Instructions: Answer all fourteen [14] questions. tannan:. Jawab semua empat belas [14] soalan.l. [Matematik Diskret] MSS Discrete Mathematics

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UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA Second Semester Examination Academic Session 2007 12008 April2008 MSS 318 - Discrete Mathematics [Matematik Diskret] Duration :3 hours [Masa : 3 jamj Please check that this examination paper consists of FIVE pages of printed material before you begin the examination. [Sila pastikan bahawa keftas peperiksaan ini mengandungi LIMA muka surat yang bercetak sebelum anda memulakan pepeiksaan ini.l Instructions: Answer all fourteen [14] questions. tannan:. Jawab semua empat belas [14] soalan.l...2t-

2 IMSS 3{81 1. ) How many different functions are there from a set with four elements to a set with five elements? How manv of these functions are one-one? 12 marksl Using the Pigeonhole principle, show that, if any eight integers are selected from the set S : { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14\, there are at least two among these whose sum is fifteen. 3. Find n if P(n, 4) : 12 P(n,2) where P(n, r) is the number of r-permutations of n elements. 4. If a department contains six men and five women how many ways are there to form a committee with six members if the committee must have the same number of men and women? 5. In how many ways can all the symbols in the set {4 b, c, d, e, e, arranged in a line so that no e is adjacent to another e? e, e, e be How many vertices are there for a graph with 10 edges, two vertices of degree 4 and all others of degree 3? 7. Draw the undirected graph represented by the following adjacency matrix: (r 2 o t) 12 o 3 0l lo 3 1 1l [roro) Does there exist a simple graph with vertex degtees 0, 1,2,3,4, 5? Justiff your answer. 9. Find the chromatic number of each of the following graphs where n (nz 3) is the number of vertices: (i) the complete graph & (id the cycle C,....31-

3 [MSS 3181 I. Berapalrah bilangan fungsi berlainan yang wujud dari suatu set dengan empat unsur kepada suatu set dengan lima unsur? Berapakah daripada fungsi ini yang merupakan satu-satu? Menggunakan prinsip 'Pigeonhale', tunjukkan bahawa, di antara sebarang lapan integer dari set S: : {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14}, terdapat seluranglarangnya dua daripada merelca yang hasil tambah mereka adalah lima belas. 3. Cari n jika P(n, 4) : 12 P(n, 2) di mana P(n, r) merupakan bilangan r-permutasi atas n unsur. 4. 5. Sekiranya suatu jabatan mempunyai enam orang lelaki dan lima orang wanita, berapalrah bilangan cara membentuk suatu jawatanhtasa dengan enam orang ahli yang mengandungi bilangan sama lelaki danwanita? Berapalmh bilangan cara semuo simbol dalam set { a, b, c, d, e, e, e, e,e } diaturlrnn dalam satu baris supaya tiada e yang berkedudukan sebelah satu lagi e? 6. 7. Berapakah bilangan vertelcs bagi suatu graf dengan 10 sisi, dua vertelcs berdarjah 4 dan yang lain berdarjah 3? Lukislrnn suatu graf tak berarah untuk mewadli matrils adjasensi berikut: (tzor) 12 0, ol l0 3 I 1l uora) Wujudkah suatu graf simpel dengan verteks berdarjah 0, I, 2, 3, al as an untuk j aw ap an anda. 4, 5? Berilcan 9. Cari bilangan lvomatik bagi setiap graf berilatt jika n (n bilangan vertel<s bagi: (i) graf lengknp K, (ii) kitar C,. > 3) merupakan [2 markah]...4t-

4 [MSS 3181 10. Given Z: { 1,2,3,4,5,6 }, determine the values of v, b, r, k, A' for the I balanced incomplete block (v, b, r, k, 1)- design given by the following blocks: 124 134 1s6 236 346 t26 135 235 245 456 11. (a) Write down the formula for r-combinations from a set with n elements when repetitions are allowed. Using this determine the number of solutions to the equation \ 1- xz * x3 * xt * xs : 21 whera x1, &te non-negative integers for i = l,...,5. (b) In how many ways can seven people be arranged around a circular table, if arrangements are considered the same when one arangement can be obtained from the other by rotation of the table? If two of the people insist on sitting next to each other how many arrangements are possible? (c) How many bit strings of length l0 contain i) exactly four ls ii) an equal number of 0s and ls? 12. (a) Solve the following reerurence relation together with the initial conditions: an - 4an-t * 4an-2 : 0, n72, ao:6,4t=8. (b) Find all solutions of the following recurrence relation with the given initial condition: on: 24n- t* 3n, ag: l. (c) Using generating functions solve the recrurence relation with the initial condition: an : 2 0n- l, oo: 5. 13. (a) State a necessary and sufficient condition for a connected graph to have an Euler circuit. Using this find the values of n such that the complete graph K, has an Euler circuit. (b) If a bipartite graph has a Hamiltonian circuit, show that it has only an even number of vertices. (c) If G isatreewithn vertices and m edges,showthatm = n-1. [20 marksj 14. (a) Show that an undirected graph has an even number of odd vertices. (b) If a connected planar graph has six vertices each of degree 4, find the number of regions into which the plane is divided by a planar representation of this graph. (c) Show that vr : bk for arty (v,b,r,k,2)-design..,.5t-

5 [MSS 3181 10. Diberikan V : { I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }, tentukan bilangan v, b, r, k, )" bagi blok tak Ienglrap seimbang bagi rekabentuk-(v, b, r, h A ) tang diberi oleh blok berikut: r24 r34 1 56 236 346 t26 t35 235 245 456 [2 narknhj II. (a) Tuliskan rumus untuk r-kambinasi dari suatu set dengan n unsur sekiranya ulangan dib enarkan. Gunakannya untuk m enentukan b il an gan p e nyele s ai an Irepadapersomqon )c1 a*t +xt *xt+-x5 2I dimana x;,rfi rupaftan integer tak negatif untuk i = I,..., 5. (b) Berapkah bilangon cara untuk menyusun tujuh orang mengelilingi suatu meja bulat, sekiranya satu susunan yang boleh diperoleh dari satu susunan yang lain melalui putaran dikira sebagoi aturan yang sama? Sekiranya dua daripada mereka harus duduk bersebelahan satu sama lain, berapakah bilanagan susunan yang mungkin? (c) Berapakah bilangan rangkai bit panjang 10 yang mengandungi i) tepat sebilangan empat nombor I ii) bilangan nombor 0 dan I yang sama? 1 2. (a) Selesaikan hubungan rekurens berikut berserta syarat qwal: an - 4on-t * 4ao-2 : 0, n22, o0:6, ot:8, [20 marlwhj (b) Cari semua penyelesoian bagi hubungan relurens berihtt berserta syarat awal: or:2on-l* j', ag:1. (c) Gunakan fungsi penjana untuk menyelesaikan hubungan relwrens dengan syarat awal berilwt: dn: 2cln-L ao: 5. [20 narkahj 13. (a) Nyatakan syarat perlu dan cukup untuk suatu graf berkoit mempunyai litar Euler. Dengan itu, cari nilai bagi n supoya gtaf lengknp K, mempunyai litar Euler. O) Jikn suatu graf dwibahagian mempunyai suatu litar Hamiltonian, tunjukkan bahowa ia hanya mempunyai sebilangan genap verteks. (c) Jilca G suatu pokok dengan sebilangan n verteks dan m sisi, tunjukkan bahawam : n- l. [20 markahj 14. (a) Tunjukkan bahawa suatu graf tak berarah mempunyai sebilangan genap vertelcs. (b)jilu suatu graf planar berknit mempunyai enam vertel<s setiapnya berdarjah 4, cari bilangan kswasan yang satah ini dibahagilmn oleh suatu pert'vakilan bersatah bagi graf ini. (c) Tunjukkan bahm,ya vr : bk untuk sebarang rekabentuk-(v,b,r,k,).). [20 markahj -ooooooo-