More Programming Constructs -- Introduction We can now examine some additional programming concepts and constructs Chapter 5 focuses on: internal data representation conversions between one data type and another more operators more selection statements more repetition statements 1
Internal Data Representation We discussed earlier that every piece of information stored on a computer is represented as binary values What is represented by the following binary string? 01100001001010 You can't tell just from the bit string itself. We take specific binary values and apply an interpretation to them 2
Representing Integers There are four types of integers in Java, each providing a different bits to store the value Each has a sign bit. If it is 1, the number is negative; if it is 0, the number is positive byte s 7 bits short s 15 bits int s 31 bits long s 63 bits 3
Two's Complement Integers are stored in signed two's complement format A positive value is a straightforward binary number A negative value is represented by inverting all of the bits of the corresponding positive value, then adding 1 To "decode" a negative value, invert all of the bits and add 1 Using two's complement makes internal arithmetic processing easier 4
Two's Complement The number 25 is represented in 8 bits (byte) as 00011001 To represent -25, first invert all of the bits 11100110 then add 1 11100111 Note that the sign bit reversed, indicating the number is negative 5
Overflow and Underflow Storing numeric values in a fixed storage size can lead to overflow and underflow problems Overflow occurs when a number grows too large to fit in its allocated space Underflow occurs when a number shrinks too small to fit in its allocated space See Overflow.java 6
Representing Floating Point Values A decimal (base 10) floating point value can be defined by the following equation sign * mantissa * 10 exponent where sign is either 1 or -1 mantissa is a positive value that represents the significant digits of the number exponent is a value that indicates how the decimal point is shifted relative to the mantissa 7
Representing Floating Point Values For example, the number -843.977 can be represented by -1 * 843977 * 10-3 Floating point numbers can be represented in binary the same way, except that the mantissa is a binary number and the base is 2 instead of 10 sign * mantissa * 2 exponent Floating point values are stored by storing each of these components in the space allotted 8
Representing Characters As described earlier, characters are represented according to the Unicode Character Set The character set matches a unique number to each character to be represented Storing the character is therefore as simple as storing the binary version of the number that represents it For example, the character 'z' has the Unicode value 122, which is represented in 16 bits as 0000000001111010 9
Representing Characters Because they are stored as numbers, Java lets you perform some arithmetic processing on characters For example, because 'A' is stored as Unicode value 65, the statement char ch = 'A' + 5; will store the character 'F' in ch (Unicode value 70) This relationship is occasionally helpful 10
Conversions Each data value and variable is associated with a particular data type It is sometimes necessary to convert a value of one data type to another Not all conversions are possible. For example, boolean values cannot be converted to any other type and vice versa Even if a conversion is possible, we need to be careful that information is not lost in the process 11
Widening Conversions Widening conversions are generally safe because they go from a smaller data space to a larger one The widening conversions are: From To byte short char int long float short, int, long, float, or double int, long, float, or double int, long, float, or double long, float, or double float or double double 12
Narrowing Conversions Narrowing conversions are more dangerous because they usually go from a smaller data space to a larger one The narrowing conversions are: From To byte short char int long float double char byte or char byte or short byte, short, or char byte, short, char, or int byte, short, char, int or long byte, short, char, int, long, or float 13
Performing Conversions In Java, conversion between one data type and another can occur three ways Assignment conversion - when a value of one type is assigned to a variable of another type Arithmetic promotion - occurs automatically when operators modify the types of their operands Casting - an operator that forces a value to another type 14
Assignment Conversion For example, if money is a float variable and dollars is an int variable (storing 82), then money = dollars; converts the value 82 to 82.0 when it is stored The value in dollars is not actually changed Only widening conversions are permitted through assignment Assignment conversion can also take place when passing parameters (which is a form of assignment) 15
Arithmetic Promotion Certain operators require consistent types for their operands For example, if sum is a float variable and count is an int variable, then the statement result = sum / count; internally converts the value in count to a float then performs the division, producing a floating point result The value in count is not changed 16
Casting A cast is an operator that is specified by a type name in parentheses It is placed in front of the value to be converted The following example truncates the fractional part of the floating point value in money and stores the integer portion in dollars dollars = (int) money; The value in money is not changed If a conversion is possible, it can be done through a cast 17
More Operators We've seen several operators of various types: arithmetic, equality, relational There are many more in Java to make use of: increment and decrement operators logical operators assignement operators the conditional operator 18
The Increment and Decrement Operators The increment operator (++) adds one to its integer or floating point operand The decrement operator (--) subtracts one The statement count++; is essentially equivalent to count = count + 1; 19
The Increment and Decrement Operators The increment and decrement operators can be applied in prefix (before the variable) or postfix (after the variable) form When used alone in a statement, the prefix and postfix forms are basically equivalent. That is, count++; is equivalent to ++count; 20
The Increment and Decrement Operators When used in a larger expression, the prefix and postfix forms have a different effect In both cases the variable is incremented (decremented) But the value used in the larger expression depends on the form Expression count++ ++count count-- --count Operation add 1 add 1 subtract 1 subtract 1 Value of Expression old value new value old value new value 21
The Increment and Decrement Operators If count currently contains 45, then total = count++; assigns 45 to total and 46 to count If count currently contains 45, then total = ++count; assigns the value 46 to both total and count 22
The Increment and Decrement Operators If sum contains 25, then the statement System.out.println (sum++ + " " + ++sum + " " + sum + " " + sum--); prints the following result: 25 27 27 27 and sum contains 26 after the line is complete 23
Logical Operators There are three logical operators in Java: Operator! && Operation Logical NOT Logical AND Logical OR They all take boolean operands and produce boolean results Logical NOT is unary (one operand), but logical AND and OR are binary (two operands) 24
Logical NOT The logical NOT is also called logical negation or logical complement If a is true,!a is ; if a is, then!a is true Logical expressions can be shown using truth tables a!a true true 25
Logical AND The expression a && b is true if both a and b are true, and otherwise Truth tables show all possible combinations of all terms a b a && b true true true true true 26
Logical OR The expression a b is true if a or b or both are true, and otherwise a b a b true true true true true true true 27
Logical Operators Conditions in selection statements and loops can use logical operators to form more complex expressions if (total < MAX &&!found) System.out.println ("Processing..."); Logical operators have precedence relationships between themselves and other operators 28
Logical Operators Full expressions can be evaluated using truth tables total < MAX found!found total < MAX &&!found true true true true true true true 29
Assignment Operators Often we perform an operation on a variable, then store the result back into that variable Java provides assignment operators that simplify that process For example, the statement num += count; is equivalent to num = num + count; 30
Assignment Operators There are many such assignment operators, always written as op=, such as: Operator Example Equivalent To += -= *= /= %= x += y x -= y x *= y x /= y x %= y x = x + y x = x - y x = x * y x = x / y x = x % y 31
Assignment Operators The right hand side of an assignment operator can be a complete expression The entire right-hand expression is evaluated first, then combined with the additional operation Therefore result /= (total-min) % num; is equivalent to result = result / ((total-min) % num); 32
The Conditional Operator Java has a conditional operator that evaluates a boolean condition that determines which of two expressions is evaluated The result of the chosen expression is the result of the entire conditional operator Its syntax is: condition? expression1 : expression2 If the condition is true, expression1 is evaluated; if it is, expression2 is evaluated 33
The Conditional Operator It is similar to an if-else statement, except that it is an expression that returns a value For example: larger = (num1 > num2)? num1 : num2; If num1 is greater that num2, then num1 is assigned to larger; otherwise, num2 is assigned to larger The conditional operator is ternary, meaning it requires three operands 34
The Conditional Operator Another example: System.out.println ("Your change is " + count + (count == 1)? "Dime" : "Dimes"); If count equals 1, "Dime" is printed, otherwise "Dimes" is printed 35
Another Selection Statement The if and the if-else statements are selection statements, allowing us to select which statement to perform next based on some boolean condition Another selection construct, called the switch statement, provides another way to choose the next action The switch statement evaluates an expression, then attempts to match the result to one of a series of values Execution transfers to statement list associated with the first value that matches 36
The switch Statement The syntax of the switch statement is: switch (expression) { case value1: statement-list1 case value2: statement-list2 case } 37
The switch Statement The expression must evaluate to an integral value, such as an integer or character The break statement is usually used to terminate the statement list of each case, which causes control to jump to the end of the switch statement and continue A default case can be added to the end of the list of cases, and will execute if no other case matches See Vowels.java 38
More Repetition Constructs In addition to while loops, Java has two other constructs used to perform repetition: the do statement the for statement Each loop type has its own unique characteristics You must choose which loop type to use in each situation 39
The do Statement The do statement has the following syntax: do statement while (condition); The statement is executed until the condition becomes It is similar to a while statement, except that its termination condition is evaluated after the loop body 40
The do Statement statement true condition 41
The do Statement See Dice.java The key difference between a do loop and a while loop is that the body of the do loop will execute at least once If the condition of a while loop is initially, the body of the loop is never executed Another way to put this is that a while loop will execute zero or more times and a do loop will execute one or more times 42
The for Statement The syntax of the for loop is for (intialization; condition; increment) statement; which is equivalent to initialization; while (condition) { statement; increment; } 43
The for Statement Like a while loop, the condition of a for statement is tested prior to executing the loop body Therefore, a for loop will execute zero or more times It is well suited for executing a specific number of times, known in advance Note that the initialization portion is only performed once, but the increment portion is executed after each iteration 44
The for Statement initialization condition true statement increment 45
The for Statement Examples: for (int count=1; count < 75; count++) System.out.println (count); for (int num=5; num <= total; num *= 2) { sum += num; System.out.println (sum); } See Dice2.java 46
The for Statement Each expression in the header of a for loop is optional If the initialization is left out, no initialization is performed If the condition is left out, it is always considered to be true, and therefore makes an infinite loop If the increment is left out, no increment opertion is performed Both semi-colons are always required 47
The break and continue statements The break statement, which we used with switch statements, can also be used inside a loop When the break statement is executed, control jumps to the statement after the loop (the condition is not evaluated again) A similar construct, the continue statement, can also be executed in a loop When the continue statement is executed, control jumps to the end of the loop and the condition is evaluated 48
The break and continue Statements They can calso be used to jump to a line in your program with a particular label Jumping from one point in the program to another in an unstructured manner is not good practice Therefore, as a rule of thumb, avoid the break statement except when needed in switch statements, and avoid the continue statement altogether 49