QUO VADIS RFID TECHNOLOGY? EMERGING RFID TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP O. Vermesan, SINTEF, Oslo, Norway D. Grosso, Montalbano Technology, Genova,, Italy F. Dell'Ova,, ST Microelectronics, Rousset,, France C. Prior, ST Microelectronics, Rousset,, France
Outline Identification Technologies Wireless Domains/Wireless Networks RFID Technology Dependencies RFID Tags Complex Smart Systems RFID Tags in the Real World - Market needs Research Priorities in Europe RFID Business Models Summary
Identification Technologies
Wireless Domains : Power DISTANCE 10 100Kb/s 1Mb/s 10Mb/s 100Mb/s 1Gb/s 1 100m 0.1 10m 100m 10m 1m 10cm RFID NFC ZigBee Bluetooth WiFi USB 1 10 1m 10cm RATE COST 100Kb/s 1Mb/s 10Mb/s 100Mb/s 1Gb/s 0.1
Wireless Networks WLAN Wireless local area networks WPAN Wireless personal area networks Bluetooth WBAN Wireless body area networks WIN Wireless instrumentation networks ZigBee Ubiquitous RFID-networks Infrared-based communication networks IrDA
Wireless Complementaries M2M H2M/H RFID (424kb/s, 7m, 13.56MHZ, 866-960MHZ, 2.45GHz) RFID ZigBee* (250kb/s, 10m, 2.47GHz) ZibBee* a (20kb/s, 75m, 900 MHz) Personal Bluetooth (750kb/s, 10m, 2.47GHz) UWB (50Mb/s, 30m, Wide Range) WPAN Local WI-FI (50-320Mb/s, 100m, 2.4-5GHz) Passive Low Cost WLAN Metropolitan WI-Max (70Mb/s, 50Km, 2-11GHz) UMTS, CDMA (2Mb/s), EDGE, MBWA Active Mid/High Cost WMAN
Expansion of Non-PC Devices Source: H. Nakamoto and M. Komeichi, IT Road Map toward 2010
RFID Technology Dependencies Bandwith Sideband Transmitt Power Frequency/Wavelength Range Protocol Complexity Protocol Complexiry Power Gate Density Memory Standards Medium Omnidirection Antenna Type Antenna Gain Sensitivity Range Application Environment Requirements RFID Device Cost Data Rate Power Size Sensor Technology Silicon Technology Operating Voltage Capacitance Mixed Signal Interface Gate Density Memory/EEPROM Rectifier Efficency Total Power Size Size Cost Sensitivity Power
RFID Timeline
RFID Standards
RFID Tags-Complex Smart Systems Many alternatives in terms of design and assembly Several components and suppliers ICs (SoC) Sensors Batteries Inlays & labels Antenna design & printing
IC Design Trade-Offs On-chip intelligence FSM, micro-programmed logic, microcontroller Wider programmability implies higher power consumption Embedded memory Higher capacity higher die size and power consumption Embedded sensors Higher design complexity Easier assembly phase Smaller tag cost
RFID Technology Memory Non-Volatile Memory In-System Reprogramability up to 100,000 times Operating Temperatures of op to 125ºC Ultra-Low Manufacturing Cost Ultra-Low Power Consumption Endurance of 10 years Overall SoC Mask Costs Silicon Area Silicon Costs Design Risk Design Time
Functionality vs Memory Functionality Smart Card OS, Cryptographic Coprocessor Smart Card OS Authentication, Encryption (State Machine) Anti-collision Read-Write Passive RFID Tag 135 khz, 13.56 MHz 860-930 MHz, 2.45 GHz ISO 15693, ISO 18000 ISO 14223 ISO 14443 Dual Interface Smart Card 13.56 MHz ISO 14443 Contact-less Smart Card 13.56 MHz Active RFID Tag 868/915 MHz, 2.45 GHz ISO 18000 Read-Only EAS* Fixed Code RFID Tag 1 4 16 64 512 2 k 8 k 32 k 128 k Memory Size (bytes) * Electronic Article Surveillance Source: Klaus Finkenzeller RFID Handbook
IC Features Market Trends Features Improvement -Memory Extension : -Improved Security/Privacy Schemes Class2 I/O-Proocol Security Memory User Logic RF Class1 Memory EPC Logic RF Cost Improvement WW Frequency Compliance - High Sensitivity Front-End - Support Market Trend Prices New Features -Sensors : Temperature/Pressure/ - Battery Assisted Class3 Class1 Memory EPC Logic RF Sensor Memory PG & Data Logic RF Battery
RFID Device Complexity RFID Tag Price vs. Complexity
RFID Tags in the Real World Used to enhance people safety Towards self-certification of goods and materials: Drugs, vaccines and blood derivatives reporting thermal history Perishables reporting residual shelf life Diagnostic and wear detection systems for machineries, materials and structures
RFID Devices Evolution Evolution in RFID tags functionalities implies an evolution in tag s technology: Intelligence and processing capabilities Sensors and actuators Higher data storage capabilities Open interface to sensor networking
Technology Challenges Evolution in tags functionalities Electronic product code Sensing, storing and transferring information Acting and interacting in a sensor network Smart Tags (sensing, acting, displaying) Interface with everything, everywhere Internet of Things membership
RFID/Sensor Network Node ity m Pr Pr o ne o ne ox i ity e og e og m er er ox i Coexistsnce et H et H Coexistsnce us us er er w Po ty si ty si RFID Ubiquitous Network Node en D en D Cost Multihop Simplex w Multihop Po Simplex Cost Sensor Network Node
End to End RFID Solution OBJECT R F Sensors NETWORK Linking WEB and Real World Internet of Things USAGE
RFID Research Priorities in Europe
RFID Business Models EPC global philosophy aims at developing and disseminating ultra low cost tags with very limited features and to centralize the information on data servers managed by service operators. Value resides in the data management. More functions into the tags bringing local services and added value to the tag itself. Sensing RFID devices. Distributing the information both on centralized data servers and on the intelligent sensing RFID tags and develop the network infrastructure for communication.
Summary Perspective 2008 2012 2016 Research Technologies definitions and future developments ROI studies Internet of Things Technology Defined Integration of hybrid technologies sensors/actuators/display/ memory Technology challenges described Wireless sensor networks implementation New business paradigms Secure/Trusted RFID Defining the Browser and the Search engine for the Internet of Things Energy harvesting active RFID tags ID, track and trace anything, everywhere while respecting privacy/security and business rules Search the physical world as a commodity Self aware physical world RFID tags for everyone/everything Standardization RFID standards established Definition of hardware standards Progress on software standards Global frequency acceptance Defined use cases Adoption in new industries Secure RFID standards RFID competitive advantage demonstrated RFID tags demanded for their benefits to consumers RFID adopted and accepted as competitive advantage RFID visibility leads to new business processes and actions Industry Adoption of RFID Business benefits Business cases Adoption in logistics Item level tagging Adoption in healthcare New use cases in industry Routine value extraction with RFID Adoption in different industries RFID tags on majority of products for business advantage New industries adopt RFID