TELECOM NEEDS OF POWER SECTOR Technology Options & Choices

TELECOM NEEDS OF POWER SECTOR Technology Options & Choices 29 th May 2012 5 June 2012 1

Technology Options What are the Key Technology Options available? ( PLC, Microwave, VSAT, OFC, GPRS etc) What are the advantages & disadvantages of each option in the Indian Context? What has been the experience so far? What are the key issues & Challenges? 5 June 2012 2

TELECOM NEEDS Reliable Telecom Connectivity is required for; Voice CUG, VoIP, Land Line Corporate VPNs Internet & E-Mail ERP Applications Protection Systems Data Real Time Data Transfers for Grid Operation (SCADA / EMS) Remote Monitoring of Projects Remote Operation of Active sites ( Sub-stations / Generating Stations, NTAMC) Smart Grid Applications Automatic Metering Computerised Billing & Collection Data Centres & Disaster Recovery Centres Video Conferencing 5 June 2012 3

Communication solutions What s Required? Sufficient end to end bandwidth IP/Ethernet capable devices Flexible and Reliable Backbone and Access communication network Network reach down to consumers Interfaces and Protocols based on Power Industry standards 5 June 2012 4

Technology Options Communication Media Reliable medium of Communication is the Primary need for any utility. There are various medium and technologies are available and are deployed at different locations depending on the need. The medium can be any one or combination of the following: Wire Lines Copper Cables Co-axial Cables Wireless Microwave Radio VSAT Through Power Transmission Lines Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) Digital PLCC Optical Fibre Cables Underground / Aerial OFC All Dielectric Self Supporting (ADSS) Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) Wrap Around 5 June 2012 5

Technology Options Communication Media Equipment SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) DWDM (Dense Wave Digital Multiplexing) MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) Depending on the medium, various types of end equipments (Transmitters / Receivers) are deployed for collection / transmission of voice, Data & Video Each of the medium has its own advantages & disadvantages 5 June 2012 6

Deciding factors for Network Design Type of application Type of transaction (interactive/batch) No. of simultaneous users on the network Transaction size Response time expected Type of communication media ROW Techno-Economics 5 June 2012 7

Technology Options Copper Cables Twisted pair Copper cables are the popular medium for wire line communications adopted. They can be laid either underground or aerially Advantages Doesn t require any License Power utilities can use their existing infrastructure More number of Channels Suitable for short distances Disadvantages Right of Way requirement for underground cable Fault location is difficult Faults can lead to Ground potential raise Prone to theft 5 June 2012 8

Technology Options Co-axial Cables Coaxial cable consists of an inner conductor surrounded by a grounded outer conductor, which is held in a concentric configuration by a dielectric. The dielectric can be PVC, air, foam etc Coaxial cable can transmit high frequency signals up to several MHz with low attenuation compared to copper wires They can be laid either underground or aerially Advantages Doesn t require any License Power utilities can use their existing infrastructure More number of Channels compared to Copper Suitable for short distances Disadvantages Right of Way requirement for underground cable Fault location is difficult More immune to RF noise interference Prone to theft 5 June 2012 9

Technology Options Microwave Radio Microwave radio technology makes use of short wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum to send signals over distances with high frequencies. Frequency range: 2.3-2.5 GHz Repeater distance : 40-50 kms. Network Capacity : 4x 2.048 Mbps. Automatic Protection System (APS) - Redundancy & Link Protection. Network designed for 99.99 % availability under the worst conditions. RF signal contains Voice/Data, Service channels & In-Service Monitoring. Typically, 1.8m, 2.4m & 3m Grid Parabolic Antennas used. 5 June 2012 10

Technology Options Microwave Radio Advantages Independent of common carriers and power lines Relatively low construction costs Does not require physical cables or expensive attenuation equipment Disadvantages Frequency assignments requiring clearance from SACFA(Standing Advisory Committee for Frequency allocation). Spectrum Scarcity Subject to interference. Line of sight technology (i.e the signals will not pass through objects) limits operating distances Mountains, hills and rooftops provide inexpensive and accessible bases for microwave towers. Microwave radio signals are affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI) Transmits thousands of data channels between two points without relying on a physical transmitting medium Less reliability. Microwave radio communication is also affected by heavy moisture, snow, rain and fog 5 June 2012 11

Technology Options VSAT DATA DATA VOICE VOICE DATA DATA VOICE DATA VOICE VOICE VSAT is the short form for Very Small Aperture Terminals. There are three main components of the VSAT Technology The Satellite, A Central Hub (With a Big Dish Antenna) and a number of smaller nodes (smaller dish antenna) kept at various remote locations that together form a Star topology (Mesh topologies for small networks) using the satellite network. Outdoor Unit ODU (1+0) MODEM REMOTE STATION ODU (1+0) MODEM CENTRAL STATION Antenna: Reflector, Feedhorn & Mount RFT: LNA, Down Converters, Upconverters, HPA Indoor Unit Decides Access Schemes Modem User Interfaces Protocols Conversions Interlink Facility Low loss coaxial cable to the indoor unit. Typical length 300 feet. 5 June 2012 12

VSAT NETWORK ON SHARED HUB 40 Mbps SATELLITE TRANSPONDERS VSAT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Space Segment Satellite transponder VSAT VSAT HUB VSAT VSAT Ground Segment Topologies Central HUB Remote VSATs Star Mesh Hybrid Point to Point Remote Telephony 5 June 2012 13

VSAT FREQUENCY BANDS Frequency Band Uplink (GHz) Earth Station to satellite Downlink (GHz) Satellite to Earth Station C Band 5.925 to 6.425 3.700 to 4.200 Extended C Band 6.725 to 7.025 4.500 to 4.800 Ku Band 14.000 to 14.500 10.950 to 11.700 5 June 2012 14

Technology Options VSAT Advantages Suitable for accessing Remote Locations. Easy to install. Wider Area Coverage. Channels cost are almost distance independent. Can be a back up to terrestrial networks. Broadcasting Capabilities. IP based Multi-cast applications like audio and video streaming are possible. Disadvantages Latency is high. (>200 ms) visa.vis terrestrial equivalent technologies (<100 ms). Downtime are expected due to satellite eclipses. Higher initial cost for satellite connectivity and recurring monthly costs for terminal equipments. Need to be fixed outside the offices or homes hence making them susceptible to damage or theft. Rain Attenuation might affect the performance of VSAT communications under rainy conditions. 5 June 2012 15

Technology Options - PLCC Power Line Carrier Communications (PLCC) Traditional and reliable technology available to electric power utilities for critical communications channels and protection signaling. In PLCC the radio frequency signals are transmitted through power transmission lines. PLCC systems operate with audio frequency signals in the range of 30 khz and 500 khz. band over power transmission lines WAVE TRAPS 1. Carrier Eqpt. 2. HF Cable 3. Coupling Device 4. CVT / CC 5. Wave Trap 1 1 5 1 3 3 3 2 4 Prevents the carrier currents from entering the power equipment. Suitably designed choke coils connected in the series with the power lines. Negligible Impedance for the power frequency current but high impedance to the radio frequency current. COUPLING CAPACITORS Minimizes capacitance changes with temperature and time. Coupling capacitors have capacitance between 2 and 8 nf. LINE MATCHING & PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Consists of matching Transformers and Tuning capacitors. Isolates the communication equipment from the power line. Matches the impedance of the power line to that of the coaxial cable of communication equipment. 5 June 2012 16

Technology Options - PLCC Advantages Both communication and power transfer can be possible on same circuit and cost effective. Equipment installed in utility owned land or structures with minimum hardware. Economical & reliable over long distances w/o need for repeaters and works at any climatic conditions Attenuation is less over long distance Disadvantages Noise introduced by power lines is high in case of telephone lines. Carrier frequencies often not protected on a primary basis Inherently few channels available Expensive on a per-channel basis 5 June 2012 17

Technology Options Optical Fibers An Optical Fiber is a flexible thin filament of glass. Optical Communication system accepts electrical signals as inputs, convert them into optical signals, carry them over fiber optic cables and revert them into electrical signals at the destination. There are various types of OFCs Underground, Aerial, OPGW etc. Underground OFC OPGW 5 June 2012 18

Under Ground Optical Fiber Cables Advantages Immune to electromagnetic interference and Immune to ground potential rise. Optical Fiber Cables can run long distances. High channel capacity. Do not have speed limits or bandwidth limitations. They can support any speed/ bandwidth depending only on the type of active components used at either end. Disadvantages Subject to breakage and water ingress. Limited bend radius (about 30 mm). So, if they are bent more, it might lead to some signal loss High RoW Cost in case of underground fibers. High CAPEX in terms of cost of Fibers, end equipments and installation High Security. Not easy to intercept Can be laid both within the buildings and outside the buildings.generally they are buried under the ground using a Trench and protective materials Vulnerable to fiber cuts due to Road Expansions, Development activities like Metro Projects, maintenance activities etc 5 June 2012 19

VULNERABILITY OF UNDERGROUND OFC 5 June 2012 20

VULNERABILITY OF UNDERGROUND OFC 5 June 2012 21

VULNERABILITY OF UNDERGROUND OFC 5 June 2012 22

ADSS ( All Di-electric Self Supporting )Cables Suitable Transmission lines upto 220KV. Fibre inside HDPE tubes Flexible, Reliable and Long lasting. Can be installed without shut down of power. Free from electro-magnetic interference. Specially strung over large road or river crossings. Easy to commission, maintain, and expand. Ideal for reinforcing existing networks. Weather proof and environmental friendly. 5 June 2012 23

TYPICAL ADSS CABLE LAYING FROM SUBSTATION YARD 5 June 2012 24

OPGW (Optical Ground Wire ) Cables Suitable for Transmission lines of 132KV and above. Acts as earth wire cum- OFC. Right of Way (ROW) readily available on transmission lines No forest Clearance etc are required Transmission infrastructure is sturdy, stable, free and rodent menace. from vandalism Telecom Network over Transmission system availability for Telecom Network ensures very high Faster Roll-out. Mostly Live line installation without disrupting power flow Longer Life of OPGW 5 June 2012 25

OPGW INSTALLATION OPTICAL GROUND WIRE ACSR STRANDS ALUMINIUM TUBE FIBRE OPGW

FIBRE OPTIC CABLE INSTALLATION OPGW WRAP AROUND ADSS

Tower Infrastructure Electric Power Utilities have Power Transmission Network with larger number of towers spread across each state. These towers can be leveraged for revenue by permitting mounting of Telecom Antennas POWERGRID already carried out Pilot Projects and leased out its towers in 3 states i.e Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir. Tendering process for balance states will be taken up at appropriate time Under ULDC projects, total of 187 microwave towers have been installed of which 20 are in the central sector and 7 are within POWERGRID premises. Leasing of these towers in association with the State Utilities is also under process

MPLS COMPARISON (Multi OF Protocol DIFFERENT Label COMMUNICATION Switching) MEDIA PARAMETERS OPTIC FIBRES MICROWAVE PLCC VSAT Bandwidth Very high High Low Moderate Installation cost Very High High Low Low Expandability Easy Difficult Not possible Repeater distance (typical) Immunity to interference 80-90 KM 40-50 KM Not applicable Very High Prone to interference Prone to interference Limited Not applicable Prone to interference Reliability Very high High Low Moderate Frequency clearance NA Required Required Required

MPLS SDH and (Multi DWDM Protocol Technologies Label Switching) SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) aggregates a number of lower-speed electrical or optical signals into a single higher bit rate signal for transmission over a single fiber using a single wavelength. Time division multiplexing (TDM) or statistical TDM is used. Generally suitable for access networks. DWDM (Dense Wave Digital Multiplexing) assigns incoming optical signals to specific frequencies or wavelengths of light and multiplexes them for transport over a single fiber. WDM is a form of frequency division multiplexing. Generally suitable for high capacity backbone networks. Advantages of WDM: each wavelength of light can carry a signal with its own speed and protocol, independent of what's on the other wavelengths. And all signals arrive at the same time, instead of being distributed across time slots. SDH can be carried over WDM; but not vice versa.

MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) MPLS-Virtual Private Network Any-to-any connectivity on Internet Protocol (Routing) Max. Bandwidth Utilization- Same pipe used by others when free Sub 2 Mbps (256 kbps/512kbps/1024 kbps) bandwidths possible Scalable & Simpler Customer connectivity (radial Connectivity) Provides QoS & Class of Service (CoS) MPLS is highly Secure & Reliable Network connectivity Easy Provisioning & Maintenance Cost Effective

Solutions for Electric Power Utilities Deployment of Hybrid, Sturdy & Reliable communication network which is feasible through Optical Ground Wire (OPGW), All Dielectric Self Supporting (ADSS) Backbone Networks and Access network through Distribution lines or Microwave Radio or Wi-Max Homogeneous Smart Grid communication network with IP/Ethernet connectivity between the components. Integration of smart meters and distributed generation, and extension of the communication network down to the end customer. 5 June 2012 32

POWERGRID s Diversification into Telecom POWERGRID initially laid Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) on its transmission lines for collecting real time data for Grid Monitoring Diversified into Telecom, to utilize spare capacity of OPGW installed for Grid Monitoring & with an incremental investment All equipment & Fibres are international standards compliant (ITU-T). Regional & National level NOCs with dedicated NMS for monitoring of the network on 24 X 7 basis 5 June 2012

POWERGRID s Strengths in Telecom Over 93,000 Ckms of transmission network and 150 sub-stations across the Country Operates Fiber Optic Backbone Network of about 25,000 Kms connecting more than 200 Cities & towns. Expansion by about 33,000Kms under various schemes in progress. Backbone links are mainly on overhead Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) Adding value by implementing latest state-of-the-art MPLS network Right-of-Way (ROW) and infrastructure readily available to develop OPGW back bone Faster Roll-out 60-75 km/ gang / month Installation & Maintenance on live power lines without disturbing the power system Dedicated team of professionals developed through extensive training and have acquired skills in planning, design, installation and O&M of telecom networks Impeccable experience in timely building of very large projects Infrastructure Capable of undertake large scale projects in the rural areas and difficult terrain

Power Transmission N/W & Telecom N/W Power Transmission Network 92946 CKm 150 Sub-Stations 25000 Kms 205 PoPs

POWERGRID s MPLS Network Varanasi Dimapur Guwahati Badarpur Dadri Kanpur Agra Sasaram Biharsharif Hisar Mandola New Siliguri Delhi NOC Routers I & II Ballabgarh Jaipur Indore Gurgaon Ahmedabad Kishanpur Moga Dehgam Jammu Manesar -I Manesar -II Vapi Itarasi Bassi Jallandhar Delhi Vadodara Mumbai Dadri Ballabgarh Kota Padhge Pune Chandigarh RR Moradabad Kanpur Lucknow Itarasi Chanderpur Bhopal Nagpur Allahabad Bhadrawati Raipur Misa Shillong Allahabad Raipur Hyderabad Patna Sasaram Durgapur Vijaywada Sriperumbudur Ramagundam Somanhalli RR Bangalore Kolkata Durgapur Vijaywada Chennai Madurai Coimbatore Yelahanka I Yelahanka 2 Malda Talcher Trichur Udamalpet Jamshedpur Rourkela Bhubaneswar Jeypore Indravati Rengali Gazuwaka N Sagar Nellore Sriperumbudur Trichy Vindhyachal Jabalpur Bhadrawati Hyderabad NOC Routers I & II Mysore Somanhalli Gooty Khammam Salem Kolar Legends: MPLS CORE Router MPLS CORE Router (IGW) MPLS Edge Router (Type-I) MPLS Edge Router (Type-II) MPLS Access-I Router (CPE-I) MPLS Access-I Router (CPE-II) MPLS Access-II Router (19 CPE-III)

` STATE OF ART CONTROL CENTRES V R ALERT 365 X 24 X7

POWERTEL- It is Unique PARAMETER NETWORK BACK-BONE TOPOLOGY POWERTEL OVER HEAD ON POWER TRANSMISSION TOWERS TYPE OF CABLE OPTICAL GROUND WIRE(OPGW)

POWERTEL- It is Unique PARAMETER INSTALLATION POWERTEL LIVE LINE ` CABLE LAYING QUALITY & SAFETY

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BANDWIDTH PLANNED for ERP 2Mbps bandwidth/port speed at each location except RHQ & CC. 20Mbps bandwidth/port speed for Corporate centre & 10 Mbps Bandwidth/Port speed at each RHQ. 100 Mbps Bandwidth/Port speed at Main & DR DATA CENTRE. 100 Mbps Point to Point links between NTAMC & Back up NTAMC from POWERTEL as well as 3 rd party service provider, for data replication. 20 Mbps Internet bandwidth from POWERTEL at Main & DR DATA CENTRE. 10 Mbps Internet bandwidth from 3 rd party at Main & DR DATA CENTRE. 5 June 2012 45

NTAMC (National Transmission Asset management Center) NTAMC National Transmission Asset management Center- Remote centralised operation, monitoring and control of POWERGRID sub-stations Main Control Centre at National level in 400kV GIS Gurgaon or Manesar substation Backup NTAMC planned at :Bangalore (Yelahanka) No of Regional Transmission Asset management Centers (RTAMCs): 9 (one for each region) Telecom to provide high speed communication links between NTAMC, RTAMCs and Sub-stations. NTAMC Connectivity Plan (Substations) Status upto Dec'12 Status upto Dec'13 Status upto June'14 Connectivity Protected Connectivity Protected Connectivity Protected Total 101 56 182 106 192 177 Phase - I 77 42 113 66 120 114 Phase - II 24 14 69 40 72 63 5 June 2012 46

Smart Grid Smart grid is a combination of the smart transmission system, the smart distribution system and integrating customer systems. Integration of distributed generation from renewable energy sources into main grid like solar photo voltaic cell, wind, biomass, mini and micro hydro is also an important feature of smart grid development.

DIGITAL PLCC Utilizes 8 KHz to establish a full DUPLEX connection Data stream including voice,data & teleprotection @ 32 Kbits/sec can be transmitted Can accommodate 3 Speech channels and 9 Data channels Relevent Standard IEC- 495 Utilizes the same band width as an analog PLC. Increase the capacity ( at least 3 times) that of analog PLC 5 June 2012 48

ADVANTAGES OF SDH TECHNOLOGY It is a transport network Based on synchronous multiplexing Fully standardized It provides high bandwidth It accommodates both synchronous and asynchronous signals for future broadband signals and new services It has standardized network management capabilities It Provides traffic protection It has flexible multiplexing structure Provides direct access to tributaries Cross-connections without de-multiplexing 5 June 2012 49

DENSE WAVE MULTIPLEXING (DWDM) SDH SDH 1 2 Optical Transponder Optical Transponder O P T I C A L FIBRE PAIR SDH IP ATM 31 32 Optical Transponder Optical Transponder Optical Transponder 3 1 3 2 DWDM M U X O P T I C A L D E M U X Intermediate Optical Amplifiers FIBRE PAIR D W D M 5 June 2012 50

TYPICAL DWDM LINK OPTICAL SIGNALS. STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 ATM IP Tx 1 2 16 W D M MUX OFA DEMUX TRANSPONDERS W D M Rx 5 June 2012 51

ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning) Project A total of 425 locations (CC, 9 RHQs, 195 substations both operational and under construction, 57 TL & TLC offices, 24 TLM offices, 34 DMS, 106 other offices) have been considered for ERP implementation. All locations are required to be connected to ERP Data Centre at Gurgaon and DR Data Centre at Bangalore. Telecom Department is responsible for providing all required connectivity for implementation of ERP Project. The connectivities are primarily planned through POWERTEL s proposed MPLS network utilizing existing & proposed FO network of POWERGRID as well as fibre/bandwidth lease. The unconnected locations shall be connected through third party VPN. 5 June 2012 52

Project cost components Fibre cost 35% Fibre installation cost 10% Equipment cost 20% Access Network 7% Auxiliaries 3% Row charges 5% Interest & finance charges 15% Miscellaneous 5% 5 June 2012 54