average 16.2% versus 8.0%). Even for the IT Manager role, scores the highest rate in (also in this case almost twice the an average 15.2% versus 8.0%). The same for the IT Quality Manager & Auditor: highest rate (9.9%) in (more than twice the an average at 4.2%). It is necessary to highlight that none of the Belgian respondents had the competence to satisfy the requirements for the role of IT Systems Engineer, in accordance with the competences outlined in the an e-competence Framework. 4.2 Comparison between Professional Profile and Proximity Profile The analysis of the original profile selection made by the IT practitioners and the proximity profile i.e. the profile that best fits with the competences that have been declared shows a large variance for many of the profiles. IT Manager P01 Declared profile Calculated profile 35% 15% As we can see from Figure 11, the profile IT Manager is a declared profile for 35% of the 24% respondents in, but an analysis of 8% their competences leads to only 15% of these practitioners having the necessary Figure 11 IT Manager: declared and competences for that particular role. This calculated profile trend is replicated across where 24% of respondents declared they were IT CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 15 of 57

Managers, but only 8% of those practitioners had the required competences for that role. In, this issue is also notable with the Business Analyst profile. This is a declared profile for 10% of the Belgian respondents, but only 2% of them have the necessary competences for that role. This trend, even if with a smaller gap, is replicated across, as seen in Figure 12, where 6% of an respondents declared they were Business Analysts, but only 2% of those practitioners had the required competences. Business Analyst P06 2% 2% 6% Declared profile Calculated profile 10% Figure 12 IT Business Analyst: declared and calculated profile In general, the difference between the declared and the calculated professional profile highlights the importance of the level of competence granularity to build up each profile. Work experience after the education curriculum contributes in a substantial way to competence enrichment; often not related to the official role inside the organisation. This is the reason why in general the perceived declared profiles highly differ from the calculated profile based specifically on competence level: only 19% of declared profiles by the Belgian respondents of the an survey match with the calculated profile (21% is the an average). IT Manager P01 IT Quality Manager & Auditor P02 IT Client Manager P03 IT Sales & Mktg Consultant P04 IT Applications Consultant P05 Business Analyst P06 IT Project Manager P07 IT Systems Analyst P08 Software Developer P09 Integr. & Testing Engineer P10 IT Systems Architect P11 IT Security Manager P12 Database Administrator P13 Network Manager P14 IT Administrator P15 IT Systems Engineer P16 Service Support Manager P17 IT Trainer P18 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Declared profile Calculated profile Figure 13 Comparison between chosen (declared) professional profile and proximity profile (calculated) CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 16 of 57

In it appears that the Knowledge Index (KI) is higher than the equivalent for in two areas, and lower in the remaining. The full value of each Knowledge Index is 3.0. In particular it appears that there are notable weaknesses in the Run area and in the Build area (both show the lowest indexes across the an countries analysed). Some weaknesses are shown in the Enable area, but this is in alignment with a similar -wide weakness. There are good KI results for Plan area and especially for Manage area. In fact in this area KI is in the top three. The IT profile that has the most relevant KI is the IT Security Manager with 1.81 KI in Plan area, 1.50 KI in Build Area, 1.77 KI in Run area, 1.73 KI in Enable area, 2.00 KI in Manage area. A deeper analysis of the Knowledge Indexes of each competence area is fundamental in order to design detailed training paths to cover the competence gaps for each proximity profile of each respondent. CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 18 of 57

5 Analysis The 191 generated proximity profiles referred to 18 IT professional profiles (Figure 10). The eligibility criteria for the analysis of these profiles are as follows: 10 or more cases per country for each profile; A proximity profile score higher than 40%. Following these criteria the following eight profiles for were analysed: 1. IT Manager 2. IT Quality Manager & Auditor 3. IT Project Manager 4. Software Developer 5. Integration & Testing Engineer 6. IT Security Manager 7. Service Support Manager 8. IT Trainer In this chapter a deeper analysis of the data for each of these eight profiles is presented. 5.1 IT Manager The following analysis is related to the content of section 7.3.1. 97% of Belgian IT Managers have attained a university degree or higher, which is higher than the 93% of IT Managers across. However, 83% of Belgian IT Managers have attained a 4 th level qualification (Masters or PhD), which is higher than the an average of 71%. A large proportion (79%) of Belgian IT Managers have come from an education background where IT was either a side subject or not significant in the curriculum, higher than the an average of 52%, and higher than the general rate of 52%. The average age of the Belgian IT Manager is 49.6 years old, the second oldest among his/her an colleagues, where the average age is 46.7. Plan (A) Build (B) IT Manager 0.76 1.01 1.97 1.96 Only a few of the IT Managers who responded were female (7%), which is clearly smaller than the 19% female proportion of an IT Managers, and lower than the 12% female proportion for all Belgian respondents. Run (C) Enable (D) Manage (E) 0.91 1.10 1.54 1.70 Figure 16 - IT Manager 2.01 1.98 CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 19 of 57

Belgian IT Managers come from the IT supply side and IT demand side (52% and 48%), a rate not too different from their an colleagues (50% and 50%) or from the domestic rate (49% and 51%). The majority of Belgian IT Managers work in large organisations (64%), a high rate compared to their an colleagues (43%), but lower than all respondents from (72%). Belgian IT Managers show a Knowledge Index generally slightly lower than the an average for the profile in three of the five areas, and slightly higher in the remaining two areas (1.97 Plan area versus 1.96, 0.76 Build area versus 1.01, 0.91 Run area versus 1.10, 1.54 Enable area versus 1.70 and 2.01 Manage area versus 1.98). 5.2 IT Quality Manager & Auditor The following analysis is related to the content of section 7.3.2. 95% of Belgian IT Quality Managers & Auditors have attained a university degree or higher, higher than the 84% of IT Quality Managers & Auditors across. Moreover, 68% of Belgian IT Quality Manager & Auditors have attained a 4 th level qualification (Masters or PhD), which is higher than the an education level average of 54%. In 53% of IT Quality Managers & Auditors come from an IT education background, in line with 59% of all an respondents, but higher than the general Belgian rate (48%). In IT Quality Managers & Auditors are on average 41.9 years old, just over one year younger than their an colleagues, where the average age is 43.1. Belgian IT Quality Managers & Auditors are mainly drawn from the IT supply side (63%), rather high if compared to the 50% for the IT supply side across or to 51% of all Belgians. The majority of Belgian IT Quality Managers & Auditors work in large organisations (75%), a significantly higher rate when compared to their an colleagues (46%). A small number of the IT Quality Managers & Auditors who responded were female: 16%, which is greater than the 12% female proportion for all Belgian respondents but clearly lower than the 30% of female IT Quality Managers & Auditors in. Belgian IT Quality Managers & Plan (A) Build (B) Run (C) Enable (D) Manage (E) IT Quality Manager & Auditor 1.32 1.41 1.44 1.55 1.46 1.64 1.57 1.60 1.92 1.98 Figure 17 - IT Quality Manager & Auditor CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 20 of 57

Auditors show a Knowledge Index that is lower than the an average for the profile in all five areas (1.55 Plan area versus 1.64, 1.32 Build area versus 1.46, 1.41 Run area versus 1.57, 1.44 Enable area versus 1.60 and 1.92 Manage area versus 1.98). 5.3 IT Project Manager The following analysis is related to the content of section 7.3.3. All Belgian IT Project Managers have attained a university degree or higher, while 87% is the average rate for IT Project Managers in. Moreover, 84% of Belgian IT Project Managers have attained a 4 th level qualification (Masters or PhD), which is higher than the an average of 68%. In the 55% of IT Project Managers came from an IT education background, higher compared to 48% of all Belgian respondents, but low if compared to 63% of an IT Project Managers. Belgian IT Project Managers were mainly drawn from the IT demand side (58%), higher than the 51% for the IT demand side across. The majority of Belgian IT Project Managers work in large organisations (67%), a larger proportion than their an colleagues (41%), but smaller compared to all respondents from (72%). Only 13% work in enterprises with less than 250 employees, a very small proportion compared to 39% across. A large number of the IT Project Managers who responded were male (90%), which is in line with the 88% male proportion for all Belgian respondents, but slightly higher than the an average (83%). The average age of the Belgian IT Project Manager is 41.6 years old, two years younger than his/her an colleagues, who are 43.5 years old. Belgian IT Project Managers show a slightly higher Knowledge Index than the an average for the profile in Manage area only (1.98 versus 1.95), while in the other areas his/her KI is lower (1.98 Plan area versus 2.03, 1.63 Build area versus 1.74, 1.17 Run area versus 1.47, 1.50 Enable area versus 1.60). CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 21 of 57

IT Project Manager Plan (A) 1.98 2.03 Build (B) Run (C) Enable (D) 1.17 1.63 1.74 1.47 1.50 1.60 Manage (E) 1.98 1.95 Figure 18 - IT Project Manager 5.4 Software Developer The following analysis is related to the content of section 7.3.4. All Belgian Software Developers have attained a university degree or higher, which is clearly higher than the 78% of Software Developers across. Moreover, 65% of Belgian Software Developers have attained a 4 th level qualification (Masters or PhD), which is clearly greater than the an average of 49%. A lower proportion (35%) of Belgian Software Developers have come from an education background where IT was either a side subject or not significant in the curriculum, lower than the domestic rate (52%), and in line with the an (32%) average. Belgian Software Developers are the youngest IT professionals in ; on average 38.2 years old, one year younger than their an colleagues, who are 39.2 years old, and five years younger than other Belgian IT professionals. Belgian Software Developers were mainly drawn from the IT supply side (53%), which is lower than the 60% rate across. The distribution by enterprise size reflects the strong shift towards large organisations in : 94% work in large organisations (1,000+ employees) (36% across ) and the remaining 6% in small ones (11-50 employees) (11% across ). The majority of the Software Developers who responded were male (94%), which is higher than the 88% male proportion for all Belgian respondents and higher than the an average (84%) too. Belgian IT Software Developers show a lower Knowledge Index than the an average for the profile in all five areas (1.26 Plan area versus 1.44, 1.89 Build area versus 1.93, 1.57 Run area versus 1.69, 0.82 Enable area versus 1.08 and 0.91 Manage area versus 1.15). CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 22 of 57

Plan (A) Software Developer 1.26 1.44 Build (B) 1.89 1.93 Run (C) 1.57 1.69 Enable (D) 0.82 1.08 Manage (E) 0.91 1.15 Figure 19 - Software Developer 5.5 Integration & Testing Engineer The following analysis is related to the content of section 7.3.5. In, Integration & Testing Engineers have the lowest rate of higher level education, in fact only 73% have attained a university degree or higher, slightly lower than the 80% of Integration & Testing Engineers across, but rather low compared to the domestic rate (95%). In any case, 36% of Belgian Integration & Testing Engineers have attained a 4 th level qualification (Masters or PhD), which is lower than the an average of 41%. A low proportion (27%) of Belgian Integration & Testing Engineers have come from an education background where IT was either a side subject or not significant in the curriculum, compared to a 23% an average and a 52% domestic average. In Integration & Testing Engineers are 41 years old, two years younger than the average age of other Belgian respondents, and about three years older than their an colleagues, who are 38 years old. The majority of the Integration & Testing Engineers who responded were male (82%), which is smaller than the 88% male proportion for all Belgian respondents, but similar to the an average (80%) for this profile. Belgian Integration & Testing Engineers are strongly drawn from the IT demand side (73%), higher compared to the 57% for the IT demand side across. The distribution by enterprise size is as follows: the majority (82%) in large organisations (1000+ employees), about one tenth (9%) in small-medium (51-250) and the remaining (9%) in micro organisations (1-10 employees). Such distribution shows, as for the domestic one, a strong shift towards larger sized enterprises, while across medium and large enterprises (250 or more employees) count for only 48% of respondents. CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 23 of 57

Belgian Integration & Testing Engineers show a Knowledge Index lower than the an average for the profile in only two areas: Plan area (1.23 versus 1.31) and Enable area (0.87 versus 0.95); in the other areas the KI is similar or slightly higher: Build area (2.26 versus 2.25), Run area (1.77 versus 1.69), and Manage area (0.99 versus 0.98). Plan (A) Integration & Testing Engineer 1.23 1.31 Build (B) 2.26 2.25 Run (C) 1.77 1.69 Enable (D) Manage (E) 0.87 0.95 0.99 0.98 Figure 20 - Integration & Testing Engineer 5.6 IT Security Manager The following analysis is related to the content of section 7.3.6. 92% of Belgian IT Security Managers have attained a university degree or higher, in line with the 90% of IT Security Managers across. Moreover, they all have attained a 4 th level qualification (Masters or PhD), which is significantly higher than the an average of 63%. A remarkable proportion (54%) of Belgian IT Security Managers have come from an education background where IT was either a side subject or not significant in the curriculum, so only 46% of all IT Security Managers in come from an IT education background, a big gap compared to 65% of their an colleagues. The average age of a Belgian IT Security Manager is 42.5 years old, while the an average is 41.7 and the respondents average age in is 43.1. Belgian IT Security Managers were mainly drawn from the IT demand side (62%), slightly higher compared to the 59% rate across, but remarkably different from the general domestic rate of 49%. The large majority of Belgian IT Security Managers who responded were male (92%), a rate similar to 90% of an colleagues and to 88% of all Belgian respondents. 50% of Belgian IT Security Managers work in large organisations; high rates compared to their an colleagues (35%), but significantly lower when compared to all respondents from (72%). CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 24 of 57

Belgian IT Security Managers show a slightly higher Knowledge Index than the an average for the profile in three areas (1.81 Plan area versus 1.80, 1.73 Enable area versus 1.66, 2.00 Manage area versus 1.89), and a lower KI in the remaining areas (1.50 Build area versus 1.62, 1.77 Run area versus 1.98). Plan (A) Build (B) Run (C) Enable (D) Manage (E) IT Security Manager 1.81 1.80 1.50 1.62 1.77 1.98 1.73 1.66 2.00 1.89 Figure 21 - IT Security Manager 5.7 Service Support Manager The following analysis is related to the content of section 7.3.7. 88% of Belgian Service Support Managers have attained a university degree or higher, a bit higher than the 81% of Service Support Managers in, but lower than the domestic rate (95%). Moreover, 63% of Belgian Service Support Managers have attained a 4 th level qualification (Masters or PhD), which is higher than the an average of 41%. In, 56% of the Service Support Managers come from an IT education background, slightly low compared to 60% of their an colleagues but higher than the 48% rate of all Belgian respondents. The average age of a Belgian Service Support Manager is 43.7 years old, the older among an colleagues, who are 40.3 years old. The difference compared to all Belgian IT professionals is that the respondents in this profile are about six months older than other Belgian IT professionals. A relatively high proportion of the Service Support Managers who responded were female (31%), the highest rate across (where the average rate is 17%) and across Belgian IT professionals too (the average proportion of female IT professionals in is 12%). Belgian Service Support Managers are drawn equally from the IT demand and IT supply side (50% each), a balance not too different from the ratio 54:46 resulting across and in line with the ratio of 49:51 of Belgian respondents. CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 25 of 57

A very large majority of Service Support Managers work in large organisations (94%), a high rate compared to their an colleagues (37%) and higher also compared to 72% of all respondents from. Belgian Service Support Managers show a lower Knowledge Index than the an average for the profile in all of the five areas (1.16 Plan area versus 1.45, 1.41 Build area versus 1.47, 1.84 Run area versus 1.91, 0.75 Enable area versus 1.13 and 1.19 Manage area versus 1.27). Service Support Managers show worse KI also when compared to other Belgian IT Professionals. Service Support Manager Plan (A) Build (B) 1.16 1.45 1.41 1.47 Run (C) 1.84 1.91 Enable (D) Manage (E) 0.75 1.13 1.19 1.27 Figure 22 - Service Support Manager 5.8 IT Trainer The following analysis is related to the content of section 7.3.8. All Belgian IT Trainers have attained a university degree or higher, which is higher than the 85% of IT Trainers in. Moreover, 80% of them have attained a 4 th level qualification (Masters or PhD), which is greater than the an average of 57%. Only 20% of Belgian IT Trainers have come from an education background where IT was the main focus of education: a very small proportion compared to 48% of all Belgian respondents and with 57% as the an average. The average age of a Belgian IT Systems Analyst is 45.5 years old, the second oldest among an colleagues, who are 41.1 years old. Even among all Belgian professionals this is the second oldest. A small number of IT Trainers who responded were female (20%), which is slightly higher than the 12% female proportion for all Belgian respondents, but it is half the female rate of an IT Trainer which is the professional profile in which women are most represented across (41%). We must consider that the source of these figures is a small sample; 10 cases. CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 26 of 57

Belgian IT Trainers are drawn equally from the IT demand and IT supply side (50% each), a balance comparable to the ratio 49:51 resulting across and in all of too. The majority of Belgian IT Trainers work in large organisations (70%), a high rate compared to their an colleagues (29%), but in line with Belgian domestic rate (72%). Belgian IT Trainers show a lower Knowledge Index than the an average for the profile in three areas (1.33 Plan area versus 1.36, 1.19 Build area versus 1.30, 1.01 Run area versus 1.20). Knowledge Indexes are noticeably better as regard Enable area (1.52 versus 1.35) and Manage area (1.70 versus 1.46). IT Trainer Plan (A) Build (B) Run (C) Enable (D) 1.01 1.33 1.36 1.19 1.30 1.20 1.52 1.35 Manage (E) 1.46 1.70 Figure 23 IT Trainer 6 Conclusions The following section draws conclusions based on the analysis of the segmentation of eight profiles that arose from the 191 respondents in. The data gathered in this first round of the CEPIS Survey proves a high level of interest from professionals in reflecting about their own competences and their profile. However, from a statistical point of view, the results need to be treated with some degree of caution, as the sample of voluntary respondents who accepted the invitation from their CEPIS Member Society could prove to be biased and not fully representative of the total community of national IT professionals. Figure 24 below shows one dimension of the labour market represented by the distribution of profiles in respect of the size of organisations in which each single IT Professional profile works. The distribution of profiles has been segmented on the basis of the dimension of the organisation in which respondents have declared that they work. CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 27 of 57

There is evidence that the majority work in large organisations; in particular profiles like Software Developer, Service Support Manager and IT Project Manager (all with a rate higher than the general average of 84%). On the other side, only one profile, the IT Trainer, shows a significant proportion (20%) in micro organisations. 1.. 10 11.. 250 251 + (average) 5% 12% 84% IT Manager P01 IT Quality Manager & Auditor P02 IT Client Manager P03 IT Sales & Mktg Consultant P04 IT Applications Consultant P05 Business Analyst P06 IT Project Manager P07 IT Systems Analyst P08 Software Developer P09 Integr. & Testing Engineer P10 IT Systems Architect P11 IT Security Manager P12 Database Administrator P13 Network Manager P14 IT Administrator P15 IT Systems Engineer P16 Service Support Manager P17 IT Trainer P18 4% 6% 7% 7% 6% 9% 8% 6% 18% 13% 9% 8% 20% 10% 94% 79% 81% 87% 94% 82% 83% Figure 24 Profile distribution by enterprise size The analysis of profile segmentation per distribution of age (section 7.4.1) shows that the general average age in is around 43 years old against a an average age of 41. As in other countries, for there is a need to attract younger people to the IT profession without losing the experience of the older age group. The segmentation of the profiles by gender (section 7.4.3) provides evidence that the female contribution in is very limited; in some profiles the representation of women is greater than 20% (IT Trainer: 20%; Service Support Manager: 31%). In four profiles women count for 10% or less: IT Project Manager (10%), IT Security Manager (8%), IT Manager (7%) and Software Developer (6%). This shows that there is a strong need to attract more women to the IT profession. The results of the educational level (section 7.4.4 and 7.4.5) survey questions suggest that there is a very high level of attainment of degrees. For seven out of eight analysed profiles the rate is higher than the corresponding an rate. Only the Integration & Testing Engineer profile shows a lower rate. In respect of the profile distribution by IT education background, there is some evidence to suggest an insufficient IT education: in fact the Belgian average counts for more than half of IT professionals without an IT focused education. Especially within profiles like IT Manager and IT Trainer which require a more technical education. 70% CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 28 of 57

The majority of IT professionals working in the IT demand side (section 7.4.6) appears in only three profiles; IT Project Manager, IT Security Manager and Integration & Testing Engineer (all with a rate ranging from 58% to 73%). On the supply side there is predominance only for the IT Quality Manager & Auditor. The other profiles do not show particular predominance of the demand or supply side (range of distribution is between 48% and 53%). For the level of Knowledge Index (KI) (section 4.3) for Belgian respondents, it appears that there is a good situation for the Manage area, while for the Plan and Enable areas the KI for fares quite similarly to the an average. On the other hand, has low results for the Build area and especially for the Run area (the worst among surveyed countries). A deeper analysis of the Knowledge Indexes compared to each profile requirement is fundamental in order to design detailed training paths to cover the competence gaps for each proximity profile of each respondent. For further information on this study please see www.cepis.org or www.bfia.be CEPIS Survey of Professional e-competence in Page 29 of 57