module 5 Using the Equation Palette Contents Basic Workflow............................. 244 Exercise 58 Creating Your First Equation..... 245 Exercise 59 Positioning an Equation.......... 250 A Tour of the Equation Palette................. 255 Equations Menu.......................... 255 Calculus Page............................ 258 Delimiters Page.......................... 258 Functions Page........................... 258 Large Page.............................. 259 Matrices Page............................ 259 Operators Page........................... 259 Positioning Page.......................... 260 Relations Page........................... 260 Symbols Page............................ 261 More Equation Palette Skills................... 262 Exercise 60 Editing Equations.............. 262 Exercise 61 Creating an In-Line Equation With Text...................... 265 Exercise 62 Using Built-in Functions and Run In Positioning of Equations........... 268 Fine-Tuning Equations....................... 272 Exercise 63 Creating and Aligning Multiline Equations............... 272 Changing Equation Sizes and Fonts.......................... 274 Exercise 64 Changing Equation Sizes......... 274 Exercise 65 Changing Equation Formats...... 275 Equation Palette Guidelines................... 276 Review Questions........................... 277 fs
Introduction to Module 5: Using the Equation Palette Introduction to Module 5: Using the Equation Palette FrameMaker s Equation Palette is a powerful tool used to create mathematical equations, from simple algebraic equations to complex differential equations. As you use the Equation Palette, you may find it easiest to think of it as a separate application from FrameMaker, with different idiosyncrasies and workflows. If you have never used the Equation Palette, the interface may seem awkward at first; after you have used it a few times, you ll realize that the Equation Palette simply has a different interface than FrameMaker and has its own rules. There is no limit to the complexity of the equations you can build using the Equation Palette and you can position finished equations almost anywhere on a page. Objectives Basic Workflow Understand the basic workflow of using the Equation Palette Learn some simple guidelines for using the Equation Palette Create a simple equation and position it Learn some keyboard shortcuts with the Equation Palette Explore the Equation Palette The best way to understand how to use the Equation Palette is to use it to create a simple equation. Before you use it for the first time however, here are a few notes about the Equation Palette: 1 The Equation Palette has a different interface from FrameMaker, so be patient with your first efforts. 2 Some mistakes can be undone; with other mistakes, the best way to recover from them is by starting over. With your first equation, or the first time you use the Equation Palette after a long hiatus, it may require several attempts to get the desired results. 3 Generally, equations start with a new equation; when an equation is created, the? is automatically selected.? 244 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Creating Your First Equation Exercise 58 Creating Your First Equation In this exercise, you ll learn how to create a complex equation x = -------------------------------------- b ± b 2 4ac by repeating two simple actions: selecting some part of 2a the equation and then performing an operation on it. 1 Open../fm201/mod5/eq-start.fm and save it to../fm201/mod5 as equation.fm. 2 Move your insertion point to the end of the paragraph 3 In the upper right corner of the document window, click the Equation Palette button. The Equation Palette displays. Equation Palette 5 Equation Palette The Symbols button is lighter, indicating that this is the Symbols page. (In the UNIX version of FrameMaker, a page is active when its button is black.) Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 245
Basic Workflow 4 Insert a medium size equation; from the Equations pop-up menu, select New Medium Equation. An equation displays with a question mark selected.? 5 In the Equation Palette, click Operators. The Operators page displays. 6 In the Operators page, click??. The equation displays two question marks separated by an equals sign, with the left-hand question mark selected. 7 Select the right-hand question mark by pressing Tab. With the right-hand question mark selected, in the Operators page, click??. The equation display changes to the following: 246 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Creating Your First Equation 8 With the top question mark still selected, type -b The equation displays as: 9 With your insertion point to the right of -b, in the Operators page, click? Since nothing was selected, the plus-or-minus something is added to the right of -b and the question mark is selected. 10 With the question mark to the right of the ± symbol selected, in the Operators page, click? This adds the square root radical to the right of the ± symbol and a question mark is selected under the radical. 5 Equation Palette 11 With the question mark under the radical still selected, type b This inserts the variable b. Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 247
Basic Workflow At almost every step of building an equation, you can choose from several different routes to complete a portion of the equation. In the next few steps, you will learn the importance of the insertion point location when selecting operations to be performed. You want to raise the variable b to the power of 2, so you must select the b to perform the operation to raise it to a power. 12 Press the Space Bar to select the b. 13 With the b under the radical selected, click?? (the Exponent Operator) at the far right side of the Operators page. Note: Two operators, superscript and exponent (shown below), look the same but function differently in equations. Superscript Operator Exponent Operator FrameMaker can evaluate equations that contain exponents but cannot evaluate superscripts. The equation displays a exponential question mark above and to the right of the b. 14 Type 2. If you attempted to complete the remainder of the equation under the radical, 4ac with your insertion point still in the superscript, it would be added to the superscript b 2 4ac To avoid this, you must select the subtract operation. which is not what you want. b 2 under the radical before you perform the 248 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Creating Your First Equation Explanation: Recall that every operation is something-operation-something. To ensure that you subtract 4ac from b 2, the b 2 must be selected before performing the operation. 15 With your insertion point still in the superscript, press the Space Bar twice to select the b 2 under the radical. 16 With the b 2 selected, in the Operators page, click??. The expression under the radical changes, leaving a selected question mark. 17 Type: 4ac 5 Equation Palette Explanation: To select another part of an equation, you can either move your insertion point next to that part of the equation and press the Space Bar to select it, press Right Arrow or Left Arrow, or press Tab. 18 Press Right Arrow once to select the question mark in the divisor. 19 Type: 2a Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 249
Basic Workflow To select the left side of the equation, do one of the following: Click to select it Press Right Arrow once Press Tab once 20 Press Tab once to select the left side of the equation. 21 Type: x Your equation is complete. Summary You learned the basic steps to create an equation. Even though you can speed up the process of inserting operators using keyboard shortcuts, you ll use these basic steps to build most of your equations. After you have built an equation, you must decide where to position it. The choices are the same as those for an anchored frame because equations are in anchored frames. Exercise 59 Positioning an Equation In this exercise, you ll resize the anchored frame holding the equation so it is no larger than the equation and learn the different anchoring positions for an equation. If you didn t complete the last exercise, open eq-start-2.fm and save it as equation.fm 1 Make equation.fm active. 2 Select the equation you completed in Exercise 58 on page 245 by clicking on the anchored frame border. Notice that the anchored frame holding the equation has a significant amount of whitespace. For most equations, you want to resize the anchored frame so it is no larger than necessary to contain the equation. Even though you can manually resize it, there is a much faster method called shrink wrapping. 250 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Positioning an Equation 3 Select the equation s anchored frame. From the Special menu select Anchored Frame. The anchored frame dialog box displays. Notice that The anchored frame is positioned Below Current Line and aligned to Center. 4 Click Cancel. 5 With the anchored frame still selected, in the Equation Palette, from the Equations pop-up menu, select Shrink-Wrap Equation. 5 Equation Palette The anchored frame is resized to be approximately one-half point larger than the equation on all sides. The shrink wrapping process also changes the anchoring position of the equation s anchored frame to At Insertion Point. This is also known as an inline equation. Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 251
Basic Workflow For small equations or equations that have only one line, anchoring the equation using At Insertion Point works well. But for larger, multiple-line equations, the space between lines may be unacceptable. This is most obvious when the equation is in the middle of a paragraph. To illustrate that, complete the paragraph. 6 With your insertion point after the anchored frame, type a Space and type: In each step, something is selected and then an operation is performed upon the selection. The insertion point can be moved to any part of the equation by clicking or using arrow keys. The line spacing for the equation s line is greater than the other lines, which causes the paragraph to look odd. A large equation like this one is better positioned in its own line, You can change the anchoring position using the Anchored Frame dialog box. 7 Select the equation s anchored frame. From the Special menu select Anchored Frame. The anchored frame dialog box displays. There are several possible anchoring positions for large equations; the most common is Below Current Line. 8 From the Anchoring Position pop-up menu, select Below Current Line. 9 From the Alignment pop-up menu, select Left. 252 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Positioning an Equation 10 Click Edit Frame. Even though this is an improvement, the equation is too close to the text above and below it. Controlling space above and below equations has the same considerations as graphics; the space above and below must be globally controllable. Since anchored frames do not have a means of globally controlling space above and below, we put the anchored frame anchor in a separate paragraph. Space above and below paragraphs can be controlled using paragraph formats. 11 Using the detailed substeps below, move the anchored frame anchor into its own paragraph. 11.a To the right of the anchored frame anchor, put your insertion point at the beginning of the sentence you typed, that starts with In each step, something is selected 11.b Press Delete or Backspace to remove the Space you typed. 11.c Press Return to move the sentence into a new paragraph below the anchored frame. 11.d Put your insertion point anywhere in the line above the equation. 11.e Press End (Macintosh: Control-e). This moves the insertion point to the absolute end of the line, to the right of the anchored frame anchor, even though it appears to be on top of the anchor. 11.f Press the Left Arrow key once. This moves the insertion point to the left of the anchor, even though it seems not to have moved, as shown below: rates how most equati of steps. 5 Equation Palette Insertion Point appears to be on top of the Anchor despite having moved it to the left of the anchor Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 253
Basic Workflow 11.g Press Return. The anchor and insertion point move into an otherwise blank paragraph. The anchor is partially obscured by the left edge of the text frame, as shown below: plex single equation in 12 From the Paragraph Catalog, apply EquationAnchor. The EquationAnchor paragraph format controls the space above and below anchored frames. Summary 13 Save equation.fm. You learned the two most commonly used anchoring positions for equations and a means of controlling the space above and below the anchored frame. Even though there are six anchoring positions, you ll rarely use more than the two anchoring positions you learned in the last exercise, Below Current Line and At Insertion Point. A third anchoring position, Run Into Paragraph is excellent for tall, narrow equations because it allows text to wrap to one side or the other of the equation and saves space on the page. You ll learn this anchoring position later. 254 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Equations Menu A Tour of the Equation Palette The Equation Palette is a complete software application in its own right, with its own interface and rules of usage. This section describes all the pages and menus of the Equation Palette. Equations Menu The Equations pop-up menu contains commands to create equations and to prepare them for modifications. New (Small, Medium, Large) Equation The difference between the three sizes refers not to the size of the anchored frame that contains the equation, but the size of the fonts and symbols in the equation. These sizes are controlled by the Equation Sizes dialog box. For more information, see Equation Sizes on page 256. 5 Equation Palette Shrink-wrap/Unwrap Equation Shrink wrapping reduces the anchored frame containing the equation to be 0.5 points larger than the equation on all sides. Unwrapping reverses the shrink wrapping process to allow easier editing of the equation. You ll use the unwrap process in Exercise 60 on page 262. Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 255
A Tour of the Equation Palette Equation Sizes The Equation Sizes dialog box allows you to modify the sizes of some symbols for each of the three equation sizes. To modify the size of an equation after it has been inserted, use Object Properties. For more information, see Changing Equation Sizes on page 274. Equation Fonts In the Equation Fonts dialog box, you specify the Character Format to format Functions, Numbers, text strings, and any mathematical variables in an equation. You can also specify the font for Math Symbols. For more information, see Changing Equation Formats on page 275. 256 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Equations Menu Insert Math Element When you create equations that require a custom function or you create equations that have the same string of characters, you can create that function or string as a Math Element on a Reference Page and then insert that element in an equation. Add Definition to Catalog You define a custom math element by drawing a Graphic Frame (which is then referred to as a Reference Frame) on a Reference Page. In the Reference Frame, use the Text Line tool to create the custom function or text string. Then select the Reference Frame, and from the Equation pop-up menu, select Add Definition to Catalog. The Add Math Element Definition dialog box displays, in which you choose the type for the definition, as shown below. For more information, consult the FrameMaker user guide. Update Definition You can update the definition of a custom math element in an equation by selecting the element and then selecting Equations > Update Definition. In the dialog box that displays, select Go To Frame. For more information, consult the FrameMaker user guide. 5 Equation Palette Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 257
A Tour of the Equation Palette Calculus Page From the Calculus Page, you can insert integrals, derivatives, partial derivatives, gradients, and define limits. Delimiters Page From the Delimiters Page, you can insert three different styles of delimiters; parentheses, brackets, and braces. You can also remove parentheses and toggle between the three different delimiter styles. Functions Page When your equation requires trigonometric, hyperbolic, or logarithmic functions, you can simply select the function, or type the common text that identifies the function. For example, to find the arctangent of something, type atan and the arctangent function is inserted and a question mark is selected. 258 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Large Page Large Page To insert sums, products, integrals, intersections, and unions in an equation, use the buttons on the Large Page. You can also toggle formats and add operands after inserting a math element on this page. Matrices Page The Matrices Page is used to insert matrices ranging from 1 by 1 up to 3 by 3. After you have created your matrix, you can add rows or columns using the Matrix Commands pop-up menu. You can control row heights and column widths using the commands on the Matrix Row Height and Matrix Column Widths pop-up menus, respectively. 5 Equation Palette You can also use text strings in matrices to create complex text representations. Operators Page You have already used the Operators Page to insert some operators. The important point to remember about inserting operators is the buttons depict the literal operator that will be inserted. Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 259
A Tour of the Equation Palette ( 3dx For example, if your equation called for 3 y 2 ) ---------------------? you would choose the ( xy 2 )? operator rather than one of the other two division operations. However, if you chose the wrong operation, you can toggle between the three division representations by clicking Toggle Format to correct your mistake. Positioning Page The positioning page gives you exact placement control for every part of an equation, including alignment of multiline equations and line breaking. If you find that you have micropositioned characters incorrectly, you can remove any micropositioning by clicking. To create a multiline equation, on the Operators page click? and create one equation? then the other equation. To align the equations, click Position Settings. In the Math Element Position Settings dialog box, select the alignment from the Left/ Right pop-up menu. Relations Page The Relations Page contains the relation symbols such as =, <, > and others. 260 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Symbols Page Symbols Page The symbols page contains the Greek symbols commonly used in equations, as well as the function to insert text strings and to apply Diacritical marks to equation variables. 5 Equation Palette Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 261
More Equation Palette Skills More Equation Palette Skills In this section, you ll learn about editing equations and creating more complex equations and equations that contain text After you have created an equation and positioned it, you may have to modify it or edit it. Exercise 60 Editing Equations In this exercise, you ll unwrap a finished equation to make it easier to edit it and then shrinkwrap it again when you have completed your revisions. Imagine that your SME has requested that you revise the equation to be: x 2 y = ---------------------------------------- b ± b 2 4a 2 c 2a 1 You ll need to unwrap the equation, and move your insertion point around in the equation to modify it. 1 With equation.fm active, select the shrinkwrapped equation. 2 In the Equation Palette, from the Equations pop-up menu, select Unwrap Equation. The equation s anchored frame expands. 262 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Editing Equations 3 If your entire equation is selected, press Right Arrow to deselect the entire equation and leave just the x selected. If your equation is not selected and the cursor is to the right of the X on the left side of the equation, press the Space Bar once to select the X. You ll modify the left side of the equation first. It is very difficult to move your insertion point after a operation to type another variable, so instead type the y after the x and then raise it to the power of two. 4 With the x selected, type: y 5 Press Left Arrow to move your insertion point to the right of x. x 2 6 Click the Exponent operator. Note: Two operators, superscript and exponent (shown below), look the same but function differently in equations. Superscript Operator?? Exponent Operator 5 Equation Palette FrameMaker can evaluate equations that contain exponents but cannot evaluate superscripts. Explanation: Notice that the X wasn t selected; FrameMaker assumed you wanted to assign an exponent to the variable to the left of the insertion point. Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 263
More Equation Palette Skills 7 With the exponential? selected, type: 2 8 Move your insertion point to the right side of the equation, specifically between the a and c in the -4ac portion. You can use the arrow keys or you can click to put your insertion point there. To move your insertion point by clicking, under the radical, in the -4ac portion, carefully click between the a and c. To move your insertion point using arrow keys, do the following: - Press Right Arrow four times. This moved your insertion point to the right side of the entire equation. - Press Down Arrow once. This moved your insertion point up into the numerator. - Press Left Arrow once. This moved your insertion point under the radical. - Press Right Arrow five times. This moved your insertion point between the a and c. 9 Click the Exponent operator.?? 10 With the exponential? selected, type: 2 11 Move your insertion point into the denominator, specifically after the 2a to add the subscript. You can use the arrow keys or you can click to put your insertion point there. To move your insertion point by clicking, in the denominator, carefully click after the 2a. To move your insertion point using arrow keys, do the following: - Press Right Arrow five times.this moved your insertion point after the a. 12 In the Operators page, click. 13 With the subscripted? selected, type: 1 Now that you ve finished editing the equation, shrinkwrap it.?? 264 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Creating an In-Line Equation With Text Summary Explanation: You can shrink-wrap the equation either by selecting it, or by having your insertion point in the equation. Since your insertion point is still in the equation, you can simply shrink-wrap it. 14 With your insertion point in the equation, in the Equation Palette, from the Equations pop-up menu, select Shrink-Wrap Equation. The anchored frame is reduced to 0.5 points larger than the equation. 15 Save equation.fm. You learned how to unwrap an equation and some methods of modifying it. When you create single line equations that have superscripts or subscripts, such as e = mc 2 or v = 1 2at 2 + v 0 t ; you may have to choose whether to devote an entire line to just the equation, as you learned in previous exercises. However, when your equations have no superscripts or subscripts, such as F = ma, the inline position may provide the best results. 2πR Some equations contain text, such as Volume 2 b = --------------- that should not be 3 treated as a mathematical variable. Other equations have mostly text and only a few mathematical operators, such as Force = Mass Acceleration Exercise 61 Creating an In-Line Equation With Text In this exercise, you ll create a simple single-line equation and position it at the insertion point, create a second single-line equation with text strings, and use some common keyboard shortcuts to insert operators. 5 Equation Palette 1 With equation.fm active, move your insertion point to the end of the last paragraph and press Return. 2 Type: The equation for Force is 3 Type a Space. 4 Insert a medium equation. In the Equation Palette, from the Equations pop-up menu, select New Medium Equation. Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 265
More Equation Palette Skills 5 Type: F=ma The equation is created with an F on the left side, an equals sign and ma on the right. 6 With your insertion point still in the equation, from the Equations pop-up menu, select Shrink-Wrap Equation or use the keyboard shortcut (Esc mp). The equation is shrinkwrapped and positioned at the insertion point. Explanation: You may notice in the pop-up menu the notation!mp. The! is shorthand notation for the Esc key. Thus the shortcut!me means press and release the Esc key, and then press an unshifted M and E. 7 Confirm that your insertion point is after the shrinkwrapped equation and type a Space and type: which is expressed as 8 Type a Space. 9 Insert a medium equation. When you type in an equation, FrameMaker assumes that you are entering variables in an equation. When you want an equation to contain text, you must use a String. 10 In the Equation Palette, select the Symbols page. 11 In the Symbols page click Start String. A pair of straight quote marks displays in the equation. This tells you that you may now type text that will not be treated as equation variables. 266 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Creating an In-Line Equation With Text 12 Type: Force 13 To end the string, in the Symbols page, click End String. The text you typed is selected. Now enter the data for the right side of the equation. The two sides are separated by an equals sign =. 14 On your keyboard, type an Equal sign (=). The equation changed to display the text you typed on the left of an equal sign and a selected question mark on the right. 15 In the Symbols page click Start String. 16 Type: Mass 17 To end the string, in the Symbols page, click End String. 18 Insert the multiplication symbol as an operator rather than as a text string. In the Operators page, click?? 19 The multiplication symbol and a selected question mark are inserted. If you need to type many text strings in equations, you can use a keyboard shortcuts to start and end a text string. 20 With the right-hand question mark selected, on your keyboard, press the Quote key ( ). The double quotes in the equation indicates the start of a text string. 5 Equation Palette 21 Type: Acceleration 22 To end the text string, press Return. 23 With your insertion point still in the equation, from the Equations pop-up menu, select Shrink-Wrap Equation or use the keyboard shortcut (Esc mp). The equation is shrinkwrapped and positioned at the insertion point. Summary 24 End the sentence by typing a Period. 25 Save equation.fm. You learned how to insert text in an equation and how to use some common keyboard shortcuts. Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 267
More Equation Palette Skills Some equations require use of trigonometric functions, 2RsinA sin (sine), cos (cosine), and tan (tangent), as shown in Chord = -------------------- 0 the equation to the right. You can enter these operators 2 using the Functions page or by simply typing the keyword. Another aspect of large or multiline equations is the amount of vertical space available on a page. If space doesn t allow for an equation to be below the current line and it is too tall to be at the insertion point, you might want to consider using a third anchoring position, Run into Paragraph. The example equation at the beginning of this paragraph uses the anchoring position of Run into Paragraph. Exercise 62 Using Built-in Functions and Run In Positioning of Equations In this exercise, you ll learn how to enter the built-in cosine function using both the Equation Palette and keyboard shortcuts to create the equation below ------------------------------------------------------ cos( x 2 + y 2 0.04π) x 2 + y 2 and position it to the right of the text using the Run Into Paragraph anchored frame position. You ll also learn some more keyboard shortcuts for inserting operators. 1 With equation.fm active, press Return to start a new paragraph. 2 Type the following: If you have a graphic calculator or a software application that can render graphic representations of equations, the following equation will create an image of a raindrop hitting the surface of water: 3 Insert a medium equation.? 4 With the question mark selected, in the Operators page, click.? 268 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Using Built-in Functions and Run In Positioning of Equations 5 Enter the cos function by doing one of the following: In the Functions page, click Type: cos cos? You want to apply the cos function to everything under a radical, so first insert parentheses before inserting a radical. 6 With the question mark to the right of the cos function still selected, insert parentheses around the question mark using one of the following methods: In the Delimiters page, in the upper-left corner, click (?). Use the keyboard shortcut, Shift-9 (or open parenthesis) Everything inside the parentheses is under a radical, so first insert a radical. 7 With the question mark inside the parentheses still selected, insert a radical using one of the following methods: In the Operators page, click? Use the keyboard shortcut for your platform: Platform Mac and UNIX Control-s Shortcut 5 Equation Palette Windows Control-r 8 Insert the x+y under the radical by typing: x + y Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 269
More Equation Palette Skills Explanation: After you have typed the rest of the equation under the radical, you will raise x and y to the power of two. 9 Now subtract 0.04 by typing: -0.04 10 Insert the π symbol. In the Symbols page, click π. 11 Using the detailed substeps below, raise x and y to the power of two. 11.a Press Left Arrow five times to move your insertion point to the right of the x (or click to the right of the x). 11.b Raise x to the power of two using one of the following methods: In the Operators page, click the?? Exponent operator and type: 2 Press Shift-6 and type: 2 11.c Press Right Arrow twice position your insertion point to the right of the y. 11.d Raise y to the power of two using one of the methods shown above. The numerator of the equation is complete. Next, you ll finish the denominator. 12 Press Tab to select the denominator. 13 Everything in the denominator is under a radical. Insert a radical using one of the methods shown in Step 7 above. 14 Insert the x+y under the radical by typing: x + y 270 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Using Built-in Functions and Run In Positioning of Equations 15 Your insertion point is just to the right of the y; raise it to the power of two using one of the methods shown above. 16 Move your insertion point the right of the x by pressing Left Arrow four times (or by clicking) and raise x to the power of two using one of the methods shown above. 17 Shrinkwrap the equation. 18 Using the detailed substeps below, position the equation using the Run Into Paragraph anchoring position. 18.a Select the equation. 18.b From the Special menu, select Anchored Frame. 18.c From the Anchoring Position pop-up menu, select Run into Paragraph. 18.d From the Alignment pop-up menu, change the alignment to Right. 18.e Click Edit Frame. The anchored frame containing the equation runs into the paragraph and the text wraps to the left side. 5 Equation Palette 19 Save equation.fm. Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 271
Fine-Tuning Equations Fine-Tuning Equations Some equations require some special formatting or alignment. In this section, you ll create some other equations and change their formatting. Exercise 63 Creating and Aligning Multiline Equations C = 2πr = πd In the exercise, you ll create a multiline equation A = πr and then align the two equations on the equal sign. 1 Make equation.fm active. 2 Move your insertion point to the end of the flow (Macintosh: Command-End; UNIX: Meta-Shift-} (close brace); Windows: Alt-Shift-PgDn) and press Return to create a new paragraph. 3 Type: This is an example of a multiline equation: 4 Insert a medium equation.? 5 From the Operators page, click.? 6 With the top question mark selected, type: C=2 7 Insert the π symbol by doing one of the following: In the Symbols page, click π. Use the keyboard shortcut for your platform Platform Keystrokes Mac UNIX Windows Option-p Meta-p Control-Alt-p 8 Type: r= 9 Insert the π symbol using one of the methods shown above. 10 Type: r 272 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Creating and Aligning Multiline Equations 11 Press Tab to select the bottom question mark. 12 Type: A= 13 Insert the π symbol using one of the methods shown above. 14 Type: r 15 Raise r to the power of two using one of the following methods: In the Operators page, click the?? operator and type: 2 Press Shift-6 and type: 2 The equations are complete but they don t line up. We d like to align them on the equal signs. To do this, you must select both equations. 16 Select both equations by pressing Space Bar five times. 17 On the Positioning Page, select Position Settings The Math Element Position Settings dialog box displays. 18 In the Math Element Position Settings dialog box, in the Alignment area, from the Left/Right pop-up menu, select Left of =. 19 Click Set. The two equations align on the left equal signs. 20 Shrinkwrap the equation. 21 Save equation.fm. 5 Equation Palette Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 273
Fine-Tuning Equations Changing Equation Sizes and Fonts In some cases, you may need to reduce or increase the size of variables symbols, operators, and functions in a completed equation. Your stylesheet may require special fonts for your equations. You can format all parts of the equation to be the same or to use different character formats as needed. Exercise 64 Changing Equation Sizes In this exercise, you ll change the size of a completed equation to be larger. 1 Make equation.fm active. 2 Put your insertion point anywhere in the equation you completed in the last exercise. 3 From the Graphics menu, select Object Properties. 4 In the Object Properties dialog box, from the Size pop-up menu, select Large. 5 Click Set. The equation increases in size. 6 Save equation.fm. Equation formats are divided into five parts: Fonts for Math Symbols, and character formats for Functions, Numbers, Strings, and Variables. 274 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Changing Equation Formats Exercise 65 Changing Equation Formats In this exercise, you ll assign character formats to the different parts of an equation to format all equations. 1 Make equation.fm active. 2 From the Equations pop-up menu, select Equation Fonts. 3 From the Functions pop-up menu, select ArialBlue. 4 From the Numbers pop-up menu, select ArialGreen. 5 From the Strings pop-up menu, select ArialBlue. 6 From the Variables pop-up menu, select ArialRed. Note: The character formats you just assigned were created just for this document and are not standard formats. 7 Click Set. All the equations on the page are changed to reflect the formatting you assigned. Explanation: By assigning a character format to an equation part, you affect all equations in the document. It is not possible to format equations individually without creating format overrides. 5 Equation Palette Note: To change the font for Math Symbols, you must have a font that can correctly render mathematical symbols, such as Mathematical Pi and Universal Greek. This manual does not cover that aspect of equation formatting. 8 Save and close equation.fm. Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 275
Equation Palette Guidelines Equation Palette Guidelines Here are some guidelines for using the Equation Palette: 1 If you don t use the Equation Palette regularly, it is easy to forget the interface differences. 2 Every equation is created by a performing a series of steps where something is selected and an operation is performed upon the selection, which we refer to as something-operator-something?? operator Selection before clicking Operator? 4ac Operator Result Notes???? 4ac 5 Click Toggle Formats to move?? 5 -- 5 -- 5 5 between and and 3 It is not possible to go back into a completed text string to insert a space at the beginning. You may find it easier to type a space first and then type the text. You can always delete the space later if it is not needed. 4 There are hundreds of keyboard shortcuts for inserting operators, functions, and symbols. To see all the keyboard shortcuts, open the online help menu and select Index. In the Index, click the K section. In the K section, there are three hyperlinks to keyboard shortcuts, one each for Mac, UNIX, and Windows, respectively. Click the hyperlink for your platform. In the Quick Reference, click Equations. From this page, you can select the page for which you want a keyboard shortcut. For example, the keyboard shortcut to insert the delta symbol ( Δ) is on the Symbols page; Mac: Option-Shift-d; UNIX: Meta-Shift-d; Windows: Alt-Control-Shift-d. 276 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker
Review Questions Review Questions Answer the following questions to review what you learned in this module. 1 Equations are created by selecting something and doing what? 2 How are equations put in a FrameMaker document? 3 You create a blank equation and the question mark is selected. What would happen if you typed the following? foot/pounds 4 How would you type in the units of measure in and cm for the equation below? To convert inches to centimeters: 1in = 2.54cm 5 With your insertion point in an equation, what happens when you press the Space Bar? 6 How would you insert cosθ into an equation? The answers to these questions are on page 356. 5 Equation Palette Transformatting Word to FrameMaker 277
Review Questions 278 Transformatting Word to FrameMaker