Algoritmy deterministickej a stochastickej optimalizácie a ich počítačová realizácia

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Algoritmy deterministickej a stochastickej optimalizácie a ich počítačová realizácia ESF 2007 D. Ševčovič Katedra aplikovanej matematiky a štatistiky, Univerzita Komenského, 842 48 Bratislava http://www.iam.fmph.uniba.sk/institute/sevcovic D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 1/21

Úvod Ciele prednáškového cyklu: Ciel om série prednášok je priblížit moderné numerické metódy a softvérové nástroje na riešenie praktických problémov, ktoré vedú na optimalizačné úlohy. D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 2/21

Úvod Metódy: deterministické metódy optimalizácie vol ná a viazaná konvexná optimalizácia Newton-Kantorovičov algoritmus metóda vnútorného bodu (Mehrotrov a Vanderbeiov algoritmus) stochastické metódy optimalizácie vol ná a viazaná nekonvexná optimalizácia algoritmus evolučných stratégií algoritmus Rechenbergera a metóda simulovaného žíhania D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 3/21

Úvod Softvérové nástroje: komerčné alternatívy: Mathematica, Matlab nekomerčné alternatívy: Octave(klon Matlab-u), GNU C - jazyk, Fortran nekomerčné sw. balíky: Vanderbeiov balík pre metódy vnútorného bodu D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 4/21

Úvod Aplikácie: Deterministické metódy optimalizácie optimalizácia skladby dodávok elektriny, analýza efektívnosti bankových pobočiek, optimalizácia rozhodovania prestupov medzi fondmi pri kapitalizačnom pilieri dôchodkového sporenia. Stochastické metódy optimalizácie optimalizácia rozloženia rajtingových kritérií, kalibrácia Term structure modelov (výnosové krivky dlhopisov) D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 5/21

Deterministické metódy Deterministické optimalizačné metódy Newton-Kantorovičova metóda najväčšieho spádu, Kvázinewtonovské metódy min φ(x), x Ω Ω RN Metódy vnútorného bodu a lineárne programovanie min c t x Ax b x 0 D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 6/21

Deterministické metódy Newton-Kantorovičova metóda najväčšieho spádu min φ(x), x Ω Ω RN Nutné podmienky: φ(x) = 0 Algoritmus (Newton-Kantorovič) x n+1 = x n [ 2 φ(x n )] 1 φ(x n ), start x 0 D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 7/21

Deterministické metódy Algoritmus (Newton-Kantorovič) Set: start x 0 Do Set: A n = 2 φ(x n ), b n = φ(x n ) Solve: A n s n = b n Set: x n+1 = x n + s n While (n < nmax and φ(x n ) > tolerance) D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 8/21

Deterministické metódy Metóda vnútorného bodu pre lin. programovanie Metódy vnútorného bodu a lineárne programovanie min c t x Ax b x 0 Doplnkové premenné Ax + s = b s s min c t x Ax=b x 0 D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 9/21

Deterministické metódy Metóda vnútorného bodu pre lin. programovanie Aproximácia úlohy do vnútra oblasti x > 0 n φ µ (x) = min c t x µ ln(x i ) i=1 na afínnej množine Ax = b kde 0 < µ 1 je malý (transformačný) parameter µ = µ 1, µ 2,..., µ m..., kde µ k+1 = 1 2 µ k D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 10/21

Deterministické metódy Metóda vnútorného bodu pre lin. programovanie Metóda viazaných extrémov (Lagrangeove multiplikátory) pre úlohu minφ µ (x) pri afínnej väzbe Ax = b Ax = b A T λ + s = c x i s i = µ x, s 0 Riešime Newton-Kantorovičovou metódou (Mehrotrov algoritmus) D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 11/21

Deterministické metódy Realizácia v sw. Mathematica D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 12/21

Simplexová metóda Simplexová metóda - Mathematica n=300 k = 300; c = Table[1., {i, 1, n}]; A = Table[Table[Abs[Sin[i*j]], {j, 1, n}], {i, 1, k} b = Table[1., {i, 1, k}]; vystup= LinearProgramming[c, A, b, "Method" -> {"RevisedSimplex"}] D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 13/21

Metóda vnútorného bodu Metóda vnútorného bodu - Mathematica n=300 k = 300; c = Table[1., {i, 1, n}]; A = Table[Table[Abs[Sin[i*j]], {j, 1, n}], {i, 1, k} b = Table[1., {i, 1, k}]; vystup= LinearProgramming[c, A, b, "Method" -> {"InteriorPoint"}] D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 14/21

Porovnanie metód Porovnanie oboch metód - Mathematica 6 5 Porovnanie metod 4 T 3 2 1 0 200 400 600 800 1000 n Časová zložitost simplexovej metódy a metódy vnútorného bodu Simplexová metóda - červená, Metóda vnútorného bodu - modrá Rozmer kxn kde k = 50 je pevné a n [10, 300]. D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 15/21

Porovnanie metód Porovnanie oboch metód - Mathematica 175 150 125 Porovnanie metod T 100 75 50 25 0 50 100 150 200 250 n Časová zložitost simplexovej metódy a metódy vnútorného bodu Simplexová metóda - červená, Metóda vnútorného bodu - modrá Rozmer nxn kde n [10, 300]. D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 16/21

Zložitost Porovnanie oboch metód - zložitost Simplexová metóda - exponenciálna zložitost Metóda vnútorného bodu - polynoniálna zložitost Narendra Karmarkar (1984). "A New Polynomial Time Algorithm for Linear Programming", Combinatorica, Vol 4, nr. 4, p. 373 395. [1] Wright, Stephen (1997). Primal-Dual Interior-Point Methods. Philadelphia, PA: SIAM. ISBN 0-89871-382-X. [2] Nocedal, Jorge; and Stephen Wright (1999). Numerical Optimization. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98793-2. D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 17/21

Deterministické metódy Realizácia v sw. Matlab D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 18/21

Metóda vnútorného bodu Metóda vnútorného bodu - Matlab n=300; k=300; c=ones(1,n); b=ones(1,k); A=[]; for i=1:k for j=1:n A(i,j)=abs(sin(i*j)); end end lowerbound=zeros(1,n); options=optimset( LargeScale, on ); linprog(-c,a,b,[],[],lowerbound,[],[],options); D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 19/21

Simplexová metóda Simplexová metóda - Matlab n=300; k=300; c=ones(1,n); b=ones(1,k); A=[]; for i=1:k for j=1:n A(i,j)=abs(sin(i*j)); end end lowerbound=zeros(1,n); options=optimset( LargeScale, off ); linprog(-c,a,b,[],[],lowerbound,[],[],options); D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 20/21

Porovnanie metód Porovnanie oboch metód - Matlab 10 8 Porovnanie metod T 6 4 2 0 50 100 150 200 250 n Časová zložitost simplexovej metódy a metódy vnútorného bodu Simplexová metóda - červená, Metóda vnútorného bodu - modrá Rozmer nxn kde n [10, 300]. D. Sevcovic, March 31, 2007 Krivky, ich krivost a pohyb - p. 21/21