SAP' ABAP Handbook Kogent Learning Solutions, Inc. JONES AND BARTLETT PUBLISHERS Sudbury, Massachusetts BOSTON TORONTO LONDON SINUAPORI:
Table of Contents Introduction xxi About This Book How to Use This Book Conventions Other Resources xxi xxii xxii xxiv Chapter 1 A Gateway to SAP Systems 1 Explaining the Concept of an ERP System 2 History of SAP Systems 4 Need for ABAP 6 Exploring the Architecture of SAP R/3 8 The Logical View 9 The Software-Oriented View 10 The User-Oriented View 13 Explaining the Architecture of the Application Server 14 Dispatching Dialog Steps 22 Describing the User Context and Roll Area in the SAP System 24 The Client-Dependency Feature 26 Summary 26 Chapter 2 The Logon Process of the SAP System 27 Starting the SAP System 28 Maintaining the SAP Logon Screen 31 Adding a New Entry 31 Modifying the Entry 35 Deleting the Entry 36 Creating and Using SAP Shortcuts 37 Creating SAP Shortcuts 37 Configuring the SAP Logon 47 ix
x Table of Contents Changing the Password 50 Logging Off of the SAP System 52 Summary 53 Chapter 3 SAP Easy Access 55 Explaining the SAP Easy Access Screen 56 Exploring the GUI of the SAP System 60 The Screen Header 60 The Screen Body 67 the SAP GUI 70 Customizing Managing Favorites 72 Adding an Item 75 Inserting Folders 76 Moving Favorites and Folders 78 Renaming Favorites and Folders 80 Deleting Favorites and Folders 82 Adding a Web Address 82 Handling SAP Sessions 84 Creating a New Session 84 Displaying a List of All Sessions 86 Ending a Session 87 Summary 88 Chapter 4 Understanding ABAP Workbench 89 Overview of ABAP Workbench 90 Exploring the ABAP Workbench Tools 91 ABAP Dictionary 92 ABAP Editor 94 Front-End Editor (New) 95 Front-End Editor (Old) 96 Back-End Editor 98 Class Builder 99 Function Builder 101 Screen Painter 102 Menu Painter 103
Table of Contents xi Object Navigator 105 Message Maintenance 109 ABAP Text Elements 110 M aintain Transaction 111 Describing Package Builder 112 Types of Packages 113 Testing Tools in ABAP Workbench 114 ABAP Debugger 114 ABAP Runtime Analysis 115 Performance Analysis 116 Describing Web S ervices 117 Web Application Builder for ITS 118 Web Application Builder for BSP 119 Describing XSLT Editor 120 Summary 121 Chapter 5 ABAP Dictionary 123 Overview of ABAP Dictionary 124 Exploring Domains 125 Describing Fixed Values for Domains 126 Exploring Conversion Routines for Domains 127 Creating a Domain 128 Modifying the Existing Domain 133 Deleting a Domain 138 Exploring Data Types 138 Data Elements 138 Structures 144 Table Types 144 Exploring Type Groups 145 Exploring Database Tables 146 Types of Tables 148 of Table Fields 152 Types Technical Settings of a Table 154 Creating Tables 158 Relating Tables by Using Foreign Keys 174
CORRESPONDING xii Table of Contents Exploring Views 180 Relating Database Tables Using Relational Operators 181 Creating Different Types of Views 184 Deleting Views 211 Exploring Search Helps 212 Elementary Search Help 212 Collective Search Help 213 Append Search Help 214 Exploring Lock Objects 215 Describing Lock Argu m ents 217 Exploring the Lock Mode and the Lock Table 218 Describing the Lock Mechanism 220 Creating Lock Objects 222 Summary 226 Chapter 6 ABAP Programming in ABAP Editor 227 Structure of an ABAP Program 228 Introductory Program Part 229 Declaration Part for Global Data, Class Definitions, and Selection Screens 229 Processing Blocks 230 ABAP Editor 231 Types of ABAP Programs 236 ABAP Syntax 238 Inserting Comments into ABAP Programs 239 Exploring Types and Objects 241 Data Types 242 Object Types 245 Objects in ABAP 246 Variables in ABAP 248 The DATA Statement 248 The PARAMETERS Statement 252 Constants in ABAP 256 The TABLES Statement 258 Assignment Statements 259 The MOVE Statement 259 The MOVE - Statement 263
Table of Contents xiii Chapter The WRITE TO Statement 265 The CLEAR Statement 266 Formatting Options 268 The WRITE Statement 268 The FORMAT Statement 271 Exploring System Variables 278 Dynamic Assignment 278 Describing Flow Control Statements 279 The IF... ENDIF Control Statement 280 Looping 289 Terminating Loops 294 Summary 297 7 Internal Tables 299 Overview of Internal Tables 300 Data Types of an Internal Table 303 Types of Internal Tables 303 Standard Tables 304 Sorted Tables 304 Hashed Tables 305 Creating Internal Tables 305 Creating Internal Tables as Data Types 306 Creating Internal Tables as Data Objects 313 Performing Operations on an Entire Internal Table 316 Moving and Assigning Internal Tables 316 Initializing Internal Tables 319 Refreshing Internal Tables 320 Releasing the Memory of Internal Tables 320 Comparing Internal Tables 322 Performing the Sort Operation in Internal Tables 325 Determining the Attributes of Internal Tables 333 Operations on Individual Lines 335 Inserting Lines in Internal Tables 337 Inserting Summarized Lines in Internal Tables 346 Appending Lines to Internal Tables 348 Reading the Lines of Internal Tables 356 Modifying the Lines of Internal Tables 364
xiv Table of Contents Deleting Lines 373 Searching Table Entries 386 Maintaining Internal Tables 390 Control Break Processing 392 The AT FIRST and AT LAST Statements 392 The AT NEW and AT END OF Statements 395 The SUM Statement 401 The ON CHANGE OF Statement 403 Summary 410 Chapter 8 Accessing Data in the SAP System 411 Database Tables 412 Accessing Open SQL 413 Reading Data Using the SELECT Statement 416 The SELECT Clause 417 The INTO Clause 428 The FROM Clause 437 The WHERE Clause 446 The GROUP BY Clause 459 The HAVING Clause 462 The ORDER BY Clause 463 Subqueries 465 Examples of Subqueries 467 Inserting Data into a Database Table 471 Examples of Data Insertion 472 Updating Data in a Database Table 477 Examples of Updating Data in Tables 479 Deleting the Data from a Database Table 483 Examples of Deleting Data 485 Modifying the Lines of Database Tables 488 Using Cursors to Read Data 490 Opening and Closing Cursors 491 Retrieving Data 491 Committing Database Changes 494 Summary 495
Ta8le of Contents xv Chapter 9 Modularization Techniques 497 Working with Subroutines 498 Working with Formal and Actual Parameters 503 Handling Data in Subroutines 505 Using Local Field Symbols 510 Making Internal and External Calls 513 Parameters to Subroutines 518 Passing Terminating Subroutines by Using EXIT and CHECK Statements 524 Function Modules 526 Creating Function Modules 528 Calling Function Modules from ABAP Programs 540 Source Code Modules 543 Macros 544 Include Programs 545 Summary 548 Chapter 10 ABAP User Dialogs 549 Introducing Dialog Program ming 550 Screen Painter 552 About Attributes 555 Learning Flow Logic 559 Learning About the Layout Editor 561 The Tabstrip Control in Graphical Layout Editor 568 Creating a Table Control by Using Graphical Layout Editor 590 Menu Painter 599 Working with Menu Painter 600 Working with Selection Screens 620 Defining a Selection Screen 620 Calling a Selection Screen 638 Processing Selection Screens 643 Summary 643
xvi Table of Contents Chapter 11 The BDC and LSMW Tools 645 The Data Transfer Techniques 646 The Batch Input Technique 646 The Direct Input Technique 649 The BAPI Technique 649 Data Transfer Methods 649 The Direct Input Method 650 The Call Transaction Method 650 The Batch Input with Session Method 651 Data Transfer by Using the BDCDATA Structure 652 The BDC Tool 653 Creating a BDC Program by Using the Call Transaction Method 653 Transferring Data by Using the Batch Input with Session Method of BDC 675 The LSMW Tool 697 Updating Records by Using the Batch Input Recording Method 698 Summary 733 Chapter 12 Forms in mysap ERP: SAPscript and SAP Smart Forms 735 Exploring the SAPscript Tool 736 Components of the SAPscript Tool 738 Structure of an SAPscript Form 739 Managing Tools 743 Accessing the Form Painter Tool 747 Form Subobjects 751 The SAPscript Runtime Environment 762 Print Program 763 SAPscript Function Modules 771 Controlling the SAPscript Forms 787 SAPscript Control Commands 789 SAPscript Symbols 791 The SAP Smart Forms Tool 793 Overview of the SAP Smart Forms Tool 794 SAP Smart Form Components 795
Table of Contents xvii Explaining the Smart Form Process 798 Advantages of Smart Forms 800 Important Objects for Form Development 800 Creating and Smart Forms Maintaining 801 Style Builder 806 Comparing SAPscript and Smart Forms 808 Migrating SAPscript Forms to Smart Forms 810 Individual Migration 811 Mass Migration 812 Converting a Style 814 Summary 816 Chapter 13 Reports 817 Working with Classical Reports 818 Creating a Classical Report 820 Interactive Reports 827 Creating an Interactive Report 829 Comparing Classical and Interactive Reports 839 ALV Reports 839 Creating an ALV Report 840 Summary 846 Chapter 14 Business Add-Ins (BADIs) 847 Concept of BADIs 848 Enhancement Framework 849 Overview of Enhancement 851 The Enhancement Builder Tool 854 Enhancement in Techniques Enhancement Framework 854 Structure of a BADI 856 Definition of BADIs 858 Defining a BADI 860 Displaying, Changing, or Deleting a BADI Definition 869 Implementation of BADIs 870 Calling BADIs 875 Differences Between Classic and New BADIs 875 Filter-Dependent BADIs 876
xviii Table of Contents Function Code Enhancements 878 Screen Enhancements 879 Summary 880 Appendix A Object Orientation in ABAP 881 Overview of ABAP Objects 882 Explaining the Basic Concepts of OOP in ABAP 883 Objects 884 Classes 885 Interfaces 885 Encapsulation 885 Inheritance 886 Polymorphism 887 Defining and Implementing a Class 887 Exploring the Components of a Class 889 Visibility Sections in a Class 892 Handling the Objects 893 Declaring and Implementing Interfaces 895 Declaring and Calling Methods 898 Declaring and Calling Constructors 901 Working with Events in ABAP Objects 902 Triggering an Event 903 Handling an Event 904 Appendix B Introducing Cross-Application Technologies 907 Introducing IDoc 908 Exploring the Uses of IDoc 909 EDI Technique 909 ALE Technique 910 Legacy System Integration 910 Third-Party Product Integration 910 Workflow Integration 911 SAP R/2 System 911 Internet and XML Integration 911 OCR Integration 912 ICR Integration 912
Table of Contents xix Benefits of the IDoe Interface 912 Describing the IDoc Structure 913 IDoc Runtime Components 917 ALE RFC Control Record 917 Data Records 918 Status Records 918 919 ALE Architecture 920 RFC Interface 924 Types of RFC 926 924 Glossary 927 Index 943