COGS 121 HCI Programming Studio Week 03 - Tech Lecture
Housekeeping Assignment #1 extended to Monday night 11:59pm Assignment #2 to be released on Tuesday during lecture
Database Management Systems and SQL Week 03 - Tech Lecture
References and Acknowledgments https://pgexercises.com Prof. A. Vaisman ( U Toronto)
What Is a DBMS? A very large, integrated collection of data describing activities of organizations. Models real-world. Entities (e.g., students, courses) Relationships (e.g., Madonna is taking CS564) A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software package designed to store and manage databases.
Why Use a DBMS? Data independence and efficient access. Reduced application development time. Data integrity and security. Different users may access different data subsets. Uniform data administration. Concurrent access, recovery from crashes.
Describing Data: Data Models A data model is a collection of concepts and constructs for describing data. A schema is a description of a particular collection of data, using the a given data model. The relational model of data is the most widely used model today. Main concept: relation, basically a table with rows and columns. Every relation has a schema, which describes the columns, or fields.
The Relational Model (Introduction) Central construct: the RELATION : a set of records. Data is described through a SCHEMA specifying the name of the relation, and name and type of each field: Students(pid: string, name: string, login: string, age: integer, gpa:real) Actual data: instance of the relations : a set of tuples, v.g.: {<53666,Jones,jones@cs,18,3.4>, <53688,Smith,smith@ee,18,3.2>, <53650,Smith,jones@math,19,3.8>,...}
Example: University Database Conceptual schema: Students(pid: string, name: string, login: string, age: integer, gpa:real) Courses(cid: string, cname:string, credits:integer) Enrolled(pid:string, cid:string, grade:string) > describes data in terms of the data model of the DBMS Physical schema: Relations stored as unordered files. Index on first column of Students. External Schema (View): Course_info(pid:string,enrollment:integer)
Querying a DBMS A DBMS provides a Query Language. Query languages allow querying and updating a DBMS in a simple way. Most popular DML (Data Manipulation Language) : SQL(Structured Query Language). Queries: List the name of student with pid=a0967546 Name and age of students enrolled in COGS121
Basic SQL SQL language Considered one of the major reasons for the commercial success of relational databases SQL Structured Query Language Statements for data definitions, queries, and updates (both DDL and DML) Core specification Plus specialized extensions
SQL Data Definition and Data Types Terminology: Table, row, and column used for relational model terms relation, tuple, and attribute CREATE statement Main SQL command for data definition
SQL schema Schema and Catalog Concepts in SQL Identified by a schema name Includes an authorization identifier and descriptors for each element Schema elements include Tables, constraints, views, domains, and other constructs Each statement in SQL ends with a semicolon
Attribute Data Types and Domains in SQL Basic data types Numeric data types Integer numbers: INTEGER, INT, and SMALLINT Floating-point (real) numbers: FLOAT or REAL, and DOUBLE PRECISION Character-string data types Fixed length: CHAR(n), CHARACTER(n) Varying length: VARCHAR(n), CHAR VARYING(n), CHARACTER VARYING(n)
Attribute Data Types and Domains in SQL Bit-string data types Fixed length: BIT(n) Varying length: BIT VARYING(n) Boolean data type Values of TRUE or FALSE or NULL DATE data type Ten positions Components are YEAR, MONTH, and DAY in the form YYYY-MM- DD
Attribute Data Types and Domains in SQL Additional data types Timestamp data type (TIMESTAMP) Includes the DATE and TIME fields Plus a minimum of six positions for decimal fractions of seconds Optional WITH TIME ZONE qualifier INTERVAL data type Specifies a relative value that can be used to increment or decrement an absolute value of a date, time, or timestamp
Specifying Key and Referential Integrity Constraints PRIMARY KEY clause Specifies one or more attributes that make up the primary key of a relation Dnumber INT PRIMARY KEY; UNIQUE clause Specifies alternate (secondary) keys Dname VARCHAR(15) UNIQUE;
Specifying Key and Referential Integrity Constraints (cont d.) FOREIGN KEY clause Default operation: reject update on violation Attach referential triggered action clause Options include SET NULL, CASCADE, and SET DEFAULT Action taken by the DBMS for SET NULL or SET DEFAULT is the same for both ON DELETE and ON UPDATE CASCADE option suitable for relationship relations
Query Languages Employee Department Name Dept Dept Manager SQL SELECT Manager FROM Employee, Department WHERE Employee.name = "Clark Kent AND Employee.Dept = Department.Dept
The SELECT-FROM-WHERE Structure of Basic SQL Queries Basic form of the SELECT statement: SELECT FROM WHERE <attribute list> <table list> <condition>; where <attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose values are to be retrieved by the query. <table list> is a list of the relation names required to process the query. <condition> is a conditional (Boolean) expression that identifies the tuples to be retrieved by the query.
The SELECT-FROM-WHERE Structure of Basic SQL Queries (cont d.) Logical comparison operators =, <, <=, >, >=, and <> Projection attributes Attributes whose values are to be retrieved Selection condition Boolean condition that must be true for any retrieved tuple
Unspecified WHERE Clause and Use of the Asterisk Missing WHERE clause Indicates no condition on tuple selection CROSS PRODUCT All possible tuple combinations
Unspecified WHERE Clause and Use of the Asterisk Specify an asterisk (*) Retrieve all the attribute values of the selected tuples
Ordering of Query Results Use ORDER BY clause Keyword DESC to see result in a descending order of values Keyword ASC to specify ascending order explicitly ORDER BY D.Dname DESC, E.Lname ASC, E.Fname ASC
Substring Pattern Matching and Arithmetic Operators LIKE comparison operator Used for string pattern matching % replaces an arbitrary number of zero or more characters underscore (_) replaces a single character Standard arithmetic operators: Addition (+), subtraction ( ), multiplication (*), and division (/) BETWEEN comparison operator
Aggregate Functions in SQL Used to summarize information from multiple tuples into a single-tuple summary Grouping Create subgroups of tuples before summarizing Built-in aggregate functions COUNT, SUM, MAX, MIN, and AVG Functions can be used in the SELECT clause or in a HAVING clause
Grouping: The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses Partition relation into subsets of tuples Based on grouping attribute(s) Apply function to each such group independently GROUP BY clause Specifies grouping attributes If NULLs exist in grouping attribute Separate group created for all tuples with a NULL value in grouping attribute
INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL Three commands used to modify the database: INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE
The INSERT Command Specify the relation name and a list of values for the tuple
The DELETE Command Removes tuples from a relation Includes a WHERE clause to select the tuples to be deleted
The UPDATE Command Modify attribute values of one or more selected tuples Additional SET clause in the UPDATE command Specifies attributes to be modified and new values
Let s Play Download and Install PGAdmin > http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/pgadmin3/release/v1.22.0/ Setup two databases Tournament host: ticino.ucsd.edu, port: 5432, database: cogs121 username: cogs121, password sql4cogs121, schema: cd DELPHI: host:delphidata.ucsd.edu, port: 5432, database: delphibetadb username: cogs121_16_user, password mch8yjs_n#2(xp, schema: cogs121_16_raw
username: cogs121 password sql4cogs121 schema: cd username: cogs121_16_user, password mch8yjs_n#2(xp, schema: cogs121_16_raw
pgadmin Demo
TopHat Attendance
TopHat Tournament