4k/4K ist nicht UHDTV Stefan Hofmann Panasonic Marketing Europe/PSCEU/ProAV
HD Camera and 4K Camera HDTV Camera 4K Camera ITU R BT.709 5 Color Gamut ITU R BT.2020 4K Creation Cameras 1920 x 1080 Pixel 3840 (4096) x 2160 60, 59.94, 50 30, 29.97, 25, 24, 23.98 Frame Rate 120, 60, 59.94, 50 30, 29.97, 25, 24, 23.98 Large Single Sensor 2/3 3Sensor Sensor Size Large Single Sensor Super 35 Good Wide Color Space Excellent Good Dynamic Range Excellent Good Sensitivity Excellent Good S/N Ratio Excellent Baseband: 1.2Gbps Signal Data RAW: 3 7Gbps Baseband: 12Gbps Excellent Mobility Need to Improve Excellent Lens Flexibility Need to Improve 2K Arri Alexa 4K Camera = Large Sensor Camera
Bayer Pattern and RAW data 3Image Sensor Optical Axis B Signal R Signal 3 large sensor system requires large optical prism (Heavy and expensive) G Signal 1Image Sensor Optical Axis GRGRGRGR... BGBGBGBG... Bayer Pattern makes RGB 4:2:2 ratio color sampling with single sensor and color filter
Bayer Pattern and RAW data Does current 4K cameras have full 4K resolution? Unlike TV Camera, the TV line & S/N ratio are NOT mentioned. Sensor Count Dynamic Range How is it Called? SONY F65 8192x2160 14 stop 8K camera SONY F55 4096x2160 14 stop 4K camera RED Dragon 6144x3160 16.5 stop 6K camera RED Epic 5120x2700 13.5 stop 5K camera Canon C500 3840x2160 12 stop 4K camera Arri ALEXA XT 2880x1620 14 stop Blackmagic URSA 3840x2160 12 stop 4K camera
Bayer Pattern and RAW data Horizontal Pixels Horizontal Pixels Super 35mm Imaging Circle Super 35mm Imaging Circle The imaging circle of Super 35mm Cinema lens is fixed, if too many pixels on the sensor, the size of each sensor pixel is going to be too small. Can not get enough Dynamic range and S/N ratio. Plus RAW data size which will be explained later will be huge, which create heavy workflow.
Bayer Pattern and RAW data 4096 Horizontal Pixels Horizontal Pixels Super 35mm Imaging Circle With current CMOS sensor technology, a sensor with 4K horizontal pixel count will create the BEST images for 4K. Panasonic 4K Varicam Sensor Count 4096x2160 Dynamic Range 14 stop
Bayer Pattern and RAW data Horizontal Pixels RAW DATA? Approximate 3 4Gbps Approximate 1.5 2 TB for 1 hour Need to reduce the data rate for easy and light workflow
Bayer Pattern to Baseband Video Pixel created by pixel interpolation Pixel created by pixel interpolation Pixel created by pixel interpolation The technology used to create the pixels will determine overall picture quality.
Baseband Video Baseband DATA? Let s calculate 4K baseband data rate Condition 4096x2160 pixel 10bit/4:2:2 60 fps Green (Y) 4096 x 2160 x 10 x 60 = 5.3Gbps Red (Pr) 2048 x 2160 x 10 x 60 = 2.65Gbps Blue (Pb) 2048 x 2160 x 10 x 60 = 2.65Gbps Approximate 10.6Gbps for Video Needs 3Gbps x 4 lines 12Gbps over SDI
Reducing Data Rate How we can reduce the data rate? 1. R:G:B 4:4:4 to Y:Pb:Pr 4:2:2 Conversion 2. Linear data to Log conversion 3. AVC ULTRA 4K Compression
Reducing Data Rate How we can reduce the data rate? Linear data to Log data conversion Sensor Output 10bit Incoming Light Incoming Light Logarithmic Curve Incoming Light
フィルム特性曲線 Reducing Data Rate How we can reduce the data rate? Linear data to Log data conversion Video Gamma SMPTE 709 V-Log +4 stop +3 stop +2 stop +1 stop Nor. -1 stop -2 stop -3 stop -4 stop
AVC-ULTRA 4K compression Codec Resolution Frame rate Color sample Bit depth Intra/ Long 4096 x 2160 3840 x 2160 24p to 60p 4:2:2 10bit Intra Signal Format Baseband data (effective) Compression Data 4K/24p 4.2Gbps 240Mbps 4K/30p 5.3Gbps 300Mbps 4K/60p 10.6Gbps 600Mbps
AVC-ULTRA Compression Code Name DYNA AVC ULTRA CODEC Chip Support All AVC ULTRA Classes and the DVCPRO family H.264/MPEG 4 AVC Level 5.2 (max.) CAVLC 4:4:4 Intra/High 4:2:2 Intra/High 4:2:2 Profiles 30M Gates LSI with two low power memories stacked in one package 18mm square package with 753 pins
AVC-ULTRA Compression Quality & Resolution 4K Class 4K444 12bit/24~30p Class 4K422 4:2:2/10bit 24~60p Class 444, 2K444 4:4:4/12bit 24~30p HD/2K Class 200, 2K422 4:2:2/10bit 24~60p Class 100 4:2:2/10bit 1080/50p, 60p Frame rate Efficiency 1M~3.5M, 6M HD Proxy Class 50 4:2:0/10bit Class G6, G12 4:2:0/8bit Class G25, G50 4:2:2/10bit 720/50, 60p Twice as efficient as current MPEG2-GOP
4K Varicam RAW Data ( 3-4Gbps ) @24p RAW data Process 4096 x 2160 De Bayer RGB 4:4:4 Process RAW 1Hour File size Approximate 1.5TB Video Gamma SMPTE 709-4 stop -1 stop -2 stop -3 stop Nor. +4 stop +3 stop +2 stop +1 stop フィルム特性曲線 V-Log 3G SDI x 4 Lines (12Gbps) Effective Approx. 4.8Gbps@24p ACES Color Space control Gamma conversion with Log curve RGB 4:4:4 or 4:4:4 4:2:2 Conversion AVC Ultra 4K Compression 4K Camera Recorder V-Log F-REC Gamma 2.2 Approximate 240Mbps @24p Baseband 4:2:2 AVC Ultra 4K 2.16TB 108GB Main Message RAW data process provide flexibility, but huge file sizes, and requires time for de- Bayering Log gamma and AVC-Ultra 4K compression make all processes easy and fast, while maintaining flexibility
Modular Concept
Varicam Create Emotion Capture Action 35 HS 256GB expressp2 Card AU XP0256A ExpressP2 Card Drive AU XPD1 AU V35C1 (4K Camera Module ) AU VREC1 (Recording Module) AU VREC1 (Recording Module) AU V23HS1 ( 2/3 HD Camera Module)
Varicam 35 AU V35C1 (Camera Head) AU VREC1 (Recorder) 14 Stops of Latitude Wide color space ACES workflow support 4K(4096x2160), UHD(3840x2160) / HD/ Proxy simultaneous recording with AVC Ultra Variable Frame Rate recording with 4K up to 120p Newly developed OLED EVF with Optical Zoom function Use New expressp2 card (AU XP0256A) for 4K and HD@120fps recording New Drive (AU XPD1) for expressp2 card 35
Varicam 35 There are 7 unique features 1. Flexible modular concept 4K Camera Head (AU-V35C1) and 2/3 Camera Head (AU-V23C1) supporting HD 120fps shooting 2. Removable Control Panel 3. 4K/HD/Proxy simultaneous record with AVC-Ultra 4. 4K (Non-destructive) recording and HD (Baked-in) recording as reference 5. On-set color grading in camera 6. Apple ProRes support for HD 7. CODEX RAW Recorder
Varicam 35 AU V35C1 (4K Camera Module) AU VREC1 (Recording Module) Apple ProRes HQ ProRes 4444 Recording in HD mode
Varicam 35 AU V35C1 (4K Camera Module) AU VREC1 (Recording Module) V RAW Recorder Vault
Bayer Pattern and RAW data Horizontal Pixels RAW DATA? GRGRGRGR... BGBGBGBG... 1. Bayer pattern direct output 2. Keep Linear characteristics from sensor 1. Bayer pattern direct output De Bayering Sensor Output 2. Keep Linear characteristics from sensor Log (logarithmic curve) Incoming Light
On-set color grading Image Sensor Output with V-Log Before Color Grading V-Log Output After Color Grading V RAW Non destructive Baked In
Dailies in Camera 1. In-Camera Color Grading 2. Dual Recorder 3. Dual Codec Recording
On-set Color Grading RAW On-set Color Grading LIVE Grading Function RAW CDL/3D LUT File POST PRODUCTION COLOR Grading CDL/3D LUT File
In Camera Color Grading Cinema 4K/UHD/HD 35 V-Log Image Sensor RAW RAW In Camera Color Grading SUB Recorder HD/Proxy CDL/3D- LUT File MAIN Recorder 4K(Non-destructive) CDL/3D- LUT File 2K/HD (Baked-in) Proxy (Baked-in) Post Production Color Grading
In Camera Color Grading + Meta Data CDL/3D LUT File expressp2 card 4K CDL OFF 2K/HD or CDL ON Proxy + Meta Data OR CDL/3D LUT File microp2 card Used as Reference
Simple HD (ITU-R BT.709-5) Process Sensor Linear Output MASTER Recorder expressp2 card Gamma CDL ON/OFF SUB Recorder HD/Proxy 4K V log or ITU R BT.709 (2.2) CDL ON/OFF Monitor Output 1 Monitor Output 2 2K/HD 2K/HD Proxy microp2 card VF Output
In Camera Color Grading Sensor Linear Output CDL/3D LUT File POST PRODUCTION COLOR Grading MASTER Recorder expressp2 card Gamma V log or ITU R BT. 709 (2.2) CDL ON/OFF CDL ON/OFF SUB Recorder HD/Proxy Monitor Output 1 Monitor Output 2 CDL OFF OR CDL ON 4K 2K/HD Proxy Used as Reference OR microp2 card VF Output
In Camera Color Grading
In Camera Color Grading
Application and Workflow Application Cinema 4K High End Drama 4K Simple Workflow V RAW V Log & AVC Ultra ITU R BT.709 5& AVC Ultra workflow Cinema CM (High Budget) Excellent Flexibility Very Heavy Process Cinema, CM, PV, Episodic Medium Flexibility Manageable Process UHD, Documentary Medium Flexibility Manageable Process High End Cinema Middle Episodic Best HD Quality Workflow HD & AVC Ultra Gamma = 2.2 Regular HDTV program Easy Process
Simple 4K Editing
Varicam HS AU V23HS1 (2/3 type HD Camera Module) AU VREC1 (Recording Module) High Frame Rate Recording 1-240p: base 60p/30p/24p 1-200p: base 50p/25p * 60-240p/50p-200p, AVC-I 100 * Possible to change Frame Rate during REC Ultimate Image Quality by Newly developed 3MOS GAMMA: F-REC, Log, etc. OUTPUT: RGB 4:4:4, Monitor Gamma, etc. HD/Proxy simultaneous recording Use New expressp2 card for high frame rate recording HD@ more than 60fps HS
Varicam HS Recorder AU-VREC1 with AU-V23HS1 (2/3 type HD Camera Module) AU VREC1 (Recording Module) AU V23HS1 (2/3 type HD Camera Module) Recording Format HD @ 23.98p, 25p, 29.97p AVC-Intra 4:4:4 HD @ 23.98p, 25p, 29.97p, 50p, 59.94p, 50i, 59.94i AVC-Intra 100 (H.264 4:2:2 Intra) HD @ 23.98p, 25p, 29.97p, 50i, 59.94i AVC-Intra 200 (H.264 4:2:2 Intra) Proxy Recording Audio Linear PCM 24bit 48kHz 4Ch Recording Time Approximate 32 minutes recording on 256GB expressp2 card @HD/240P I/O Multi Connector for Camera Head connection OUTPUT 3G-SDI x1 for HD HD-SDI for monitoring AUDIO INPUT XLR(3pin) x2 Card Slots expressp2 card Slot x2 microp2 card Slot x2
Varicam HS 240fps Capture AU V23HS1 (2/3 type HD Camera Module) AU VREC1 (Recording Module)
Varicam HS AU V23HS1 (2/3 type HD Camera Module) AU VREC1 (Recording Module) Apple ProRes HQ ProRes 4444 Recording in HD mode
express P2 card & Drive 256GB expressp2 Card AU-XP0256A expressp2 Card Drive AU-XPD1 256GB expressp2 Card AU-XP0256A Interface: PCI express Physical Connector is Panasonic proprietary Size and shape: PCMCIA style 1.5x thicker than current P2 card File System: exfat Recording Speed: up to 1.2Gbps Read speed: up to 2.4Gbps Redundancy: Same level with P2/microP2 card RAID structure, Error correction, Usage Count Security: CPS (Content Protection System) expressp2 Card Drive AU-XPD1 Card Interface: expressp2/p2 Card 1 slot PCIe for expressp2, CardBus for P2 Interface: USB 3.0 (Type B) Drivers: Windows 8.1, 8 and 7 MAC OS X 10.7, 10.8, 10.9 Maximum data transfer Speed: up to 2.4Gbps (with expressp2 card) up to 1.2Gbps (with F series P2 card) Security: CPS compatible
OLED EVF & Shoulder Adaptor OLED EVF Shoulder Adaptor
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Glossary Word Full name Description Cineon --- KODAK designed computer system for Digital Intermediate at 1993. Digital coding with character of density of negative file Negative film has Log characteristic. Positive character 10bit File format Not for viewing purpose Wide dynamic range with small file size DPX Digital Picture Exchange File Format for Cineon common file format for digital intermediate and visual effects work and is an ANSI/SMPTE standard (268M-2003). The file format is most commonly used to represent the density of each color channel of a scanned negative film in an uncompressed "logarithmic" image where the gamma of the original camera negative is preserved as taken by a film scanner. 10bit RGB, Consecutive serial number files. DI Digital intermediate Digital intermediate (typically abbreviated to DI) is a motion picture finishing process which classically involves digitizing a motion picture and manipulating the color and other image characteristics
Glossary Word Full name Description CDL Color Decision List The data define the Slope ( gain ), Offset ( Lift ), Power ( Gamma ) for each RGB signal, plus Saturation information. ( total 10 parameter for each pixel). Purpose is for communication for Color correction. It is not for Color Grading. Not for Bake-In. Similar to 1D LUT. 3D LUT 3D Look Up Table Table for data conversion from Non-Destructive data to Baked-In data. Ri,Gi,Bi input will covert to Ro,Go,Bo, 3D means that the relation of Ri and Ro is not decided in an integrated fashion, it will be changed depending on R and G value ( luminance level ) This is used for color grading. RAW RAW The direct Sensor output. Normally it has following characteristics. 1. Bayer pattern Direct output 2. Keep Linear characteristics from sensor
Glossary Word Full name Description V-Gamut Color Gamut which Varicam 35 support. It fully covered DCI^P2 color space. V-RAW V-Log UHD/ QFHD DP DIT Latitude Varicam RAW data format Varicam Logarithm Curve Ultra HD (High Definition) Quad Full HD Director of Photographer Digital Image Technician Dynamic Range The Sensor output of Varicam 35. It has Bayer patter output and V-Log characteristics. 10bit (12bit is under study) log curve to keep the wide dynamic range of sensor output. 3940 x 2160 signal