Transmission Technology Ses SDH ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 1
CONTENTS SDH PROTECTION PLANNING SYNCHRONISATION ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 2
SDH: DISCUSSION AREA WHAT IS SDH? EVOLUTION DRIVING FORCES LIMITATIONS OF PDH ADVANTAGES OF SDH SIGNAL HIERARCHY MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE FRAME REPRESENTATION NETWORK ELEMENTS NETWORK TOPOLOGY, etc... ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 3
WHAT IS S D H? SYNCHRONOUS : ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS SYNCHRONISE WITH IT. DIGITAL: INFORMATION IN BINARY. HIERARCHY: SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL ORDER. ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 4
WHAT IS S D H? (CONTD) SDH IS AN ITU-T STANDARD FOR A HIGH CAPACITY TELECOM NETWORK. SDH IS A SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM, AIM TO PROVIDE A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL AND FLEXIBLE TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE. ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 5
SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION ATTEMPTS TO FORMULATE STANDARDS FOR TRANSMISSION OF SYNCHRONOUS SIGNALS BEGAN IN U.S. AT THE BEGINNING OF 1984, BY ANSI ACCREDITED T1X1 COMMITTEE. IN 1985 SONET STANDARD WAS BORN. IN 1986 CCITT BECAME INTERESTED IN SONET STANDARD. ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 6
SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION (CONTD) CCITT PROPOSED CHANGES TO T1X1 COMMITTEE TO ACCOMMODATE BOTH AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HIERARCHIES. FINAL AGREEMENT WAS REACHED IN 1988 AND CCITT WORKING GROUP-XVIII CAME OUT WITH RECOMMENDATIONS ON SDH. ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 7
DRIVING FORCES NEW ENHANCED SERVICES NEEDING SYNCHRONIZATION SOLUTION. QoS QoS REQUIREMENT MULTI-OPERATOR ENVIRONMENT LIMITATION OF OF TO-DAY S NETWORK ADVANTAGES OF OF SDH SDH ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 8
LIMITATIONS OF PDH NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES: -THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE ENCODING METHODS. BASIS OF TODAY S HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK -ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING NETWORK REQUIREMENT -CHANGING REQUIREMENT ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 9
PDH HIERARCHIES EUROPE (Mbps) USA (Mbps) JAPAN (Mbps) 565 x4 140 x4 34 x4 8 x4 2 274 x6 45 x7 6 x4 1.5 400 x4 100 x3 32 x5 6 x4 1.5 ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 10
LIMITATIONS OF PDH NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES: -THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE ENCODING METHODS. BASIS OF TODAY S HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK -ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING NETWORK REQUIREMENT -CHANGING REQUIREMENT ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 11
BASIS OF TODAY S NETWORK M U X M U X LINE M U X M U X M U X DDF DDF DDF DDF M U X DDF DDF ELABORATE DROPPING ARRANGEMENT ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 12
LIMITATIONS OF PDH NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES: -THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE ENCODING METHODS. BASIS OF TODAY S HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK -ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING NETWORK REQUIREMENT -CHANGING REQUIREMENT ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 13
CHANGING NETWORK REQUIREMENT Yesterday s NETWORK POINT-TO-POINT TRANSMISSION SUPPORTED BY MANUAL APPROACH TO NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE. CUSTOMER S NEED FASTER PROVISIONING OF CIRCUITS AND SERVICES & DEMANDS FOR SOPHISTICATED TELECOM SERVICES Today s NETWORK TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKING SUPPORTED BY COMPUTER BASED INTEGRATED NETWORK MANAGEMENT MAINTENANCE ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 14
SDH- ADVANTAGES SIMPLIFICATION (ABILITY TO DIRECTLY DROP LOWER TRIB) CAN ACCOMMODATE BOTH EXISTING AND FUTURE SIGNALS IMPROVED SERVICE QUALITY (THROUGH SUPERVISION ) ADVANCED N/W MANAGEMENT AND MTCE CAPABILITIES. N/W SURVIVABILITY DYNAMIC N/W CAPACITY MANAGEMENT MULTI VENDOR NETWORKING ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 15
SDH ACCOMMODATES EXISTING SIGNALS 34M 8M 140M 34M 1 3 C4 C3 S D H 2M 8M 64K 2M 1 63 C12 M U X ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 16
SIGNAL HIERARCHY SONET vs SDH BIT RATES SONET SDH SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL BIT RATE SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNAL CARRIER MBPS TRANSPORT MODULE STS-1 OC-1 51.84 ---- STS-3 OC-3 155.52 STM-1 STS-9 OC-9 466.56 ---- STS-12 OC-12 622.08 STM-4 STS-18 OC-18 933.12 --- STS-24 OC-24 1244.16 --- STS--36 OC-36 1866.24 --- STS-48 OC-48 2488.32 STM-16 STS-192 OC-192 9953.28 STM-64 *BIT RATES FOR HIGHER ORDER IS N-TIMES THE LOWER ORDER ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 17
REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140Mbps TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 34Mbps TUG-2 TU-1 VC-1 C-1 2Mbps (REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING) ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 18
MUX PRINCIPLE Container-n( n=1-4 ): ): A container is is the information structure which forms the network synchronous information payload for a virtual container SIGNAL CONTAINER ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 19
MUX PRINCIPLE: CONTAINERS(C-n) SIG SIGNAL C-1 SIGNAL C-3 C-4 ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 20
MUX PRINCIPLE: VC-n Virtual Container-n(VC-n):It is is the information structure used to to support path layer connections in in the SDH. Two types of of VCs: Lower order VC-n(n=1,2) Higher order Vc-n(n=3,4) P O H CONTAINER ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 21
MUX PRINCIPLE: TU-n/ AU It It is is an an information structure which provides adaptation between two two layers: -Between lower and and higher order path path layers for for TU TU -Between higher order path path layer and and section layer for for AU AU P T R P O H CONTAINER POINTER is is an an indicator whose value defines the the frame offset of of a VC VC with with respect to to the the frame reference of of the the transport entity on on which it it is is supported ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 22
MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-4 ) S O H P T R P O H CONTAINER-4 ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 23
MULTIPLEXING FROM C-4 CONTAINER-4 C-4 POH C-4 VC-4 PTR VC-4 AU-4 PTR VC-4 AUG SOH AUG STM-1 ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 24
MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-3) S O H P T R P O H TUG-3 TUG-3 TUG-3 P T R P O H CONTAINER-3 ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 25
MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-1) S O H P T R P O H TUG-3 TUG-3 TUG-3 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TU-1 TU-1 TU-1 P T R P O H CONTAINER-1 ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 26
The Container (C) Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH) Synchronous to the STM-1 Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure Bit by bit stuffing The Virtual Container (VC) Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead) Transport as a unit through the network (SDH) A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 27
The Tributary Unit (TU) Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC The Tributary Unit Group (TUG) Combines several TUs for a new VC The Administrative Unit (AU) Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM- 1) Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs Clock justification through stuffing in the AU pointer area byte by byte stuffing ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 28
SDH FRAME REPRESENTATION 9 261 S O H PAY LOAD 270 (MATRIX REPRESENTATION) ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 29
1 9 270 Columns (Bytes) 270 transmit row by row 1 3 4 5 RSOH AU Pointer Payload (transport capacity) MSOH 9 RSOH: Regenerator section overhead MSOH: Multiplex section overhead Payload: Area for information transport Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s Frame repetition time: 125 µs ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 30
THE TRUCK OVERHEAD PAYLOAD S O H PTR P O H C-4 ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 31
FRAME REPRESENTATION 1ST ROW 2ND ROW 3RD ROW 9TH ROW 9 261 9 261 9 261 9 261 9 261 I I I S O H PAY LOAD I 270 I (MATRIX REPRESENTATION) ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 32
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1 9 270 Columns (Bytes) 270 transmit row by row 1 3 4 5 RSOH AU Pointer MSOH Payload (transport capacity) 9 RSOH: Regenerator section overhead MSOH: Multiplex section overhead Payload: Area for information transport Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s Frame repetition time: 125 µs ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 83
BIT RATE : STM-N?? 9 261 125 µ SECONDS S O H PAY LOAD 270 (MATRIX REPRESENTATION) ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 84
BIT RATE : STM-N NUMBER OF ROWS = 9 NUMBER OF COLUMNS = 9+261=270 NUMBER OF BYTES = 9x270 NUMBER OF BITS = 9x270x8 NUMBER OF BITS // SECOND = 9x270x8x8000 =155520000 =155.520 Mbps (STM-1) BIT RATE OF STM-N = (Nx155.520) Mbps ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 85
Pointers The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDH networks. The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame. STM-1 AU-Pointer VC-4 1 TU- PTR VC-4 POH VC-12 9 VC-12 POH ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 86
RSOH AU pointer MSOH VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 Tu pointer TU-12 VC-12 ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 87
SECTION OVERHEAD DETAILS A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 B1 E1 F1 D1 D2 D3 B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 S1 D5 D8 D11 M1 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2 A FRAMING D DATACOM FOR NMS F USER CHANNEL K APS RESERVED FOR NATIONAL USE UNUSED RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE B PARITY CHECK E ORDERWIRE M MS-REI MEDIA DEPEDENT ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 88
NETWORK ELEMENTS SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER (MUX): * MAPPING OF PDH SIGNALS INTO SDH. * MULTIPEXING OF LOWER -ORDER SDH SIGNALS INTO SDH 63 Nos. OF 2Mbps or 3 Nos.of 34Mbps or 1 Nos. of 140Mbps or combination of above PDH STM-m TM STM-n (m<n) ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 89
NETWORK ELEMENTS ADD & DROP MULTIPLEXER (ADM): * PERMITS ADD& DROP OF LOWER ORDER SIGNALS. STM-n ADM STM-n (m<n) STM-m PDH ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 90
WEST ADM EAST STM-1/4 STM-1/4... Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s) ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 91
NETWORK ELEMENTS SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT (SDXC): * PERMITS SWITCHING OF TRANSMISSION LINES WITH DIFFERENT BIT-RATES. * SDXC CAN ADD AND DROP LOWER-ORDER SIGNALS. STM-n STM-n STM-n STM-m/PDH ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 92
Synchronous Cross Connect 2.4 Gbit/s 622 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s 16x SDH 16x Multiplexer 4x 4x 155 Mbit/s 155 VC4 2.4 Gbit/s 622 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 34 2 VC12 2 2 VC12 2 34 140 2 VC12 2 140 Mbit/s 2 VC12 2 140 140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s 34 (45)Mbit/s 140 VC4 34 VC3 VC 4 VC 3 VC 12 VC4 140 VC3 140 Mbit/s 34 (45)Mbit/s 2 (1.5)Mbit/s VC12 VC12 VC11 2 2 (1.5)Mbit/s ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 93
NETWORK ELEMENTS SYNCHRONOUS REGENERATOR (REG): * REGENERATES THE INCOMING LINE SIGNAL. * SUPERVISE THE TRANSMISSION QUALITY OF THE LINE STM-n REG STM-n ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 94
N M S NETWORK ELEMENTS GNE SDH AIMS TO PROVIDE: STANDARDISED, CENTRALISED O&M SYSTEM. ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 95
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SDH MANAGEMENT Performance Management Fault / Event Management Configuration Management ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 98
NETWORK TOPOLOGY * POINT-TO-POINT: TM TM * POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT: TM ADM TM ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 99
NETWORK TOPOLOGY * HUB-TOPOLOGY: TM CO ADM TM TM ADM TM (a) HUB WITH TM & ADM TM DXC TM TM TM (b) HUB WITH TM & DXC ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 100
NETWORK TOPOLOGY * RING-TOPOLOGY: ADM ADM ADM ADM ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 101
SDH NETWORK STRUCTURE SDH ISLAND PDH NETWORK SDH ISLAND a) Mixed SDH-PDH network STM -16 STM -4 STM -1 b) Typical use of SDH rates. MAJOR TRUNKS REGIONAL LOCAL ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 102
SDH NETWORK STRUCTURE Tier 1 (STM -16) CORE NETWORK Tier 2 [STM -4 / 16 ) REFGIONAL NETWORK Tier 3 [STM-1] LOCAL/ACCESS NETWORK ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 103
Trunk Network L 2 Exchange STM-1 STM-16 STM-16 STM-4 Trunk Network L 1 SDH Network Topology Trunk Network L 2 STM-1 Local Exchange Local Network FlexMux Subscriber Access Mux 64/2M ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 104
Unidirectional Ring Working A Protection F Tributary B E Tributary C D Working ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 105
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR) Fiber 1 A Fiber 2 F Tributary B working protection E Tributary C D ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 106
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