SEMESTER 2 Chapter 2 Static Networking V 4.0 2.1.1 What are the primary responsibilities of the router? 2.1.3 What is the first serial connector described called at the router end? What is the first serial connector described called at the router end? What are the five standards supported by serial connections? 2.1.3.2 When will static routes and dynamic routes be added to the routing table? What command will show the status and gives a detailed description for all interfaces on the router? What does the administratively down out put mean? What does the line down output mean? What does the show ip interfaces brief command list? Why is show ip interfaces brief command better than show running config to see if the state of the interfaces? 2.2.2 What is the default state of router interfaces? What are the commands and prompt to enable an interface? Even after configuring an interface, what must be received by the interface to change the state to up? What command will stop the messages returned by IOS not to interfere with your typing? 2.2.2.2 What does a C mean in the output of show ip route? What types of addresses are Determining the best path to send packets Forwarding packets toward their destination DB-60 Smart Serial EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, V.35, X.21, and EIA/TIA-530 standards After the exit interfaces are configured Show interfaces That the interface is turned off That no carrier signal is being received a portion of the interface information in a condensed format to quickly verify that interfaces are up and up (administratively up and line protocol is up) Shut down R1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0 R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)#no shutdown Carrier signal logging synchronous Directly connected network Network addresses
seen in the routing table? 2.2.3 What must be true for the network of each interface on a router? What is the default gateway for a LAN? 2.2.3.2 What does a device send if it does not have the ip address in its ARP table? 2.2.4 What are the commands to configure a serial interface? Why may a serial interface still be down after it has been configured? After the other end of the connection is configured, why is the line protocol down? 2.2.5 What end of a serial connection is the service provider? What end of the serial connection is the router by default? What device is used to convert the data from the router (DTE device) into a form acceptable to the WAN service provider? What do serial interfaces require to control the timing of communication? 2.2.5.2 What two things must be done to configure a serial interface as a DCE? What are the two types of serial cables used in the lab? What command will tell you which type of cable is connected to the interface? 2.2.5.3 What command will show the status of the interfaces? What is the second test to see if the interface is operational? What command will show if the router knows how to get to the network? What command will show you The subnet must be different The router interface ARP request R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0 R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)#no shutdown The other end of the connection may not be configured The clock rate has not been set DCE DTE CSU/DSU Clock signal 1. Connect the DCE end of the cable to the serial interface. 2. Configure the clock signal on the serial interface using the clock rate command. A DTE/DCE crossover cable on which one end is DTE and the other end is DCE A DTE cable connected to a DCE cable Show controllers Show interface Show ip interface brief Ping Show ip route Show running-config
all the commands that have been configured on the router? 2.3.1 What is the purpose of the routing table? What does the debug command show? What debug command will show you as networks are connected? What command is used to turn off the debug command? What two commands are used to remove a directly connected network? 2.3.2 What is the crucial step in configuring your network? What two commands should you use before you continue with more complex configurations? What does a failed ping display? 2.3.2.2 Why does the first ping fail and the second ping succeed? 2.3.3 What is the network monitoring and troubleshooting tool used in this section? Which device will information be gathered about, be specific? What information is contained in the advertisements? At layer 3, what do routing protocols consider neighbors? What layer does CDP operate at? Describe Cisco CDP neighbors? 2.3.3.2 What are the commands to display CDP information? What is the default setting for CDP? What are the 5 types of information that CDP provides information about? A routing table is a data structure used to store routing information acquired from different sources. The main purpose of a routing table is to provide the router with paths to different destination networks. Monitor router operations in real time Debug ip route Undebug all shutdown and no ip address Verify that all interfaces are up and up the show ip interface brief command and the show ip route command.. There is no match in the routing table for the first ping but there is for the second ping Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) directly connected Cisco devices the types of devices that are connected, the router interfaces they are connected to, the interfaces used to make the connections, and the model numbers of the devices devices that share the same network address space Layer 2 Cisco devices that are directly connected physically and share the same data link show cdp neighbors and show cdp neighbors detail On Device identifiers - For example, the configured host name of a switch Address list - Up to one Network layer address
2.3.4 What information is displayed after issuing the show cdp neighbors command? What information will be provided even if you can not ping that interface? What information can be gathered if you telnet to a neighboring device? Can CDP be a security risk? What command can be used to shut off CDP on a router? (command and prompt) What command can be used to shut off CDP on an interface? (command and prompt) 2.4.1 What are the two ways a router can learn about remote networks? What is a stub route? When are static routes used? Why would dynamic routing be a waste of resources for a stub route? 2.4.1.2 What is the complete syntax for entering a static route? What is the simpler version of the command that we will use? Describe the first 2 parameters used. Describe the choice for the last parameter to use. for each protocol supported Port identifier - The name of the local and remote port-in the form of an ASCII character string such as ethernet0 Capabilities list - For example, whether this device is a router or a switch Platform - The hardware platform of the device; for example, a Cisco 7200 series router Neighbor device ID Local interface Holdtime value, in seconds Neighbor device capability code Neighbor hardware platform Neighbor remote port ID IP address Show CDP information from that device and build a logical topology Yes Router(config)#no cdp run Router(config-if)#no cdp enable Manually, from configured static routes Automatically, from a dynamic routing protocol A network that can only be accessed by a single route Stub routes Because there is only one way out for sending non-local traffic Router(config)#ip route prefix mask {ip-address interface-type interface-number [ip-address]} [distance] [name] [permanent] [tag tag] Router(config)#ip route network-address subnetmask {ip-address exit-interface } network-address - Destination network address of the remote network to be added to the routing table subnet-mask - Subnet mask of the remote network to be added to the routing table. The subnet mask can be modified to summarize a group of networks. ip-address - Commonly referred to as the nexthop router's IP address
2.4.2 List the output and explain each element from entering the static route. List the output and explain each element from entering the show ip route command. 2.4.2.2 What are the 2 commands to verify static routes? What is recommended to do after entering and verifying the static routes? 2.4.2.3 What does principle 1 define about where a router looks to forward packets? What does principle 2 define about what other routers routing tables contain? What does principle 3 state about the return route of a packet? 2.4.4.1 Before a router forwards a packet, what must be determined? List the two steps that the router uses to forward a packet. When the router has to perform multiple lookups in the routing table before forwarding a packet, what is the process called? How can a static route be entered to stop the recursive lookup process? 2.4.4.2 What happens to the static route if the exit interface goes down? exit-interface - Outgoing interface that would be used in forwarding packets to the destination network ip route - Static route command 172.16.1.0 - Network address of remote network 255.255.255.0 - Subnet mask of remote network 172.16.2.2 - Serial 0/0/0 interface IP address on R2, which is the "next-hop" to this network S - Routing table code for static route 172.16.1.0 - Network address for the route /24 - Subnet mask for this route; this is displayed in the line above, known as the parent route, and discussed in Chapter 8 [1/0] - Administrative distance and metric for the static route (explained in a later chapter) via 172.16.2.2 - IP address of the next-hop router, the IP address of R2's Serial 0/0/0 interface Show ip route Show running-config Save the configuration to NVRAM R1#copy running-config startup-config Its own routing table Just because the route is in your table does not mean it is in other routers routing table Just because a packet can get to a destination does not mean it can get back The exit interface Match the ip address to the routing table Determine the exit interface, based on the route in the routing table. Recursive lookup Enter the exit interface vs. next-hop ip address The static route is removed 2.5.1.2 What is the command to No ip route (ip address) (s/n mask) (next-hop ip)
remove the static route with the next-hop ip address? What is the command to enter a static route using an exit interface? 2.5.2 What are the reasons to modify a static route? Can a static route be directly modified? Explain your answer What is the most efficient way to enter a static route? 2.5.3 What are the three commands listed to verify static route configuration? 2.5.4 What is the destination MAC address if the packet is to be forwarded to the next-hop router? If the ip address does exist in the ARP table what type of request is issued? 2.5.4.2 What is the difference between entering an exit interface for a static route on a serial interface and an Ethernet interface? Will a static route with an exit interface on a Ethernet interface always work? What is the command to configure both the exit interface and ip address for a static route? 2.6.1 Why does making a routing table smaller improve the efficiency of the router? What are the 2 rules on when a static route can be summarized? What are the six steps in creating a summary route? ip route (ip address) (s/n mask) (exit interface) The destination network no longer exists, and therefore the static route should be deleted. There is a change in the topology, and either the intermediate address or the exit interface has to be changed. No it must be removed and a new one configured Use the exit interface Show running-config, show ip route, ping The next hop router MAC address ARP request The serial is point to point The Ethernet may have many different devices sharing the same multi-access network No R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 fastethernet 0/1 172.16.2.2 There are fewer routes to examine The destination networks can be summarized into a single network address, and The multiple static routes all use the same exitinterface or next-hop IP address 1. Write out the networks that you want to summarize in binary. 2. To find the subnet mask for summarization, start with the left-most bit. 3. Work your way to the right, finding all the bits that match consecutively. 4. When you find a column of bits that do not match, stop. You are at the summary boundary.
2.6.2 If two routes in the routing table match the packet, which route will the router choose? What is a default static route? What are the 2 times a default static route is used? List the complete command to enter a default static route. What is the ip address and subnet mask for quad-zero? 2.6.2.2 What does the * mean next to the S in the routing table? What is true about a default static route and matching packets? 2.7.1 Definitely understand each step in the process explained. If any of the steps are confusing, list your questions here 2.7.2 What are some forces that can cause a networks status to change? What are some of the commands you can used to troubleshoot a network? 5. Now, count the number of left-most matching bits, which in our example is 22. This number becomes your subnet mask for the summarized route, /22 or 255.255.252.0 6. To find the network address for summarization, copy the matching 22 bits and add all 0 bits to the end to make 32 bits. The match that is most specific A route that will match all packets When no other routes in the routing table match the packet's destination IP address. In other words, when a more specific match does not exist. A common use is when connecting a company's edge router to the ISP network. When a router has only one other router to which it is connected. This condition is known as a stub router. Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [exitinterface ip-address ] 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Candidate default It will match all packets An interface fails. A service provider drops a connection. There is an over-saturation of links. An administrator enters a wrong configuration. Ping, traceroute, show ip route, show ip interface brief, show cdp neighbors detail * What devices are the WAN devices (components other than the router itself)?
* Make sure you are familiar with the output of show ip int brief. Ideally, you want to see the status shows as up and protocol shows as up. However, you also need to know some of the following combinations. - What variables are on the output of show ip int brief? - What will be the output is there is no clock rate configured on the interface? - What will be the output if the interface is shutdown? * If you need to put the clock rate command on the router interface, where should you put it? * Without looking at the label on the cable, what command can you use to figure out whether the serial cable is DCE or DTE? * Can you summarize the networks 192.168.0.0 24 through 192.168.7.0 /24 into a single address and what would that address be? * Can you summarize the following networks into a single address and what would that address be? : 192.1.1.0/27, 192.1.1.32/27, 192.1.1.64/28, 192.1.1.80/28, 192.1.1.96/29, 192.1.1.104/29, 192.1.1.112/29, 192.1.1.120/29? * What is the definition of recursive lookup? What is the process of recursive lookup? - Recursive route lookup - Occurs when the router has to perform multiple lookups in the routing table before forwarding a packet. - Which routes in the output does not need to perform the recursive lookup?
- For example, When a packet needs to go to 192.168.2.0 /24 network (see the graphic), it finds the route to the destination network and then it sees the exit address of 172.16.2.2. It than perform the 2 nd step to find which interface has that exist address to forward the address. - Your turn! -What happen when a packet needs to go to network 192.168.3.0 /24? - You need to be able to dissect and understand everything in the static route entry shown in the routing table: For example (refer back to the figure above): S 192.168.2.0 /24 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2 - What is the significant of the information S? - What is the significant of the information 192.168.2.0? - What is the significant of the information /24? - What is the significant of the information 1? - What is the significant of the information 0? - What is the significant of the information 172.16.2.2? - You also need to know after setting up the static route, it will not be added into the routing table automatically. Router needs to verify either the exit interface is up or the exit IP address is reachable. For example, if setup the static route using exit interface and interface is down, the IP route will be get added into the routing table. If the interface got shutdown, the IP address will get deleted from the routing table. - After you configured the static route and it is running for a while, under what condition that you will be required to reconfigure the static route? (The way to answer this question is to remember what is statically setup in the configuration.) - What commands do you need to make this change (at least 2 commands needed to make this change)?
* What is the Administrative distance of the static route? What is the metric of the static route? * What commands can be used to troubleshooting layer 3 problems? * What commands can be used to troubleshooting layer 2 problems? - Ping -Traceroute -Show IP route -Show ip interface brief -Show cdp neighbors detail * You are expected to be tested on how to setup static route (and there are multiple questions related to this topics). You need to know the syntax of static route and configure the static route. For example, setup static route from R1 to R2 LAN. - R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 (or) - R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s 0/0/0 * What is reason when you are setting a static route and the exit interface is the Ethernet network you are advised to use the next-hop IP address instead of using the Ethernet as the exit interface?
* What is CDP? What are the functions of CDP? Who are your neighbors if you are connected to S3? Which OSI layer is the CDP running? * You need to be familiar with the show cdp nei output. You will be asked of what variables will be on the output: Device ID; Local Interface; Holdtime; Capacity; Platform; and Port ID. The question will be mixed with both some fake variable and some real variable. You need to memorized these 5 variables. * Can you use only 2 static default routes and 1 static route to setup the network communication and make sure any user in any giving network can reach any other networks and also sending the traffic to the internet?