Unit 8 Hard Drive Technologies Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
The disk surface is divided into tracks. 2
Most Hard Drives Have Multiple Platters Platter1, Track1 Platter2, Track1 Platter3, Track1 Platter4, Track1 3
The eight track 1 s are referred to collectively as Cylinder 1. 4
Read\Write Head Platter 5
6
7
One Sector = 512 Bytes 8
Cluster 9
Cluster The smallest unit of disk space that the OS can allocate to a file. It consists of one or more sectors. Generally, the larger the disk drive, the more sectors per cluster. 10
Hard Drive Interfaces Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
ST-506/ESDI Interface 12
The Drive Controller Interface between the drive and the motherboard (system controller) Obsolete as separate cards Integrated with the motherboard and drives 13
Legacy Drive Controller 14
IDE/EIDE Interface 40-pin data connector Configuration Jumpers 15
EIDE Controller 16
SCSI Interface Configuration Jumpers? 50-pin data connector 17
SCSI Host Adapter Internal External 18
SATA Interface 19
Hard Drive Installation and Setup Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
IDE Cables 21
Motherboard Ports 22
Master/Slave Settings 23
EIDE Enhanced IDE Larger Drive Capacity Faster Transfers Two ports, and two devices on each port ATAPI 24
Control cable Mounting Screws Power connector Mounting screws 25
Safety First Turn off the power before you open the computer. Wear an antistatic wrist band grounded to the computer when handling any computer component. Be careful of the sharp wires on the component side of the disk drive. 26
Physical Drive Logical Drive
Setup 17 Standard Advanced Chipset P o w e r M g m t PCI/PnP Standard Setup P e r i p h e r a l Pri Master Pri Slave Sec Master Sec Slave 17 Date/Time Floppy A Floppy B 28
Master and Slave on same cable. 29
Mounting Screws Control cable Power Connector Mounting Screws 30
Hard drive removal Open the cabinet. Disconnect cables. Remove mounting screws. Lift out the drive. 31
Control cable Power Connector 32
Control Cable Power Connector 33
FRAGILE Handle the hard drive with care. DO NOT DROP OR JAR 34
35
Primary Slave Hard Disk Type LBA/Large Mode Block Mode 32Bit Mode PIO Mode : Auto : Off : Off : Off : Auto 36
SATA Serial AT Attachment (SATA) standard Data storage standard Interface transparent to operating system Supports previous parallel ATA standards Burst rate 150 MB/sec 37
SATA Interface Signal Cable Connector Signal Contacts Cable Assemblies Drive Socket Assembly 38
SATA Interface Drive Socket Assembly Power Contacts Cable Assemblies Power Supply Cable Connector 39
SATA Interface Drive Socket Assembly Manufacturer Test Pins Cable Assemblies 40
SATA Hard Disk Drive Power Adapter Plug Power Connector Signal Connector Test Pins 41
Hard Drive Partitions Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
File Allocation Table (FAT) OS s road map to the disk How the OS keeps track of which clusters belong to which files How the OS keeps track of bad sectors Two copies maintained and kept up to date. 43
Formatting Low Level Formatting - Performed by the Drive Manufacturer. High Level Formatting - Performed by the PC User via the FORMAT Command. 44
Low-Level Formatting Blank Disk Sectors and tracks defined
Low Level Formatting Performed at the factory. Converts the single blank surface into tracks and sectors. Finds and remaps bad spots on the disk so that the operating system can avoid them. 46
High Level Formatting Originally performed by the vendor of the computer. Creates boot record, FAT, and the root directory. Performed with the FORMAT command. 47
Partitioning Makes the hard disk compatible with the OS Prepares hard disk for high-level format Divides hard disk into partitions or makes it one large partition Performed with the FDISK utility 48
FAT and FAT 16 DOS, Win 95, Win 98 2 GB Maximum Partition 32 KB Cluster @ 2 GB 49
VFAT Win 95 and Win 98 2 GB Maximum Partition 32 K Cluster @ 2 GB Long File Names 50
FAT 32 Win 95 and Win 98 2 TB Maximum Partition 4 KB Cluster @ 2 GB 51
Partition Format Load OS 52
Fixed Disk Setup Program (C)Copyright Microsoft Corp. 1983-1995 FDISK Options Current fixed disk drive: 1 Choose one of the following: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current fixed disk drive Enter choice: [5] 53
Fixed Disk Setup Program (C)Copyright Microsoft Corp. 1983-1995 FDISK Options Current fixed disk drive: 2 Choose one of the following: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current fixed disk drive Enter choice: [1] 54
Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive Current fixed disk drive: 2 Choose one of the following: 1. Create Primary DOS Partition 2. Create Extended DOS Partition 3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition Enter choice: [2] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options 55
Create Extended DOS Partition Current fixed disk drive: 2 Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E:1 A EXT DOS JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100% Extended DOS Partition already exists. Press Esc to continue 56
Display Partition Information Current fixed disk drive: 2 Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E:1 A EXT DOS JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100% Total disk space is 1032 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes) The Extended DOS Partition contains Logical DOS Drives. Do you want to display the logical drive information (Y/N)...?[Y] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options 57
Display Logical DOS Drive Information Drv Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E: JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100% Total Ext DOS Partition size is 1032 Mbytes (1 MByte = 1048576 bytes) Press Esc to continue 58
You must FORMAT ALL new Logical Drives. 59
C? D? E? F? 60
C: Master, Primary Partition E: Master, Extended Partition D: Slave, Primary Partition F: Slave, Extended Partition 61
Maintaining a Hard Drive Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Symptom Hard drive performance has been slowing down over time. 63
Symptom PC will not boot from the hard drive. 64
Possible Problems: The SETUP configuration has been changed or lost. One or more of the MS-DOS files on the hard drive may be corrupt or missing. The partition table or boot sector may be corrupt. The hard drive may have a mechanical or an electronic malfunction. 65
How good are your backups? You can reload Windows You can reload applications You can reconfigure the GUI Can you recreate your data? 66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
The Backup Timeline OS Loaded Apps Loaded Backup Minor Changes CRASH! Restore from Backup Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Days 7-15 Day 20 Day 21 77
The Backup Timeline OS Loaded Apps Loaded Backup Minor Changes CRASH! Restore from Day 5 Backup Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Days 7-15 Day 20 Day 21 Changes are lost! 78
Create Regular Backups Changes made between the Backup and the Restoration are lost. 79
Optical Drives Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
The CD-ROM = 450 Floppy Disks Storage 650 MB X1 = 150 KBps 81
Floppy Disk Magnetic Tracks are concentric CD-ROM Laser Reading One spiral track 82
Floppy Disk Magnetic Tracks are separate circles Track 0 at the outer edge CD-ROM Laser Reading One Spiral Track From Inside to Outside Track 0 Track 79 End Beginning 83
16,000 laps per inch 135 tracks per inch 84
Magnetic Disk Angular rate is constant Shorter track on inside means tighter packed data CD-ROM Disk Linear rate is constant Shorter track on inside means higher rotational speed there. 85
Track 0 Track 1 86
Sector In addition to data, each sector also contains Error Detection Codes (EDC) and Error Correcting Codes (ECC). 87
Never wipe in line with the Sector! OK 88
Top or Label Side Reflective Metal Layer Clear Protective Coating 89
Data, in the form of PITS and LANDS Beam is absorbed Beam is reflected 90
Recordable Media Gold Layer 91
Recordable Media Photo-sensitive Dye Layer CD-R is Write Once Read Many (WORM) RD-RW is Read/Write, or Re-writeable 92
Connections and Specifications Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Four Basic CD-ROM Interfaces SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) EIDE (Extended Integrated Drive Electronics) Proprietary Bus Other Interfaces 94
Access Speeds Single-speed (1x) Quad-speed (4x) Eight-speed (8x) Ten-speed (10x) Sixteen-speed (16x) Twenty-speed (20x) Twenty Four-speed (24x) Fifty-speed (50x) 150 KB/s 600 KB/s 1.2 MB/s 1.5 MB/s 2.4 MB/s 3 MB/s 3.6 MB/s 7.5 MB/s 95
Installing and Maintaining a CD-ROM Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Installing a CD-ROM Drive 1. Install or select the hardware interface. 2. Install the physical drive. 3. Install the device driver. 4. Link the device driver name to the operating system 97
Primary EIDE Channel Secondary EIDE Channel 98
CD-ROM Drive Locations 99
Metal knockout Plastic snap out 100
Power to CD-ROM Drive 101
Control to CD-ROM Drive 102
103
104