John E. Smee, Ph.D. Sr. Director, Engineering Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. May 2015
This presentation addresses potential use cases and views on characteristics of 5G technology and is not intended to reflect a commitment to the characteristics or commercialization of any product or service of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. or its affiliates. 2
5G targets a range of services and devices Wide Area IOE Mobile broadband Enhanced mobile broadband Smart homes/ buildings Sensing what s around, autonomous vehicles Health & fitness, medical response Smart city, smart grid and infrastructure High reliability services Increased Indoor/ outdoor hotspot capacity Remote control, process automation 3
Technology enablers for improved system designs Technology Improved RF/antenna capabilities Improved radio processing Air Interface Impact New mmwave bands, and Massive MIMO with new PHY/MAC design across bands Faster narrow/wide bandwidth switching and TDD switching Improved baseband processing Virtualized Network Elements Lower latency and faster turn around, new PHY/MAC algorithms Dynamically move processing between cloud and edge Drive fundamental improvements in user experience, coverage, and cost efficiency Deliver high quality of experience and new services across topologies and cell sizes New designs below 6 GHz and above 6 GHz including mmwave 4
Unified 5G design across spectrum types and bands From narrowband to wideband, licensed & unlicensed, TDD & FDD Band Single component carrier channel Bandwidth examples Target Characteristics Range of application requirements Diverse spectrum types FDD/TDD <3 GHz 1, 5, 10, 20MHz Deep coverage, mobility, high spectral efficiency, High reliability, wide area IoE TDD 3GHz (e.g. 3.8-4.2, 4.4-4.9) 80, 160MHz Outdoor & indoor, mesh, Peak rates up to 10gbps 5G TDD 5GHz 160, 320MHz Unlicensed TDD mmwave 250, 500 MHz, 1, 2 GHz Indoor & outdoor small cell, access & backhaul 5
5G design across services Enabling phased feature rollout based on spectrum and applications 5G Enhanced Broadband Lower latency scalable numerology across bands and bandwidths, e.g. 160 MHz Integrated TDD subframe for licensed, unlicensed TDD fast SRS design for e.g. 4GHz massive MIMO Device centric MAC with minimized broadcast Wide area IoE Low energy waveform Optimized link budget Decreased overheads Managed mesh mmwave Sub6 GHz & mmwave Integrated MAC Access and backhaul mmwave beam tracking High reliability Low latency bounded delay Optimized PHY/pilot/HARQ Efficient multiplexing of low latency with nominal 6
high reliability High reliability Designing Forward Compatibility into 5G Enabling flexible feature phasing Blank subframes and blank frequency resources Minimized broadcast Enable future features to be deployed on the same frequency in a synchronous and asynchronous manner WAN D2D WAN Vertical service multiplexing on the same carrier mmwave & 5Gsub6 5Gsub6 mmwave Compatible frame structure design for multiple modes (5Gsub6, high reliability, D2D, mmw, etc.) Enable future features to be deployed on a different frequency in a tightly integrated manner, e.g. 5Gsub6 control for mmw 7
Multi connectivity across bands & technologies 4G+5G multi-connectivity improves coverage and mobility Urban area 5G carrier aggregation with integrated MAC across sub-6ghz & above 6GHz Macro Small cell 4G & 5G small cell coverage multimode device Simultaneous connectivity across 5G, 4G and Wi-Fi 4G+5G Sub-urban area 4G+5G Rural area 4G & 5G macro coverage Leverage 4G investments to enable phased 5G rollout 8
5G targeting enhanced mobile broadband requirements Key requirements Uniform user experience Increased network capacity Higher peak rates Improved cost & energy efficiency Technical considerations Scalable numerology and TTI to support various spectrum and QoS requirements Massive MIMO to achieve high capacity, better coverage, and low network power consumption Self-contained TDD subframes to enable massive MIMO and other deployment scenarios Device centric MAC to reduce network energy consumption & improve mobility management 9
5G scalable numerology to meet varied deployment/application/complexity requirements Normal CP (e.g. outdoor picocell) Indoor Wideband (e.g. unlicensed) mmwave Sub-carrier spacing = 2N 80MHz Sub-carrier spacing = 8N 160MHz bandwidth Note: not drawn to scale Sub-carrier spacing = 16N Numerology Multiplexing ECP ECP FG ECP FG NCP NCP TTI k TTI k+1 TTI k+2 500MHz bandwidth 5G mmw synchronized to 5Gsub6 at e.g. 125us TTI level for common MAC, along with scaled subcarrier spacing, and timing alignment with 1ms LTE subframes 10
Driving down air-interface latency & enabling service multiplexing FDD Data ACK TTI 0 1 0 1 ACK 0 ACK 1 ACK 0 High reliability High reliability High reliability 2 N scaling of TTI TDD HARQ RTT Data TTI G P ACK Nominal short Nominal medium Nominal long Order of magnitude lower HARQ RTT Faster processing time and shorter TTI Driving down HARQ latency and storage Self-contained TDD subframes Integrated approach to licensed spectrum, Massive MIMO, unlicensed spectrum, D2D Decoupling UL/DL data ratio from latency Very low application layer latency Provides various levels of QoS, hence bundled TTI design for latency/efficiency tradeoff Short TTI traffic with low latency and high reliability Long TTI for low latency and higher spectral efficiency Service aware TTI multiplexing 11
Guard Period Guard Period Self-contained TDD subframes Decouple HARQ processing timeline from uplink/downlink configuration Cellular DL or mesh/d2d transmission scheduled subframe Enhanced subframe Additional headers/trailers for advanced deployment scenarios Control (Tx) Data (Tx) Uplink (Rx) PDCCH (Tx) Data (Tx) Uplink (Rx) To transmit control, data and pilots To receive ACK and other uplink control channels To support massive MIMO/ unlicensed/d2d/mesh/comp E.g. headers associated with Clear Channel Assessment (CCA), hidden node discovery protocol for 5G unlicensed spectrum access Note: Multiple users are typically multiplexed over each control/data region in FDM/TDM/SDM manner 12
5G modulation and access techniques OFDM for enhanced mobile broadband access 5G broadband access requires the following Low latency Wide channel bandwidth and high data rate Low complexity per bit OFDM is well suited to meet these requirements due to the following characteristics Scalable symbol duration and subcarrier spacing Low complexity receiver for wide bandwidth Efficiently supports MIMO spatial multiplexing and multiuser SDMA OFDM implementations allow for additional transmit/receiver filtering based on link and adjacent channel requirements In addition, resource spread multiple access (RSMA) waveforms have advantages for uplink short data bursts such as low power IoE Supports asynchronous, non-orthogonal, contention based access Reduces IoE device power overhead 13
CDF 5G coverage layer improvements (1.7km intra-site distance) with 4GHz massive MIMO & new TDD SF design 100% 90% 80% 2Rx devices 80MHz bandwidth, 24x2 20MHz bandwidth, 2x2 100% 90% 80% 4Rx devices 80MHz bandwidth, 24x4 20MHz bandwidth, 2x4 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 10 100 1000 User Throughput (Mbps) Gains of 4 GHz Massive MIMO with 80MHz compared to 2GHz with 2Tx DL over 20 MHz Leverage same cell tower locations and same transmit power as legacy systems (no new cell planning) Cell-edge user @ 1km cell radius still able to scale up throughput with bandwidth (for ~80 Mbps) 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 10 100 1000 User Throughput (Mbps) Assumptions: 46 dbm Tx power 14
mmw deployment scenarios Stand alone mmw access Collocated mmw + 5Gsub6 access Non-collocated mmw + 5Gsub6 access mmw integrated access & backhaul relay 5Gsub6 mmw 15
Advanced multicell scheduling algorithms improve mmwave user experience 100% 80% 60% No coordination Limited coordination Full coordination 40% 20% 0 0 db 5 db 10 db 15 db 20 db 25 db 30 db Interference measure (SNR - SINR) Coordinated scheduling techniques reduce interference and improve user experience Non-trivial interference from neighboring cell transmissions in mmw bands for small cell radii of ~100m 16
5G device centric MAC Control plane improvements for energy efficiency and mobility Zone 1 coverage Serving cluster Zone 3 coverage Device side: light weight mobility Transparent mobility within a device centric zone Coordinated control plane processing for tightly coupled cluster Transmit periodic sync Transmit SIB SIB transmission request Coverage for zone 2 No SIB Transmission Network energy saving with less broadcast No SIB transmission request On-demand system info. transmission When no devices are around, base station only provides a low periodicity beacon for initial discovery When a few devices enter coverage, base station provides system information via on demand unicast When many devices are present (or SI changes), base station can revert to broadcast 17
5G targeting high reliability service requirements Key requirements High reliability and availability Low end-to-end latency Minimal impacts to nominal traffic while meeting reliability and latency requirements Technical considerations Integrated nominal/high-reliability system design - New PHY coding, New FEC, and link-adaptation framework for efficient traffic multiplexing Low latency design - Efficient HARQ structure for fast turn-around - Scalable TTI for latency, reliability & efficiency tradeoff High reliability design - Large diversity orders to support bursty high-reliability traffic - New link adaptation paradigm for lower error rates 18
Hard latency bound and PHY/MAC design Single-cell multi-user evaluation/queueing model Poisson arrivals Failed 1 st Tx Failed 2 nd Tx Failed (n-1) th Tx 1st tx queue 2nd tx queue 3rd tx queue... nth tx queue Packet loss at Tx Lowest priority Highest priority freq. 1 st Tx HARQ 2 nd Tx HARQ 3 rd Tx HARQ time n th Tx HARQ... Successful transmission Residual RTT Causes of packet drop 1. Last transmission fails at Rx 2. Delay exceeds deadline at Tx queues Failed transmission Packet drop at Rx 19
High reliability capacity (Mbps) High reliability capacity (Mbps) Increased reliability benefits from wideband multiplexing Reliability, Capacity, Latency, Bandwidth Tradeoff 3.5 3 Reliability = 1e-4 3.5 3 BW = 10 MHz 2.5 Reliability = 1e-4 2.5 2 ~3X gain 2 1.5 1.5 1 0.5 total BW = 20MHz total BW = 10MHz 1 0.5 Asymptotic capacity reliability 1e-2 reliability 1e-4 0 0 0.5ms 1ms 1.5 2ms 2.5ms 3ms Hard delay bound Wider bandwidth provides significant capacity benefits FDM of high-reliability/nominal traffic is sub-optimal 0 0 0.5ms 1ms 1.5ms 2ms 2.5ms 3ms Hard delay bound At lower bandwidth, achieving very low latency bound requires drop in reliability Notes: e.g. 256 bit control every 10ms: 40 machines is 1 Mbps. Packet Error Rate (PER) results based on -3dB cell edge worse case scenario. 20
5G targeting wide area IOE requirements Key requirements Superior coverage for supporting remote and deep indoor nodes Low power consumption to enable longer battery life Better support low rate bursty communications from multiple device types including smartphone bursty traffic Scalability to enable massive number of connections Technical Approaches Non-orthogonal RSMA Resource spread multiple access Avoids energy cost of establishing synchronism Distributed scheduling Uplink IOE Non-Orthogonal Distributed Scheduling Downlink IOE Orthogonal Centralized Scheduling Uplink mesh downlink direct Leverage DL sync Coverage extension IOE Direct access on licensed e.g. FDD IOE IOE IOE Mesh on unlicensed or partitioned with uplink FDD IOE 21
5G design across services Enabling phased feature rollout based on spectrum and applications 5G Enhanced Broadband Lower latency scalable numerology across bands and bandwidths, e.g. 160 MHz Integrated TDD subframe for licensed, unlicensed TDD fast SRS design for e.g. 4GHz massive MIMO Device centric MAC with minimized broadcast Wide area IoE Low energy waveform Optimized link budget Decreased overheads Managed mesh mmwave Sub6 GHz & mmwave Integrated MAC Access and backhaul mmwave beam tracking High reliability Low latency bounded delay Optimized PHY/pilot/HARQ Efficient multiplexing of low latency with nominal 22
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