WCDMA Hemant K Rath Research Scholar Department of Electrical Engineering IIT-Bombay hemantr@ee.iitb.ac.in WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 1
Outline Introduction Generations of Mobile Networks 3G Standards Introduction to UMTS and WCDMA WCDMA Concepts Spreading, Scrambling Power Control Handover WCDMA Channels WVDMA Packet Access WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 2
Generations of Mobile Networks 1G Networks NMT, C-Nets, AMPS, TACS First analog cellular systems, started in early 1980s 2G Networks Mainly Voice Traffic GSM, cdmaone(is-95), DAMPS launched in early 1990s 2.5G Networks Enhanced versions of 2G networks GPRS, IS-95B, cdma2000 1x Comments Need of a better system To support High bit rate services Web and multimedia access WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 3
Bit Rate Technical Requirements of 3G Rural outdoor 144 kbps (Vehicular) Suburban outdoor 384 kbps (Pedestrian) Indoor 2 Mbps Variable bit rate capability Granularity, circuit and packet bearers Service Multiplexing Varying delay and quality of service requirements Traffic Priorities WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 4
Handover Technical Requirements of 3G Seamless between cells and different operators Co-existence with and handover to 2G systems With WCDMA to GSM Support of asymmetric traffic High spectrum efficiency Coexistence of FDD and TDD modes WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 5
Generations of Mobile Networks (contd.) 3G Networks UMTS (FDD & TDD), cdma2000 1x EVDO, cdma2000 3x, TD-SCDMA, EDGE Data Rates of 144kbps, 384kbps and up to 2 Mbps 4G is a marketing buzzword at the moment Some basic 4G research is done No frequencies have been allocated Could be ready for implementation around 2012 WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 6
3G Standards Approved by ITU CDMA 2000 Backward compatibility with cdmaone (IS-95) Mainly backed by USA UMTS Developed for Europe with GSM networks New frequency band and new technology Need of new radio access network to be build Advantages New frequency range gives plenty of new capacity for operators Optional backward compatible with GSM systems SIM card and the phone can be of dual mode WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 7
3G Spectrum Assignment Different country has different frequency scheme European allocation scheme is used in India 1810-1880 MHz : GSM 1880-1900 MHz : DECT 1900-1920 MHz : UTRA TDD 2020-2025 MHz : UTRA TDD 1920-1980 MHz : W-CDMA FDD (UL) 2110-2170 MHz : W-CDMA FDD (DL) 2 x 60 = 120 MHz 50 x 2 MHz is reserved for mobile switching station operations WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 8
3G Spectrum Assignment : Summery WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 9
Introduction: UMTS Evolution in terms of capacity, data rates and new service capabilities from 2G mobile networks More than 60 3G/UMTS networks using WCDMA technology More than 25 countries are operating commercially Integrated solution for mobile voice and data with wide area coverage Symmetry between uplink and downlink data rates Ideally suited for applications such as real-time video telephony WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 10
Introduction: UMTS End-to-end mobile system, with additional benefits Automatic international roaming, integral security, billing Migration from 2G to 3G while retaining many of their existing back-office systems Gives operators the flexibility to introduce new multimedia services Brand-based relationships with the customers New revenue opportunities by encouraging additional traffic New usage patterns and strengthen customer loyalty WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 11
Introduction: WCDMA WCDMA - Wideband CDMA Why the term wideband? Radio access technology for one of the UMTS access modes (UTRA FDD) using 5 MHz duplex channels Frame length is of 10 msec, Chip rate is 3.84 Mcps All users share the same frequency and time domain Users separated by the codes Codes are orthogonal UMTS is a system and WCDMA is the radio access technology in UMTS WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 12
WCDMA Based System WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 13
WCDMA Based System Supports bandwidth on demand Variable data rate Supports asynchronous BSs No need of GPS Coherent detection in UL and DL Advantages of CDMA are also available Multi user detection Smart adaptive antenna WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 14
Spreading in WCDMA Spreading means increasing the signal bandwidth Spreading includes two operations Channelization (increases signal bandwidth) Orthogonal Spreading Scrambling (does not affect the signal bandwidth) Use pseudo-noise codes WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 15
Benefits of Spreading Processing gain with wideband freq results in re-use of 1 between cells High spectral efficiency No of users are more Interference diversity Interference averaged out Need of tight power control and Handover In both UL and DL Soft and Softer hand over Higher BW results in higher accuracy Higher diversity content against fading Because of Multi-path diversity WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 16
Channelization in WCDMA Channelization codes are orthogonal codes Based on Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Codes are fully orthogonal, i.e., they do not interfere with each other Only if the codes are time synchronized It can separate the transmissions from a single source In DL, it can separate different users within one cell/sector Limited orthogonal codes must be reused in every cell Problem: Interference, if two cells use the same code Solution: Scrambling codes to reduce inter-base-station interference WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 17
Channelization in WCDMA UL: it separates the physical channels/services of one user Mobiles are not synchronized in time Two mobiles can use the same code Scrambling codes are used to separate different users in the UL The Channelization codes are picked up from the code tree One code tree is used with one scrambling code on top Different terminals and BSs may operate their code trees independent of each other No need to co-ordinate the code tree resource usage between BSs or terminals WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 18
Channelization in WCDMA Code Tree If c 4,4 is used, no codes from its sub-tree can be used (c 8,7, c 8,8, ). WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 19
Scrambling in WCDMA Code sequence is multiplied with a pseudo-random code The scrambling code can be a long code or short code Code period is of 10 ms Gold code with 10 ms period or short code S(2) code DL: scrambling codes are used to reduce inter-bs interference Node B has only one scrambling code for UEs to separate base stations A code tree under one scrambling code is used by all users in its cell Proper code management is needed DL: No short codes, only long codes Number of codes in the DL 512 Code planning is needed in the DL WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 20
Scrambling in WCDMA UL: scrambling codes are used to separate terminals UL: Both short and long codes Number of codes in the UL Millions Code planning is not needed in the UL Long scrambling codes are used if BS uses Rake Rxr Short scrambling codes can be used, if multi-user detector is used at the BS One scrambling code should be used per cell or sector Maintains orthogonally between different down link channels WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 21
Channelization and Scrambling in WCDMA Usage Length No. of Codes Code Family Channelization Code UL: Separation of physical and control channels from same UE DL: Separation of different users within one cell UL: 4-256 chips same as SF DL: 4-512 chips same as SF No of codes under one scrambling code = SF Orthogonal variable spreading factor Scrambling Code UL: Separation of terminals DL: Separation of cells/sectors UL: 38400/256 chips (25-degree) DL: 38400 chips (18-degree) UL: several million DL: 512 Long 10 ms code: Gold code Short code: Extended S(2) family Spreading Increase Transmission BW Does not affect Transmission BW WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 22
Multi-path Radio Channels Multi-path propagation between Txr and Rxr WCDMA system chip duration at 3.84 Mcps is 0.26 µsec WCDMA Rxr can separate those multi paths and combine them coherently to obtain multi-path diversity 78 m of Multi-path diversity It is around 300 m in IS-95 Counter measures of fading in WCDMA Multiple Rake Fingers Fast Power Control and inherent diversity reception of the Rake Rxr Strong Coding and Interleaving and re-transmission protocols Redundancy and time diversity WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 23
Physical Layer Procedures Many procedures are essential for system operation Power control (PC) Handover Paging Random Access Procedure Transmit Diversity WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 24
Need of Power control Power Control: Need Removes near-far effect Changes in propagation conditions To decrease interference from other users To increase capacity of the system What is near-far effect? Variation of power level and interference due to distance and fading In the uplink At the BS In the downlink AT the cell edge WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 25
Uplink power control Power Control: Types Tight and Fast power control Without this a over powered mobile could block the whole cell Open loop power control Provide a coarse initial power setting, inaccurate Closed loop power control BS informs mobile unit to increase or decrease the power level Faster than any changes of path loss that could happen Downlink power control More power may require at the cell edge Similar to uplink power control No near-far effect Motivation is different One to Many (BS to mobile units) WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 26
Power Control Outer Loop power control Adjusts the target SIR set point in the BS according to the target SIR set point in the BS Controls of the channel by setting target Eb/No Quality requirement is given as long term average of FER/BER UL RNC sets the target value --- why? Control is located in the BS for FDD DL Located in UE, the initial control parameters are set by UTRAN Receives inputs of the quality estimates of the transport channel WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 27
Power Control: Procedures WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 28
Open Loop Power Control No feedback information Make a rough estimate of the path loss by means of a DL beacon signal Provide a coarse initial power setting of the mobile at the beginning of a connection Apply only prior to initiating the transmission on RACH or CPCH The BS transmits in BCCH WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 29
Closed Loop Power Control Uses channel in other direction for transmitting the order for power change Applied only to dedicated channels Makes E b /N o requirements lower PC speed 0.666 ms Compensates the fading for slow and medium speed WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 30
Intra-system handovers Handover: Types Intra-frequency handovers MS handover within one cell between different sectors: softer MS handover between different BS Soft Inter-frequency handovers Hard Inter-system handovers: Handover between WCDMA <--> GSM (Hard) Handover between WCDMA/FDD <--> TDD (Hard) WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 31
Soft Handover Handover between two BSs 20-40% connections Handover: Types 2 PC loops per connection is active, each for one BS Use of additional Rake Rxr channels at the BS Soft and softer handover can take place in combination with each other Softer Handover Handover between two sectors of one BS 5-15% connections Only one power control loop per connection WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 32
Strength of the A becomes equal to defined lower threshold Soft Handover The neighboring B signal has adequate strength. B is added to Active Set Quality of signal B starts to become better than signal A RNC keeps that point as starting point for handover margin calculation The strength of signal B becomes equal or better than the defined lower threshold As a result, RNC deletes signal A from the Active Set WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 33
Handover: Comments Avoidance of near-far situation for circuit switched connections For high mobility users shadow fading + (slow) hard handovers would create near far situations. Soft/Softer handovers will improve cell capacity Around 40-60 % Soft/Softer provide macro-diversity gain compared the hard handover larger cell range Gain against shadow fading ( 1-3 db) Gains against fast fading, typically 0.5-2 db assumed WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 34
WCDMA Channels WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 35
Concepts of Channels Our aim is to transfer data Type of data to be transferred How to transport (end to end) How to transmit physically Data carried by the UMTS / WCDMA transmissions is organized into frames, slots and channels UMTS uses WCDMA for multiple access technology Time division techniques with a slot and frame to provide channel structure WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 36
Concepts of Channels A channel is divided into 10 ms frames Each Frame has 15 time slots of 0.666 ms each DL: time is subdivided into time slots Used for either user data or control messages Discontinuous transmission needs I-Q Multiplexing UL: Transmitted simultaneously Longer period is used as system frame period Needs System Frame No (SFN) 12 bit Paging and Random access need longer period than 10 ms for correct definition WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 37
Concepts of Channels Dual channel modulation is used in the UL Both data and control are transmitted simultaneously Control elements contain A pilot signal, Transport Format Combination Identifier (TFCI), Feed Back Information (FBI) and Transmission Power Control (TPC) Three types of channels Logical Channels What type of data to be transferred Transport Channels How and with which type of characteristic the data is transferred by the Physical Layer Physical Channels Exact Physical characteristics of the radio channel WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 38
Concepts of Channels Logical channels are mapped to transport channel based on the type of data to be transferred Logical to Transport channel conversion happens in MAC Layer Transport channels are mapped in the Physical Layer to physical channels Support variable bit rate transport channels to offer bandwidth on demand services and multiplexing WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 39
Mapping from Transport to Physical Transport Channels DCH (Dedicated Channels) UL/DL Broadcast Channel (BCH) DL Forward Access Channel (FACH) - DL Paging Channel (PCH) DL Random Access Channel (RACH) UL Physical Channels Dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH) Dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) - DL Common Packet Channel (CPCH) UL Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 40
Mapping of Channels: Summery DL UL WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 41
Paging A Paging group is allocated to a terminal once it is registered Paging indicators (PI) appear periodically on the Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) If any paging messages for any of the terminals belong to that group needs to be sent After a PI is detected, terminal decodes the next PCH frame transmitted on the secondary CCPCH Less often the PIs appear, the less often the terminal needs to wake up from the sleep mode Longer the battery life becomes Response time for network originated call increases WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 42
WCDMA Packet Access WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 43
Types of Packet Data Traffic Four basic types of traffic classes Conversational class Real-time connection, performed between human users, really low delay, nearly symmetric Speech Streaming class Real-time connection, transferring data as a steady and continuous, low delay, asymmetric Video WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 44
Types of Packet Data Traffic Four basic types of traffic classes (contd.) Interactive class Non-real-time packet data, response requested from other end-user, reasonable round-trip delay Web browsing Background class Non-real-time packet data, no immediate action expected, less sensitive to delivery time E-mail WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 45
Types of Packet Data Traffic Packet data traffic is a non-real-time packet services including Interactive and Background traffic classes Properties of Packet Data Traffic Packet data is bursty Required bit rate can change rapidly Packet data tolerates longer delay than real-time services It is controllable traffic from the RNC RNC can decide when and how to send the data Packets can be transmitted by the radio link control layer which provides retransmission and error correction services It allows high frame error rate with low transmission power WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 46
WCDMA Packet Access In WCDMA packet allocations, time and bit rate are controlled by the Packet Scheduler (PS) PS is located in RNC why? WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 47
WCDMA Packet Access Packet Scheduler functions Allocates the available resources (time, code or power) between the packet data users Decides the allocated bit rates and the length of the allocation Decides to use the transport channel PS can allocate common, dedicated or shared channels to users Can change the bit rate during active connection Can increase or decrease the network load by increasing or decreasing the bit rates of the packet bearers WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 48
2G vs. 3G: GSM vs. WCDMA Carrier Spacing GSM 200 khz WCDMA 5 MHz Freq. Reuse Factor 1-18 1 Freq. Diversity Planning Scheduling DL Tx. Diversity Power Control Freq Frequency hopping Frequency planning Time slot based Not supported (can be applied) 2 Hz or slower 5 MHz BW results multi-path diversity Radio resource management Load based Supported 1500 Hz WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 49
2G vs. 3G: CDMA vs. WCDMA Carrier Spacing Chip Rate BS Synchronization Power Control Freq Inter Freq Handover Efficient Radio Resource Management IS-95 1.25 MHz 1.2288 Mcps Yes, via GPS UL: 800 Hz, DL: Slow power control Possible, but not specified Not needed (voice only) WCDMA 5 MHz 3.84 Mcps Not needed 1500 Hz, both UL and DL Yes, with slotted mode Yes, provides QoS DL Tx. Diversity Not supported Supported Packet Data As short circuit switched calls Load based packet scheduling WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 50
Thanks WCDMA Hemant K Rath, IIT-Bombay 51