CSC1201 Computer Applications Budditha Hettige Department of Computer Science
Session 01 Introduction to Computers
What is a computer? is a machine comprise of electronic components has ability to store huge amount of data also used as communication equipment Is a machine that can solve problems for people by carrying out instructions given to it
Why Computers? Computer can be used to play game ATM machine can be used to money transaction Calculator can be used to solve equation Each Machine has Input Output Process Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 4
Architecture of a Computer 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 5
Session 02 Anatomy of Computers
A Computer
Physical Components 230v Power source Key board Mouse System Unit Monitor
Input Devices 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 9
Keyboard
Keyboards Types USB PS/2 Wireless 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 11
Example 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 12
Key Layout 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 13
Shortcut Keys 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 14
Sinhala Unicode 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 15
Basic Components of a computer 230v Power source Key board Mouse System Unit Monitor
Mouse Type USB PS/2 Wireless Operations Click Double-click Right-click Drag and Drop 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 17
Example 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 18
Scanner Input Device Is a device that analyzes images, printed text, or handwriting, or an object (such as an ornament) and converts it to a digital image Types of Scanner Drum Scanner Flatbed Scanner Film Hand Scanner 19
Output Devices 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 20
Basic Components of a computer 230v Power source Key board Mouse System Unit Monitor
Monitor Type LED LCD CRT Size 15,17,21,23,.. Resolution Features
Example 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 23
Printer Output device Produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form Modern printing technology Toner-based printers Liquid inkjet printers Solid ink printers Dye-sublimation printers Inkless printers Thermal printers UV printers 24
Printers 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 25
Speakers & Sub Woofers 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 26
System Unit
System Unit Microprocessor Memory Hard disk Motherboard Optical Storage device (CD/DVD) Power supply IO Cards Network card VGA Card Sound card Casing 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 28
Microprocessors The brain or engine of the PC Type Intel, AMD, i3, i7 etc Speed GHz Cache Memory Technology Features
Microprocessor cont. Intel 4004 (1971) 0.1 MHz 4 bit World first Single chip microprocessor Instruction set contained 46 instructions Register set contained 16 registers of 4 bits each 2011 Computer System Architecture 30
Microprocessor contd. Intel 80486 (1989) Max. CPU clock rate 16 MHz to 100 MHz FSB speeds 16 MHz to 50 MHz Instruction set x86 (IA-32) An 8 KB on-chip SRAM cache stores 486 has a 32-bit data bus and a 32-bit address bus. Power Management Features and System Management Mode (SMM) became a standard feature 2011 Computer System Architecture 31
Microprocessor contd. Intel Pentium IV (2000) Max. CPU clock rate 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz Instruction set x86 (i386), x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 featured Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT) The 64-bit external data bus More than 42 million transistors Processor (front-side) bus runs at 400MHz, 533MHz, 800MHz, or 1066MHz L2 cache can handle up to 4GB RAM 2MB of full-speed L3 cache 2011 Computer System Architecture 32
Microprocessor contd. Intel Core Due Clock Speed 1.2 GHz L2 Cache 2 MB FSB Speed 533 MHz Instruction Set 32-bit Processing Die Transistors 151 million Advanced Technologies Intel Virtualization Technology (VT-x) Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technolog Execute Disable Bit 2011 Computer System Architecture 33
Microprocessor contd. Core i3 Cores 2 Threads 4 Clock Speed 2.13 GHz Intel Smart Cache 3 MB Instruction Set 64-bit Instruction Set Extensions SSE4.1,SSE4.2 Max Memory Size 8 GB Processing Die Transistors 382 million Technologies Intel Trusted Execution Technology Intel Fast Memory Access Intel Flex Memory Access 2011 Computer System Architecture 34
Microprocessor contd. Core i5 Cores 2 Threads 4 Clock Speed 1.7-3.0 GHz Max Memory Size 8 GB Processing Die Transistors 382 million Technologies Intel Trusted Execution Technology Intel Fast Memory Access Intel Flex Memory Access Intel Anti-Theft Technology Intel My WiFi Technology 4G WiMAX Wireless Technology Idle States 2011 Computer System Architecture 35
Microprocessor contd. Core i7 Cores 4 Threads 8 Clock Speed 3.4 GHz Max Turbo Frequency 3.8 GHz Intel Smart Cache 8 MB Technologies Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0Intel vpro Technology Intel Hyper-Threading Technology Intel Virtualization Technology (VT-x) Intel Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O (VT-d) Intel Trusted Execution Technology AES New Instructions Intel 64 Idle States Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology Thermal Monitoring Technologies Intel Fast Memory Access Intel Flex Memory Access Execute Disable Bit 2011 Computer System Architecture 36
Example 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 37
Example 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 38
Motherboard
Mother board A PC motherboard is a printed circuit board A typical motherboard provides attachment points for one or more of the following: CPU, graphics card, sound card, hard disk controller, memory (RAM), and external peripheral devices Type Chipset Ports Features 40
7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 41
Motherboard contd..
Ports
Data bus Known as Front side bus, CPU bus and Processor side bus Use between CPU and main chipset Define a size of memory 32 bit 64 bit etc. 2011 Computer System Architecture 44
Data bus 2011 Computer System Architecture 45
I/O Ports with data transfer rates Controller Port / Device Typical Data Transfer Rate 2011 PS/2 (keyboard / mouse) Serial Port Super I/O Floppy Disk Parallel Port Integrated Audio Integrated LAN USB1.0, 2.0, 3.0 Southbridge Integrated Video IDE (HDD, DVD) SATA (HDD, DVD) Computer System Architecture 2 KB/s 25 KB/s 125 KB/s 200 KB/s 1 MB/s 12 MB/s 12 MB/s, 60MB/s, 400MB/s 133 MB/s 133 MB/s 300 MB/s 46
Computer Ports 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 47
Computer Ports 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 48
Slots Types 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 49
Example 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 50
Computer Memory 51
Computer Memory Primary Memory Secondary Memory Virtual Memory 52
Levels in Memory Hierarchy Cache Virtual Memory Regs CPU C a c h e 8 B 32 B 4 KB Memory disk size: speed: $/Mbyte: line size: Register Cache Memory Disk Memory 32 B 0.3 ns 4 B 32 KB-4MB 2 ns? $75/MB 32 B 4096 MB 7.5 ns $0.014/MB 4 KB 1 TB 8 ms $0.00012/MB larger, slower, cheaper
Primary Memory 54
SRAM (Static RAM) Constructed using flip flops 6 transistors for each bit of storage Very fast Contents are retained as long as power is kept on Expensive Used in level 2 cache 55
DRAM (Dynamic RAM) No flip flops Array of cells, each consisting a transistor and a capacitor Refreshing takes several CPU cycles to complete (less than 1% of overall bandwidth) High density (30 times smaller than SRAM) Used in main memories Slower than SRAM Inexpensive (30 times lower than SRAM) 56
SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) Hybrid of SRAM and DRAM Runs in synchronization with the system bus Driven by a single synchronous clock Used in large caches, main memories 57
DDR (Double Data Rate) SDRAM An upgrade to standard SDRAM Performs 2 transfers per clock cycle (one at falling edge, one at rising edge) without doubling actual clock rate 58
Dual channel DDR Technique in which 2 DDR DIMMs are installed at one time and function as a single bank doubling the bandwidth of a single module DDR2 SDRAM A faster version of DDR SDRAM (doubles the data rate of DDR) Less power consumption than DDR Achieves higher throughput by using differential pairs of signal wires Additional signal add to the pin count DDR3 SDRAM An improved version off DDR2 SDRAM Same no. of pins as in DDR2, Not compatible with DDR2 Can transfer twice the data rate of DDR2 DDR3 standard allows chip sizes of 512 Megabits to 8 Gigabits (max module size 16GB) 59
RAM Is a form of computer data storage The word RAM is often associated with volatile types of memory, where the information is lost after the power is switched off Types of RAM SRAM (static RAM) DRAM (dynamic RAM) EPROM EEPROM Flash 60
Example 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 61
Cache memory 62
Cache Memory A high speed,speed small memory Most frequently used memory words are kept in When CPU needs a word, it first checks it in cache. If not found, checks in memory 63
Cache and Main Memory 64
Cache Memory L1 cache L2 Cache L3 Cache 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 65
Secondary Memory 66
Technologies Magnetic storage Floppy, Zip disk, Hard drives, Tapes Optical storage CD, DVD, Blue-Ray, HD-DVD Solid state memory USB flash drive, Memory cards for mobile phones/digital cameras/mp3 players, Solid State Drives 67
Magnetic Disk Purpose: Long term, non-volatile storage Large, inexpensive, and slow Lowest level in the memory hierarchy Two major types: Floppy disk, Hard disk Both types of disks: Rely on a rotating platter coated with a magnetic surface Use a moveable read/write head to access the disk Advantages of hard disks over floppy disks: Higher density because it can be controlled more precisely Higher data rate because it spins faster Can incorporate more than one platter
Disk Track
Components of a Disk The arm assembly is moved in or out to position a head on a desired track. Tracks under heads make a cylinder (imaginary!). Only one head reads/writes at any one time. Block size is a multiple of sector size (which is often fixed). Disk head Arm assembly Arm movement Spindle Tracks Sector Platters 70
Page 223 Internal Hard-Disk
RAID- (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) A disk organization used to improve performance of storage systems An array of disks controlled by a controller (RAID Controller) Data are distributed over disks (striping) to allow parallel operation 72
Hard Disk Non-volatile storage device Types of Hard Disk SATA IDE Capacity 320GB Speed 7200 r.p.m. 73
Example 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 74
Optical Storage Devices CD / DVD 75
Physical Organization of CD Compact Disk read only memory (write once) Data is encoded and read optically with a laser Can store around 600MB data Digital data is represented as a series of Pits and Lands: Pit = a little depression, forming a lower level in the track Land = the flat part between pits, or the upper levels in the track Reading a CD is done by shining a laser at the disc and detecting changing reflections patterns. 76
CD-ROM Addressing 1 second of play time is divided up into 75 sectors. Each sector holds 2KB 60 min CD: 60min * 60 sec/min * 75 sectors/sec = 270,000 sectors = 540,000 KB ~ 540 MB A sector is addressed by: Minute:Second:Sector e.g. 16:22:34 Type of laser CD: 780nm (infrared) DVD: 635nm or 650nm (visible red) HD-DVD/Blu-ray Disc: 405nm (visible blue) Capacity CD: 650 MB, 700 MB DVD: 4.7 GB per layer, up to 2 layers HD-DVD: 15 GB per layer, up to 3 layers BD: 25 GB per layer, up to 2 layers 77
Removable Devices Compact Disc driver Types of Removable devices CD/ DVD SATA/IDE 78
Solid state storage 79
Solid state storage Memory cards For Digital cameras, mobile phones, MP3 players... Many types: Compact flash, Smart Media, Memory Stick, Secure Digital card... USB flash drives Replace floppies/cd-rw Solid State Drives Replace traditional hard disks Uses flash memory Type of EEPROM Electrically erasable programmable read only memory Grid of cells (1 cell = 1 bit) Write/erase cells by blocks 80
Solid state storage Cell=two transistors Bit 1: no electrons in between Bit 0: many electrons in between Performance Acces time: 10X faster than hard drive Transfer rate 1x=150 kb/sec, up to 100X for memory cards Similar to normal hard drive for SSD ( 100-150 MB/sec) Limited write: 100k to 1,000k cycles 81
Solid state storage Size Very small: 1cm² for some memory cards Capacity Memory cards: up to 32 GB USB flash drives: up to 32 GB Solid State Drives: up to 256 GB 82
Solid state storage Reliability Resists to shocks Silent! Avoid extreme heat/cold Limited number of erase/write Challenges Increasing size Improving writing limits 83
Solid State Devices 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 84
Virtual Memory 85
Virtual Memory Virtual memory is a memory management technique developed for multitasking kernels Separation of user logical memory from physical memory. Logical address space can therefore be much larger than physical address space 86
A System with Physical Memory Only Examples: Most Cray machines, early PCs, nearly all embedded systems, etc. CPU Physical Addresses Memory 0: 1: N-1: Addresses generated by the CPU correspond directly to bytes in physical memory
A System with Virtual Memory Examples: Workstations, servers, modern PCs, etc. Virtual Addresses Page Table 0: 1: Physical Addresses Memory 0: 1: CPU P-1: N-1: Address Translation: Hardware converts virtual addresses to physical ones via OS-managed lookup table (page table) Disk
VM Windows Can change the paging file size Can set multiple Virtual memory on difference drivers 89
Power Supply 200 W 350 W 450 W
Network Card
Sound Card
VGA Card Graphics Engine : NVIDIA 8600 GT GPU Bus Interface: PCI-Express x 16 Core clock: 540MHZ Memory Type: 256 MB 128 bit DDR3 Memory clock: 700MHZ
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
How to Assemble a PC Part I
Steps Make a System Specification for your requirement (Software & Hardware) Identify each Components Reading manuals / Compatibility Check Assembling Power on first time Install Operating System Install Software Configure the System
Hardware Components Processor Motherboard Memory VGA card and Sound card Hard Disk CD/DVD ROM Computer casing with appropriate power supply Required Data Cables / Power Connectors Keyboard & Mouse Monitor
Step by step Assembling Process Preparation of casing CPU fixation to mother board Fixing mother board to casing Installation of memory Fixing Fans and Power supply Fixing Hard Disk, CDROM and Other Cards Fixing Data Cables & Front panel cables Fixing the power cables Fixing Back Side Components
Lab Activities 1. Create Hardware specification for the following type computers Low cost Desktop for home use Powerful PC for Video Editing 2. Compare you specification and Banded computer or a Laptop with same performances. 3. Use Internet and identify data transfer speed for the each computer ports 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 99
Questions 1. According to the design diagram of the motherboard explain how each device connect together through the BUS. 2. Briefly explain a way to identify an existing hardware problem in PC. 3. Identify different ways to damage your hardware items. 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 100