Voltages 1
Voltages 3-ph, 4 W, 120/208V classification for small and mid range sizes 3-ph, 480V classification is typical in larger capacity UPS Systems 3-ph, 4 W, 230/400V becoming more widely used in mid and large capacity UPS Systems new trend, in large data-centers utilizing 575/600V distribution classification Medium voltage UPS distribution in large facilities 2
Voltages UPS distribution in large facilities 313 to 2500 kva 208 to 600 Volts 2.5 to 20 MVA 5 to 25 kv 3
Voltages DC to the Rack High Performance Buildings: Data Centers Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) December, 2005 Using the typical efficiencies of the different conversion steps listed below from facility entry AC to the processor: Step Down Transformer (99.5%) AC UPS (85%) Computer Power Supply (70%) Point of load converter (98%) Step Down Transformer (99.5%) x AC UPS (85%) x Computer Power Supply (70%) x Point of Load Converter (98%) = 58% http://hightech.lbl.gov/documents/ups/final_ups_report.pdf 4
Voltages DC to the Rack 12 VDC 380 VDC High Performance Buildings: Data Centers Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) December, 2005 http://hightech.lbl.gov/documents/ups/final_ups_report.pdf 5
Voltages DC to the Rack 12 VDC 2966 W 220.5 A 7.8 A at 380 VDC 6
Efficiencies 7
Efficiencies linear loads High Performance Buildings: Data Centers Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) December, 2005 http://hightech.lbl.gov/documents/ups/final_ups_report.pdf 8
Efficiencies non-linear loads http://hightech.lbl.gov/documents/ups/final_ups_report.pdf 9
Efficiencies Average Loading and Efficiency of UPSs in the Field (2005 data) High Performance Buildings: Data Centers Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) December, 2005 Characteristic Efficiency of UPS Topologies (2005 data) http://hightech.lbl.gov/documents/ups/final_ups_report.pdf 10
Efficiencies Proposed UPS Efficiency Specification Levels UPS Nominal Power Output Efficiency at 20% Efficiency at 50% Efficiency at 100% Below 20 kva 80% 87% 88% 20 kva to 100 kva 83% 89% 90% Above 100 kva 90% 95% 95% High Performance Buildings: Data Centers Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) December, 2005 http://hightech.lbl.gov/documents/ups/final_ups_report.pdf 11
Technologies 12
Technologies Technological advancement of semiconductor power devices: the emerging need for higher switching frequencies in power electronic applications the emergence of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) offers superior UPS performance and reliability 1992, started the use of full IGBT design in both converter and inverter sections of UPS systems 13
Technologies Technological advancement of semiconductor power devices: IGBT devices are predominantly used in UPS inverter sections where the ability to switch the device on and off and control instantaneously is essential IGBT controls allow optimum performance UPS use various configurations including full IGBT, Diode/IGBT hybrid combination or Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) aka thyristor larger UPS Systems more likely to have IGBT/Diode front end design (for increased efficiency) or SCR rectifiers. 14
Technologies with higher efficiencies Conventional Two-Level rectifier topology Three-Level rectifier topology uses less energy 15
Technologies with higher efficiencies 99.0% 97.0% 95.0% TOSHIBA G9000 Competitor s UPS 93.0% 91.0% 89.0% 225 kva 750 kva Competitor s UPS 87.0% 85.0% 10% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 16
Break time
Modularity 18
Modularity replaceable component assemblies faster recovery 19
Modularity 200kW power sections Consists of 3 single phase power modules a common 3-phase delta transformer a power module controller (PMC) Slide in/out power modules For ease of service. A unique crane that allows the module to be changed by a single person ships with the UPS Schneider Electric Symmetra MW II Modularity Fault containment The inverter sections are seperated by steel plates Seperate input/output fusing and Contactors To ensure that a faulty section can be isolated 20
Modularity 21
Leading power factor 22
Leading power factor The Liebert NXL UPS supports leading power factor loads up to 0.95 without derating 23
Leading power factor G9000 UPS Performance Rated at.9 PF lagging Up to.95 PF leading without derating 24
Transformerless 25
Transformerless Bypass ESS Energy Saving System Eco-mode SEM Super Eco-Mode VFD Voltage and Frequency Dependent Maximum energy saving mode Boasts of up to 98% efficiency 26
Transformerless 27
Transformerless One of the potential drawbacks of enabling high efficiency modes in double-conversion UPSs is that the UPS no longer operates in double-conversion mode, potentially leaving mission critical loads more exposed to power abnormalities like voltage sags and line noise. Because the output is not fully conditioned, small or momentary abnormalities in power may pass through to the critical load when the unit is operating in high efficiency mode. It is unlikely that data center managers would be willing to operate a double-conversion UPS in high efficiency mode. This mode effectively turns a fully isolated double-conversion UPS into a less isolated line-interactive UPS. If customers are paying for the full performance of a double-conversion unit, they are likely to want all of the benefits that go along with it, including complete load isolation even though there is an energy penalty. http://hightech.lbl.gov/documents/ups/final_ups_report.pdf 28
Backup entire service 29
Heat/Power Density is the number one concern of Data Center Management Blade Server Power Solutions: Cabinet Level Power Distribution Solutions for High Density Cabinets, High Density Cabinet Power Solutions, February 22, 2006 30
Backup entire service S&C PureWave UPS TM 2.5 to 20 MVA 5 to 25 kv 313 to 2500 kva 208 to 600 Volts Line-interactive UPS Outdoor or indoor installation Modular and scalable sealed wet cell batteries up to 3-minutes backup capacity 31
PureWave UPS System applied with back-up generator System is applied at the service entrance 32
Backup entire service Medium Voltage UPS S&C PureWave UPS TM Backs up all systems, including mechanical equipment 98.5% efficiency Saves Real Estate Lower Data Center Construction Cost Saves 80% of feeder size Reduces data center construction Reduces arc flash 33
Stored Kinetic Energy 34
Stored Kinetic Energy Stored kinetic energy is converted to electrical power when normal power is lost Rotating UPS up to 2900 rpm alternator controls and stabilizes load voltage/frequency up to 1250 kw for 30 sec, or longer can be coupled to an engine generator battery free http://www.hitec-ups.com 35
Stored Kinetic Energy Rotating UPS http://www.hitec-ups.com 36
Stored Kinetic Energy Rotating UPS Up to 96% efficiency http://www.hitec-ups.com 37