Wireless Sensor Networks 11th Lecture 29.11.2006 Christian Schindelhauer schindel@informatik.uni-freiburg.de 1
Bluetooth in WSN? There are several commercially available MAC protocol/products Wi-Fi Bluetooth Why not Bluetooth in WSN? The need to constantly have a master node Limited number of active slaves per piconet Active slave must always be switched on Passive slave has to apply at master to be active slave Complexity Tight synchronization among nodes in piconet Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-2
However Strong points: Spread Spectrum radio Mass production: ensures robustness and reduces cost Dual-radio BTnodes (research at ETH Zürich): Bluetooth subsystem Low-power radio Scatternets with max. 4 Piconets Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-3
Understanding Bluetooth Bluetooth Characteristics Protocol Stack Architecture: Piconets Scatternets Radio Specifications Baseband Specifications FHSS and TDD Packet Formats Error Correction Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-4
Characteristics Initial goal: Cable replacement Operates in the unlicensed ISM 2.4 GHz range, using FHSS Short communication range Asynchronous (data) and synchronous (voice) service supported Data rate No need for infra-structure Low power consumption Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-5
Lower Layer Protocols Applications Higher Layers Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) Link Manager Protocol (LMP) Host Controller Interface (HCI) Radio Bluetooth Module Baseband Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-6
Network Topologies Conventional ad hoc network Bluetooth Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-7
Piconet An FH Bluetooth channel is associated with a piconet. Star Topology 1 Master, up to 7 active slaves Unlimited number of passive slaves Master: determines hopping scheme and timing Administers piconet (polling) Logical Channels Asynchronous, packet oriented Synchronous, connection-oriented (voice, slot reservation) master parked slave active slave standby Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-8
Scatternet Scatternet intersecting piconets. Devices can be slave in both or master in one and slave in other. S M Piconets with overlapping coverage use different hopping sequences Collisions may occur when multiple piconets use the same carrier frequency at the same time P S SB S Devices can participate in multiple piconets simultaneously, creating a scatternet A device can only be the master of one piconet at a time A device may serve as master in one piconet and slave in another SB S P M P A device may serve as slave in multiple piconets M=Master SB=Standby P=Parked S=Slave Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-9
Radio & Baseband Specification Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM: Divided into 79 hop frequencies: f = 2402+k MHz, k= 0,..78 (but 23 in Spain, France, Japan), spaced 1 MHz apart. Restriction of ISM band for FH system: Signal bandwidth is limited to 1 MHz Data rates is limited to 1 Mb/s per channel GFSK: Binary 1 : sent as positive freq deviation from RF channel center freq Binary 0 : sent as negative freq deviation from the channel center freq Bluetooth radio is based on FHSS and TDD: In time domain, RF channel is divided into time slot of 625 micro secs on different frequency Terminology: Frame = a complete transmit/receive cycle Slot = a 625 microsecond segment within a frame Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-10
Frequency Hopping & Time Division Duplexing f k f k+1 f k+2 f k+3 Master Slave1 625 µs Slot 1 Slot2 625 µs Slot 3 Slot4 t Frame 1 Frame 2 Complete packet transmission occurs during a Slot Frequency hops from Slot to Slot to Slot Frames define matched Master / Slave Slot transmissions Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-11
Multi-Slave Transmission f k f k+1 f k+2 Master f k+3 f k+4 f k+5 Slave1 Slave2 t The Bluetooth master interleaves traffic between multiple simultaneously active slaves. Each Master can support up to 7 simultaneously active slaves Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-12
Multi-Slot Packets Reduced Overhead 625 µs Single-slot f(k) f(k+1) f(k+2) f(k+3) f(k+4) f(k+5) f(k+6) Tx Rx 3-slot f(k) Tx Rx 5-slot f(k) Tx Rx Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-13
Point to Multi-Point Transmission f k f k+1 f k+2 Master f k+3 f k+4 f k+5 Slave1 Slave2 Slave3 t The Bluetooth Master can also simultaneously transmit to all of its active Slaves at one time In such transmissions there can be no reverse traffic from the Slaves Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-14
FHSS in Piconet 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Piconet A Contention Active Piconets: 1 Total Transmission Slots: 100 Transmission Slots Hit: 0 Transmission Efficiency: ~100% Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-15
Bluetooth Piconets Degrade Gracefully with Density... 80 80 70 70 60 50 40 30 Ten active piconets 1000 transmission slots 56 collisions 112 slots corrupted ~89% net efficiency 60 50 40 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Piconet A Piconet B Piconet C Piconet D Piconet E Piconet F Piconet G Piconet H Piconet I Piconet J Contention Contention Contention Contention Contention Contention Contention Contention Contention Contention Active Piconets: 10 Total Transmission Slots: 1000 Transmission Slots Hit: 112 Transmission Efficiency: ~89% Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-16
Baseband: Packets Packet Format: Access Code: timing synchronization, offset compensation, paging and inquiry. Three types : Channel Access Code (CAC), Device Access Code (DAC) and Inquiry Access Code (IAC). Packet Header: Target device address Type code information for packet acknowledgement, sequencing, flow control, CRC Payload: voice field, data field or both. Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-17
Baseband: Error Correction Fast ARQ is implemented To minimize complexity, overhead, and wasteful retransmission Sender is notified of packet reception in Rx slot after Tx Wireless Sensor Networks 21.11.2006 Lecture No. 06-18
Thank you Wireless Sensor Networks Christian Schindelhauer schindel@informatik.uni-freiburg.de 11th Lecture 29.11.2006 19