Watermarking 3D images and 3D meshes

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Watermarking 3D images and Applications for cultural heritage William PUECH LIRMM Laboratoire d Informatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier UMR 5506 CNRS, University of Montpellier, France May, 19 th of 2008 W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 1 / 48

Outline 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 2 / 48

Outline Introduction 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 3 / 48

Outline Introduction The problem 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 4 / 48

Introduction The problem Safe visual data transfer: the problem Safe transfer of visual data with high resolution. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 5 / 48

Introduction The problem Safe visual data transfer: the problem 3D Visualisation on line. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 6 / 48

Introduction The problem Safe visual data transfer: the problem Safe Transfer and visualisation on line in real time for low powered systems (wireless devices). W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 7 / 48

Introduction The problem Safe visual data transfer: the objectives To transfer safe visual data To Have Confidential data during and after Transfer To Ensure the Integrity (perceptual) and the Authenticity of data To Hide associated data (high capacity) in Image To Access in different resolution levels of visual data To Process in Real Time To Reduce the data size. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 8 / 48

Introduction The problem Safe visual data transfer: the objectives To transfer safe visual data To Have Confidential data during and after Transfer To Ensure the Integrity (perceptual) and the Authenticity of data To Hide associated data (high capacity) in Image To Access in different resolution levels of visual data To Process in Real Time To Reduce the data size. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 8 / 48

Introduction The problem Safe visual data transfer: the objectives To transfer safe visual data To Have Confidential data during and after Transfer To Ensure the Integrity (perceptual) and the Authenticity of data To Hide associated data (high capacity) in Image To Access in different resolution levels of visual data To Process in Real Time To Reduce the data size. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 8 / 48

Introduction The problem Possible solutions: data encryption or watermarking Encryption or watermarking for safe visual data transfer Robust to noise Compatible with a compression Fast: access in real time The secret is based on a key (secrete or private key) The Algorithm is known Principle of Kerckhoffs [KER 83] Norms and standards A. Kerckhoffs. La cryptographie militaire. Journal des sciences militaires, vol. 9, pp. 5 38, 1883. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 9 / 48

Introduction The problem Possible solutions: data encryption or watermarking Encryption or watermarking for safe visual data transfer Robust to noise Compatible with a compression Fast: access in real time The secret is based on a key (secrete or private key) The Algorithm is known Principle of Kerckhoffs [KER 83] Norms and standards A. Kerckhoffs. La cryptographie militaire. Journal des sciences militaires, vol. 9, pp. 5 38, 1883. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 9 / 48

Introduction The problem Possible solutions: data encryption or watermarking Encryption or watermarking for safe visual data transfer Robust to noise Compatible with a compression Fast: access in real time The secret is based on a key (secrete or private key) The Algorithm is known Principle of Kerckhoffs [KER 83] Norms and standards A. Kerckhoffs. La cryptographie militaire. Journal des sciences militaires, vol. 9, pp. 5 38, 1883. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 9 / 48

Outline Introduction Previous work in the LIRMM 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 10 / 48

Safe Image Transfer Introduction Previous work in the LIRMM a) b) c) a) Original image. b) Embedded image with a message of 512 bits using the DCT based data hiding method. c) Difference between (a) and (b). W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 11 / 48

Introduction Previous work in the LIRMM Safe Image Transfer (a) (b) a) Original image, b) Original image histogram c) Encrypted image with the stream cipher algorithm, with a key of 128 bits d) Histogram of the image (c). (c) W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 12 / 48 (d)

Safe Image Transfer Introduction Previous work in the LIRMM a) b) a) Original image. b) Transfer of compressed Image with a Safe ROI. c) Reconstruction of the High Resolution Definition of the ROI. c) W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 13 / 48

Introduction Previous work in the LIRMM Safe Image Transfer (a) (b) (c) (d) a) The original image, b) The associated binary mask, c) Color watermarked image, d) Difference between original color image and color watermarked image. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 14 / 48

Safe Image Transfer Introduction Previous work in the LIRMM (a) (b) a) 5 degree rotation of color watermarked image "Fish", b) The label of fish color image with watermarked blocks. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 15 / 48

Outline Visual data protection 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 16 / 48

Outline Visual data protection Data encryption 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 17 / 48

Data encryption Visual data protection Data encryption Data encryption The art to mask the data: confidentiality : data protection authenticity : emitter and receiver integrity : ensure the totality and the content of the data non repudiation : ACK W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 18 / 48

Visual data protection Data encryption Perceptual signature: data integrity Signature of a text M1 = Aujourd hui il fait beau dans le sud de la France, même si il y a un peu de vent... S1 = Ox2534A8C08E12F4A8 M2 = Aujourd hui il fait beau dans le sud de la France, même si il y a un peu de mistral... S2 = Ox3D68AB9310E38B51 Signature of visual data S1(original image (760 kb)) W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) = S2(compressed image (224 kb)) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19th of 2008 19 / 48

Visual data protection Data encryption Perceptual signature: data integrity Signature of a text M1 = Aujourd hui il fait beau dans le sud de la France, même si il y a un peu de vent... S1 = Ox2534A8C08E12F4A8 M2 = Aujourd hui il fait beau dans le sud de la France, même si il y a un peu de mistral... S2 = Ox3D68AB9310E38B51 Signature of visual data S1(original image (760 kb)) W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) = S2(compressed image (224 kb)) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19th of 2008 19 / 48

Outline Visual data protection Watermarking 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 20 / 48

Visual data protection Watermarking Watermarking Watermarking and Data Hiding The art to embed message in perceptual data: invisibility: statistically invisible no removable: robust to transformations and attacks payload: size of the hidden message Data hiding: large payload Steganography: invisibility Watermarking: robust to attacks W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 21 / 48

Visual data protection Watermarking Watermarking Watermarking and Data Hiding The art to embed message in perceptual data: invisibility: statistically invisible no removable: robust to transformations and attacks payload: size of the hidden message Data hiding: large payload Steganography: invisibility Watermarking: robust to attacks W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 21 / 48

Outline 3D Watermarking 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 22 / 48

Outline 3D Watermarking 3D images 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 23 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D images Image watermarking: LSB substitution #17 #54 #83 Figure: 125 original slides of Baton Percé #17 #54 #83 Figure: 125 watermarked slides of Baton Percé W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 24 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D images Image watermarking: LSB substitution Analyze original size: 125 slides 382 82 pixels watermarking with a text file: 5.4 kbytes: PNSR = 70.5 db watermarking with an image of 25.8 kbytes: PNSR = 63.8 db watermarking with a 3D file of 472.4 kbytes: PNSR = 51.2 db #17 #54 #83 W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 25 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D images Image watermarking: LSB substitution (a) Figure: 3D Reconstruction: a) From the original data, b) From the watermarked data. (b) W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 26 / 48

Outline 3D Watermarking 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 27 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D watermarking based on MST References P. Amat, W. Puech, S. Druon and J.P. Pedeboy Lossless Data Hiding Method Based on MST and Topology Changes of 3D Triangular Mesh Proceedings of the 16th European Signal Processing Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2008 Algorithm MST construction, Search of quadruples, Selection of quadruples based on coplanarity and convexity, Embed one bit in each selected quadruple. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 28 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D watermarking based on MST Figure: Selection of quadruples in the MST. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 29 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D watermarking based on MST Figure: Data hiding of a 0-bit or a 1-bit. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 30 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D watermarking based on MST Advantages Global High payload Any modification of the vertex positions Inconvenient No robust to noise W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 31 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking Baton Percé : 102173 vertices. With a threshold of 1 degree: message = 4466 bits (Hausdorff s error = 0.001637). With a threshold of 30 degree: message = 21698 bits (Hausdorff s error = 0.029063) W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 32 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 33 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 34 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 35 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 36 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 37 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 38 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 39 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 40 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 41 / 48

3D Watermarking Robust 3D watermarking References F. Cayre and B. Macq Data Hiding on 3D Triangle Meshes IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 2003 W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 42 / 48

3D Watermarking Robust 3D watermarking Algorithm Choice of a fisrt triangle ABC, Choice of a reference edge AB, Divide AB in several parts, Associate each part to a 0-bit or a 1-bit, Move the vertex C in order to have a projection of C on AB in a wished part. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 43 / 48

3D Watermarking Robust 3D watermarking Figure: Overview of the method. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 44 / 48

3D Watermarking Robust 3D watermarking Advantage Invisible Robust to noise Inconvenient Local W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 45 / 48

3D Watermarking 3D Watermarking (a) (b) Figure: a) Original 3D object Smilodon 508796 vertices, b) Watermarked 3D object with 314071 bits (= 38.3 kbytes) W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 46 / 48

Outline Conclusion 1 Introduction The problem Previous work in the LIRMM 2 Visual data protection Data encryption Watermarking 3 3D Watermarking 3D images 4 Conclusion W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 47 / 48

Conclusion Conclusion Visual data protection is necessary, First proposed methods: high payload but not robust to noise or robust to noise with a small paylaod, But not robust to cropping for example. W. PUECH (LIRMM CNRS/UMII) Watermarking 3D images and May, 19 th of 2008 48 / 48

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