EEE 355 ROBOTIC & AUTOMATION [Robotik & Pengautomatan]

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UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA Second Semester Examination 2013/2014 Academic Session June 2014 EEE 355 ROBOTIC & AUTOMATION [Robotik & Pengautomatan] Duration : 3 hours Masa : 3 jam Please check that this examination paper consists of THIRTEEN (13) of printed material before you begin the examination. [Sila pastikan bahawa kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi TIGA BELAS (13) muka surat bercetak sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini] Instructions: This question paper consists SIX (6) questions. Answer FIVE (5) questions. All questions carry the same marks. [Arahan: Kertas soalan ini mengandungi ENAM (6) soalan. Jawab LIMA (5) soalan. Semua soalan membawa jumlah markah yang sama] Answer to any question must start on a new page. [Mulakan jawapan anda untuk setiap soalan pada muka surat yang baru] In the event of any discrepancies, the English version shall be used. [Sekiranya terdapat sebarang percanggahan pada soalan peperiksaan, versi Bahasa Inggeris hendaklah diguna pakai] 2/-

- 2 - [EEE 355] 1. (a) How do choices of features affect the accuracy of inspection result? Explain with examples. Bagaimana pemilihan ciri boleh menpengaruhi kejituan keputusan pemeriksaan? Terang dengan memberikan contoh. (20 marks/markah) (b) Calculate the centroid of the object shown in Figure 1(a),(b) and (c). Kira centroid untuk object yang diberi dalam gambarajah 1(a), (b) dan 1(c). X Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 Figure 1(a) X Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 Figure 1(b) 3/-

- 3 - [EEE 355] X Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 Figure 1(c) (30 marks/markah) (c) For the above figures, suggest the image processing methods that you will use to detect the object and to differentiate whether it is normal [Figure 1(a) & 1(b)] or inverted [Figure 1(c)]. Support and show how the features that you choose would be able to solve the problem. Untuk gambarajah di atas, cadangkan kaedah pemproses imej yang anda akan guna untuk mengesan objek tersebut dan untuk membezakan sama ada ia normal [Rajah 1(a) &1 (b)] atau terbalik [Rajah 1(c)]. Bincang dan tunjukkan bagaimana ciri yang dipilih boleh menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. (50 marks/markah) 4/-

- 4 - [EEE 355] 2. (a) An image of 4(W) * 7(H) is given in Figure 2(a) with graylevel intensity of 0-7 and the desired histogram is shown in Figure 2(b). Perform the histogram specification. Show the steps and the final output image. Can you obtain the final output image according to the desired histogram and explain why if it does not achieve the desired histogram. Satu imej 4(W) * 7(H) diberikan pada Rajah 2(a) dengan intensity 0-7 dan histogram yang dikehendaki ditunjukkan pada Rajah 2(b). Laksanakan spesifikasi histogram. Tunjukkan langkah-langkah yang dijalankan dan imej output yang terhasil. Bolehkah anda dapatkan imej output yang dikehendaki dan terangkan mengapa jika ia tidak dapat dicapai. 1 6 5 0 2 5 5 2 4 3 5 3 5 5 6 7 4 3 7 6 5 4 6 6 0 7 6 6 Figure 2(a) Rajah 2(a) Desired histogram Greylevel Histogram yang Warna kelabu dikehendaki 0 0 1 2 2 5 3 7 4 7 5 5 6 2 7 0 Figure 2(b) Rajah 2(b) (50 marks/markah) 5/-

- 5 - [EEE 355] (b) Figure 2(b)(i) Good wire bonding (ii) Missing wire bonding Rajah 2(b)(i) Pengikat wayar baik (ii) Pengikat wayar hilang The image is given in Figure 2b(i) while Figure 2b(ii) shows one type of defects where one pad is missing one wire bonding. Images are captured for two pads each time. You are requested to design an algorithm to detect any missing wire bonding of the two pads. State all the assumptions that you have made. Imej pada Gambarajah 2b(i) merupakan imej yang tiada kecacatan dan imej pada Gambarajah 2b(ii) merupakan imej yang kurang satu wayar. Imej diambil setiap kali untuk dua pad. Anda diminta untuk mereka bentuk satu algoritma yang boleh mengesan kekurangan wayar untuk dua pad tersebut. Nyatakan semua andaian yang anda buat. (50 marks/markah) 3. (a) A product which is to be measured is requested by a customer of a machine vision company. You has been requested to design a machine vision system to measure the product. The customer has given the specification in Table 3.1. Satu produk yang perlu diukur telah diminta oleh pelangan sebuah syarikat penglihatan mesin. Anda telah diminta untuk merekabentuk satu sistem penglihatan mesin untuk mengukur produk tersebut. Pelanggan telah memberikan spesifikasi produk seperti di Jadual 3.1. 6/-

- 6 - [EEE 355] Table 3.1 Specification of product Jadual 3.1 Spesifikasi produk Specification Object size Accuracy Working distance Object surface and texture Object color Comments 4mm<size<10mm (H) 5mm <size< 12 mm (V) 0.1 mm 15cm Smooth and plain Silver Specifications of camera and lenses that your company has are as shown in Table 3.2, Table 3.3 and Table 3.4 Spesifikasi kamera dan kanta yang terdapat di syarikat anda dipaparkan dalam Jadual 3.2, Jadual 3.3 dan Jadual 3.4 Table 3.2/Jadual 3.2 Camera 1 Camera 2 Camera 3 Camera 4 ½ sensor 1 sensor 2/3 sensor 1/3 sensor USB 3 GigE USB 3 USB 3 1434 (H) 1050 (V) 1280 (H) x 1024 (V) 1280 (H) x 1024 (V) 1280 (H) x 1024 (V) 30 frames/second 30 frames/second 30 frames/second 30 frames/second CS mount C mount CS mount C mount RM 9000.00 RM 12000.00 RM 11000.00 RM 11000.00 Table 3.3 shows the dimension for various sensor size Jadual 3.3 menunjukkan dimensi untuk saiz penderia Sensor W(mm) H(mm) D(mm) 1/4" 3.6 2.7 4.5 1/3" 4.8 3.6 6 1/2" 6.4 4.8 8 2/3" 8.8 6.6 11 1" 12.8 9.6 16 Dimensions in mm 7/-

- 7 - [EEE 355] Table 3.4 : shows the lens specification Jadual 3.4 : menunjukkan spesifikasi kanta Lens Model CSH35 CL35 CFH50 CSH50 Focal Length(mm) 35 35 50 50 Type of mount CS C C CS Mega pixel Yes No Yes Yes Minimum Object Distance(mm) 100 200 100 120 Design the machine vision system and suggest all the following components : Camera, lenses, lighting techniques. State the reason for all your selection. State all the assumptions made. Reka bentuk sistem penglihatan mesin dan cadangkan komponen berikut: kamera, kanta dan teknik pencahayaan. Nyatakan alasan pemilihan anda. Nyatakan juga semua andaian yang dibuat. (60 marks/markah) (b) What is edge detection? Explain the fundamental concept of edge detection technique and what criteria can be considered to choose the best edge detection technique. Explain why the best edge detection algorithm may not be chosen in machine vision application Apakah itu pengesan tepi? Terangkan konsep fundamental teknik pengesan tepi dan apakah kriteria yang digunakan untuk memilih teknik pengesan tepi yang paling baik. Terangkan kenapa pengesan tepi yang terbaik mungkin tidak diguna dalam aplikasi penglihatan mesin. (40 marks/markah) 8/-

-8 - [EEE 355] 4. (a) Describe the important components of the Homogenous Transformation Matrix, T with reference to an industrial robotic arm, and the relationship of this matrix T with the Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) parameters. Provide a suitable sketch to represent the D-H parameters. Huraikan komponen utama Matriks Penjelmaan Homogen, T merujuk kepada sebuah lengan robot industri, dan kaitannya dengan parameterparameter Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H). Berikan lakaran yang sesuai untuk menggambarkan parameter-parameter D-H. (20 marks/markah) (b) From the robotic arm layout given in Figure 4(a), extract the D-H parameter values and provide the values of matrix 0 T 3. Use appropriate assumptions for the moving frames and others values needed to simplify the analyses. Daripada lakaran lengan robot yang ditunjukkan di dalam Rajah 4(a), tentukan nilai-nilai parameter D-H dan berikan nilai-nilai di dalam matriks 0 T 3. Gunakan andaian-andaian yang sesuai bagi kerangka-kerangka bergerak dan nilai-nilai lain untuk meringkaskan analisa. (40 marks/markah) Figure 4(a) Rajah 4(a) 9/-

-9 - [EEE 355] (c) Given a rotation matrix sequence, R, with the following representation: Diberi matriks pusingan berturutan, R, dengan perwakilan berikut: R Rz( )R y( )R x( ) cos cos cos sin sin sin sin cos cos sin sin sin sin cos cos sin cos cos sin cos sin sin cos sin sin sin cos cos cos What are the values of the Euler angles that produce the rotation with the following values: Apakah nilai-nilai sudut Euler (φ, θ, ψ) yang menghasilkan pusingan dengan nilai sedemikian: (40 marks/markah) 5. (a) Describe the importance of conducting dynamic analysis with reference to an industrial robotic arm and two methods that can be utilized to do the analysis. State the differences between the forward dynamic analysis and the inverse dynamic analysis. Huraikan kepentingan melakukan analisa dinamik dengan merujuk kepada sebuah lengan robot industri dan dua kaedah yang boleh digunakan untuk melakukan analisa ini. Nyatakan perbezaan antara analisa dinamik terus dan analisa dinamik songsang. (25 marks/markah) 10/-

-10 - [EEE 355] (b) Determine the equation of motion for the 2DOF manipulator shown in Figure 5(b) using the Lagrangian-Euler approach. (Please refer to question 5(c). Assume L 1 and L 2 have M 1 and M 2 at the end of respective links. Tentukan persamaan pergerakan bagi penggerak 2DOF yang ditunjukkan di dalam Rajah 5(c) menggunakan kaedah Lagrangian-Euler (Sila rujuk Rajah 5(b). Andaikan lengan L 1 dan L 2 mempunyai nilai M 1 dan M 2 di hujung penyambung berkaitan. (45 marks/markah) Figure 5(b) Rajah 5(b) 11/-

-11 - [EEE 355] (c) It is desired to have the second joint of a six-axis robot go from initial angle of 30 0 to a final angle of 75 0 in 5 seconds. Using a third-order polynomial, calculate the joint angle at 1, 2, 3 and 4 seconds. Draw the position, velocity and acceleration curves for the motion. Sendi ke-2 bagi sebuah robot 6-paksi ingin digerakkan daripada sudut awal pada 30 0 kepada sudur akhir 75 0 di dalam tempoh 5 saat. Dengan menggunakan polynomial tertib ke-3, tentukan nilai sudut pada saat pertama, kedua, ketiga dan keempat. Lakarkan lengkuk-lengkuk untuk nilai kedudukan, halaju dan pecutan pergerakan berkaitan. (30 marks/markah) 6. Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram of the 2-DOF robot. The first joint is a rotational joint whose axis of rotation is along the z-axis and its joint coordinate is θ. The second joint is a translational joint whose axis is along the second link s longitudinal axis Rajah 6 menunjukkan rajah skematik bagi sebuah robot 2-DOF. Sendi pertama adalah jenis pusingan dengan paksi pusingan adalah sepanjang paksi z dan koordinat sendinya adalah θ. Sendi kedua adalah sendi peralihan dengan paksinya pada sepanjang paksi longitudinal. (a) Derive an expression for the position of the point mass as a function of the joint coordinates. Terbitkan persamaan untuk kedudukan titik jisim sebagai fungsi koordinat sendi. (20 marks/markah) 12/-

-12 - [EEE 355] (b) Derive the complete inverse kinematic solutions for this robot. That is, derive the expressions for the two joint coordinates as functions of the position of the point mass. Terbitkan penyelesaian lengkap kinematik songsang bagi robot ini. Iaitu, terbitkan persamaan untuk koordinat dua sendi sebagai fungsi kedudukan titik jisim. (30 marks/markah) (c) Determine the 2x2 Jacobian for this robot. Tentukan nilai Jacobian 2x2 untuk robot ini. (20 marks/markah) (d) Sketch the workspace of this robot. Lakarkan ruang-kerja bagi robot ini. (10 marks/markah) (e) Does this robot have any singularities? If so, determine the joint positions where the robot is at a singularity. How many degrees of freedom are lost at the singularity? Apakah robot ini mempunyai keadaan-keadaan tunggal? Jika ada, tentukan kedudukan-kedudukan sendi apabila robot ini berada di dalam keadaan tunggal. Berapakah darjah kebebasan yang akan hilang pada keadaan tunggal ini? (20 marks/markah) 13/-

-13 - [EEE 355] Figure 6 Rajah 6 ooo0ooo