Chapter 3 Selections. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Motivations If you assigned a negative value for radius in Listing 2.1, ComputeArea.java, the program would print an invalid result. If the radius is negative, you don't want the program to compute the area. How can you deal with this situation? 2

Objectives To declare boolean type and write Boolean expressions using comparison operators ( 3.2). To program AdditionQuiz using Boolean expressions ( 3.3). To implement selection control using one-way if statements ( 3.4) To program the GuessBirthday game using one-way if statements ( 3.5). To implement selection control using two-way if statements ( 3.6). To implement selection control using nested if statements ( 3.7). To avoid common errors in if statements ( 3.8). To program using selection statements for a variety of examples (BMI, ComputeTax, SubtractionQuiz) ( 3.9-3.11). To generate random numbers using the Math.random() method ( 3.9). To combine conditions using logical operators (&&,, and!) ( 3.12). To program using selection statements with combined conditions (LeapYear, Lottery) ( 3.13-3.14). To implement selection control using switch statements ( 3.15). To write expressions using the conditional operator ( 3.16). To format output using the System.out.printf method and to format strings using the String.format method ( 3.17). To examine the rules governing operator precedence and associativity ( 3.18). (GUI) To get user confirmation using confirmation dialogs ( 3.19). Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 01321308073

The boolean Type and Operators 1. Often in a program you need to compare two values, such as whether i is greater than j. 2. Java provides six comparison operators (also known as relational operators) that can be used to compare two values. 3. The result of the comparison is a Boolean value: true or false. boolean b = (1 > 2); 4

Comparison Operators Operator Name < less than <= less than or equal to > greater than >= greater than or equal to == equal to!= not equal to 5

Problem: A Simple Math Learning Tool This example creates a program to let a first grader practice additions. The program randomly generates two single-digit integers number1 and number2 and displays a question such as What is 7 + 9? to the student. After the student types the answer, the program displays a message to indicate whether the answer is true or false. AdditionQuiz Run 6

Problem: A Simple Math Learning Tool public class AdditionQuiz { public static void main(string[] args) { int number1 = (int)(system.currenttimemillis() % 10); int number2 = (int)(system.currenttimemillis() * 7 % 10); // Create a Scanner Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print( "What is " + number1 + " + " + number2 + "? "); int answer = input.nextint(); System.out.println( number1 + " + " + number2 + " = " + answer + " is " + (number1 + number2 == answer)); 7

One-way if Statements if (boolean-expression) { statement(s); if (radius >= 0) { area = radius * radius * PI; System.out.println("The area" + " for the circle of radius " + radius + " is " + area); Boolean Expression false (radius >= 0) false true true Statement(s) area = radius * radius * PI; System.out.println("The area for the circle of " + "radius " + radius + " is " + area); (A) (B) 8

Note if i > 0 { System.out.println("i is positive"); (a) Wrong if (i > 0) { System.out.println("i is positive"); (b) Correct if (i > 0) { System.out.println("i is positive"); (a) Equivalent if (i > 0) System.out.println("i is positive"); (b) 9

Simple if Demo Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive. If the number is divisible by 2, print HiEven. SimpleIfDemo Run 10

Problem: Guessing Birthday The program can guess your birth date. Run to see how it works. = 19 + 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 3 6 7 10 11 14 15 18 19 22 23 26 27 30 31 4 5 6 7 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 28 29 30 31 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Set1 Set2 Set3 Set4 Set5 GuessBirthday Run 11

Mathematics Basis for the Game 19 is 10011 in binary. 7 is 111 in binary. 23 is 11101 in binary 10000 10 + 1 10011 00110 10 + 1 00111 10000 1000 100 + 1 11101 19 7 23 = 19 + 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 3 6 7 10 11 14 15 18 19 22 23 26 27 30 31 4 5 6 7 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 28 29 30 31 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Set1 Set2 Set3 Set4 Set5 12

The Two-way if Statement if (boolean-expression) { statement(s)-for-the-true-case; else { statement(s)-for-the-false-case; true Statement(s) for the true case Boolean Expression false Statement(s) for the false case 13

if...else Example if (radius >= 0) { area = radius * radius * 3.14159; System.out.println("The area for the + circle of radius " + radius + " is " + area); else { System.out.println("Negative input"); 14

Multiple Alternative if Statements if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; Equivalent if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; 15

animation Trace if-else statement Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; 16

animation Trace if-else statement Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; 18

animation Trace if-else statement Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; 19

animation Trace if-else statement Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; 20

Note The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the same block. int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3; if (i > j) if (i > k) System.out.println("A"); else System.out.println("B"); (a) Equivalent int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3; if (i > j) if (i > k) System.out.println("A"); else System.out.println("B"); (b) 21

Note, cont. Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To force the else clause to match the first if clause, you must add a pair of braces: int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3; if (i > j) { else if (i > k) System.out.println("A"); System.out.println("B"); This statement prints B. 22

Common Errors Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common mistake. if (radius >= 0); Wrong { area = radius*radius*pi; System.out.println( "The area for the circle of radius " + radius + " is " + area); This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error or a runtime error, it is a logic error. This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style. 23

TIP if (number % 2 == 0) even = true; else even = false; (a) Equivalent boolean even = number % 2 == 0; (b) 24

CAUTION if (even == true) System.out.println( "It is even."); (a) Equivalent if (even) System.out.println( "It is even."); (b) 25

Problem: An Improved Math Learning Tool This example creates a program to teach a first grade child how to learn subtractions. The program randomly generates two single-digit integers number1 and number2 with number1 > number2 and displays a question such as What is 9 2? to the student. After the student types the answer the program displays a message to indicate whether the answer is correct. SubtractionQuiz Run 26

Problem: An Improved Math Learning Tool public class SubtractionQuiz { public static void main(string[] args) { // 1. Generate two random single-digit integers int number1 = (int)(math.random() * 10); int number2 = (int)(math.random() * 10); // 2. If number1 < number2, swap number1 with number2 if (number1 < number2) { int temp = number1; number1 = number2; number2 = temp; // 3. Prompt the student to answer ôwhat is number1 û number2?ö System.out.print ("What is " + number1 + " - " + number2 + "? "); Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); int answer = input.nextint(); // 4. Grade the answer and display the result if (number1 - number2 == answer) System.out.println("You are correct!"); else System.out.println("Your answer is wrong.\n" + number1 + " - " + number2 + " should be " + (number1 - number2)); 27

Problem: Body Mass Index Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight in kilograms and dividing by the square of your height in meters. BMI = weightinkilograms / heightinmeters 2 The interpretation of BMI for people 16 years or older is as follows: BMI Interpretation below 16 serious underweight 16-18 underweight 18-24 normal weight 24-29 overweight 29-35 seriously overweight above 35 gravely overweight ComputeBMI Run 28

Problem: Body Mass Index public class ComputeBMI { public static void main(string[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); // Prompt the user to enter weight in pounds System.out.print("Enter weight in pounds: "); double weight = input.nextdouble(); // Prompt the user to enter height in inches System.out.print("Enter height in inches: "); double height = input.nextdouble(); final double KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.45359237; // Constant final double METERS_PER_INCH = 0.0254; // Constant // Compute BMI double weightinkilogram = weight * KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND; double heightinmeters = height * METERS_PER_INCH; double bmi = weightinkilogram / (heightinmeters * heightinmeters); 29

Problem: Body Mass Index // Display result System.out.printf("Your BMI is %5.2f\n", bmi); if (bmi < 16) System.out.println("You are seriously underweight"); else if (bmi < 18) System.out.println("You are underweight"); else if (bmi < 24) System.out.println("You are normal weight"); else if (bmi < 29) System.out.println("You are overweight"); else if (bmi < 35) System.out.println("You are seriously overweight"); else System.out.println("You are gravely overweight"); 30

Problem: Computing Taxes The US federal personal income tax is calculated based on the filing status and taxable income. There are four filing statuses: single filers, married filing jointly, married filing separately, and head of household. The tax rates for 2009 are shown below. Marginal Tax Rate Single Married Filing Jointly or Qualified Widow(er) Married Filing Separately Head of Household 10% $0 $8,350 $0 $16,700 $0 $8,350 $0 $11,950 15% $8,351 $33,950 $16,701 $67,900 $8,351 $33,950 $11,951 $45,500 25% $33,951 $82,250 $67,901 $137,050 $33,951 $68,525 $45,501 $117,450 28% $82,251 $171,550 $137,051 $208,850 $68,525 $104,425 $117,451 $190,200 33% $171,551 $372,950 $208,851 $372,950 $104,426 $186,475 $190,201 - $372,950 35% $372,951+ $372,951+ $186,476+ $372,951+ 31

Problem: Computing Taxes, cont. if (status == 0) { // Compute tax for single filers else if (status == 1) { // Compute tax for married file jointly else if (status == 2) { // Compute tax for married file separately else if (status == 3) { // Compute tax for head of household else { // Display wrong status ComputeTax Run 32

Logical Operators Operator Name! not && and or ^ exclusive or 33

Truth Table for Operator! p!p Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'M') true false false true!(age > 18) is false, because (age > 18) is true.!(gender!= 'F') is true, because (grade!= 'F') is false. 34

Truth Table for Operator && p1 p2 p1 && p2 false false false false true false true false false true true true Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F') (age > 18) && (gender == 'F') is true, because (age > 18) and (gender == 'F') are both true. (age > 18) && (gender!= 'F') is false, because (gender!= 'F') is false. 35

Truth Table for Operator p1 p2 p1 p2 false false false false true true true false true true true true Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F') (age > 34) (gender == 'F') is true, because (gender == 'F') is true. (age > 34) (gender == 'M') is false, because (age > 34) and (gender == 'M') are both false. 36

Examples Here is a program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2 and 3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3 but not both: TestBooleanOperators Run 37

Truth Table for Operator! p!p Example true false false true!(1 > 2) is true, because (1 > 2) is false.!(1 > 0) is false, because (1 > 0) is true. 38

Truth Table for Operator && p1 p2 p1 && p2 false false false false true false true false false true true true Example (3 > 2) && (5 >= 5) is true, because (3 > 2) and (5 >= 5) are both true. (3 > 2) && (5 > 5) is false, because (5 > 5) is false. 39

Truth Table for Operator p1 p2 p1 p2 false false false false true true true false true true true true Example (2 > 3) (5 > 5) is false, because (2 > 3) and (5 > 5) are both false. (3 > 2) (5 > 5) is true, because (3 > 2) is true. 40

Truth Table for Operator ^ p1 p2 p1 ^ p2 false false false false true true true false true true true false Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F') (age > 34) ^ (gender == 'F') is true, because (age > 34) is false but (gender == 'F') is true. (age > 34) (gender == 'M') is false, because (age > 34) and (gender == 'M') are both false. 41

Examples System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 and 3? " + ((number % 2 == 0) && (number % 3 == 0))); System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3? " + ((number % 2 == 0) (number % 3 == 0))); System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3, but not both? " + ((number % 2 == 0) ^ (number % 3 == 0))); TestBooleanOperators Run 42

Companion Website The & and Operators If x is 1, what is x after this expression? (x > 1) & (x++ < 10) If x is 1, what is x after this expression? (1 > x) && ( 1 > x++) How about (1 == x) (10 > x++)? (1 == x) (10 > x++)? 43

Problem: Determining Leap Year? This program first prompts the user to enter a year as an int value and checks if it is a leap year. A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by 100, or it is divisible by 400. (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100!= 0) (year % 400 == 0) LeapYear Run 44

Problem: Determining Leap Year? public class LeapYear { public static void main(string args[]) { // Create a Scanner Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a year: "); int year = input.nextint(); // Check if the year is a leap year boolean isleapyear = (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100!= 0) (year % 400 == 0); // Display the result in a message dialog box System.out.println(year + " is a leap year? " + isleapyear); 45

Problem: Lottery Write a program that randomly generates a lottery of a two-digit number, prompts the user to enter a two-digit number, and determines whether the user wins according to the following rule: If the user input matches the lottery in exact order, the award is $10,000. If the user input matches the lottery, the award is $3,000. If one digit in the user input matches a digit in the lottery, the award is $1,000. 46

Problem: Lottery public class Lottery { public static void main(string[] args) { // Generate a lottery int lottery = (int)(math.random() * 100); // Prompt the user to enter a guess Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter your lottery pick (two digits): "); int guess = input.nextint(); // Get digits from lottery int lotterydigit1 = lottery / 10; int lotterydigit2 = lottery % 10; // Get digits from guess int guessdigit1 = guess / 10; int guessdigit2 = guess % 10; System.out.println("The lottery number is " + lottery); 47

Problem: Lottery // Check the guess if (guess == lottery) System.out.println("Exact match: you win $10,000"); else if (guessdigit2 == lotterydigit1 && guessdigit1 == lotterydigit2) System.out.println("Match all digits: you win $3,000"); else if (guessdigit1 == lotterydigit1 guessdigit1 == lotterydigit2 guessdigit2 == lotterydigit1 guessdigit2 == lotterydigit2) System.out.println("Match one digit: you win $1,000"); else System.out.println("Sorry, no match"); 48

switch Statements switch (status) { case 0: compute taxes for single filers; break; case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly; break; case 2: compute taxes for married file separately; break; case 3: compute taxes for head of household; break; default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid status"); System.exit(0); 49

switch Statement Flow Chart status is 0 Compute tax for single filers break status is 1 Compute tax for married file jointly break status is 2 Compute tax for married file separatly break status is 3 Compute tax for head of household break default Default actions Next Statement 50

switch Statement Rules The switch-expression must yield a value of char, byte, short, or int type and must always be enclosed in parentheses. The value1,..., and valuen must have the same data type as the value of the switch-expression. The resulting statements in the case statement are executed when the value in the case statement matches the value of the switchexpression. Note that value1,..., and valuen are constant expressions, meaning that they cannot contain variables in the expression, such as 1 + x. switch (switch-expression) { case value1: statement(s)1; break; case value2: statement(s)2; break; case valuen: statement(s)n; break; default: statement(s)-for-default; 51

switch Statement Rules The keyword break is optional, but it should be used at the end of each case in order to terminate the remainder of the switch statement. If the break statement is not present, the next case statement will be executed. The default case, which is optional, can be used to perform actions when none of the specified cases matches the switch-expression. switch (switch-expression) { case value1: statement(s)1; break; case value2: statement(s)2; break; case valuen: statement(s)n; break; default: statement(s)-for-default; The case statements are executed in sequential order, but the order of the cases (including the default case) does not matter. However, it is good programming style to follow the logical sequence of the cases and place the default case at the end. 52

animation Trace switch statement Suppose ch is 'a': switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); case 'b': System.out.println(ch); case 'c': System.out.println(ch); 53

animation Trace switch statement ch is 'a': switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); case 'b': System.out.println(ch); case 'c': System.out.println(ch); 54

animation Trace switch statement Execute this line switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); case 'b': System.out.println(ch); case 'c': System.out.println(ch); 55

animation Trace switch statement Execute this line switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); case 'b': System.out.println(ch); case 'c': System.out.println(ch); 56

animation Trace switch statement Execute this line switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); case 'b': System.out.println(ch); case 'c': System.out.println(ch); 57

animation Trace switch statement Execute next statement switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); case 'b': System.out.println(ch); case 'c': System.out.println(ch); Next statement; 58

animation Trace switch statement Suppose ch is 'a': switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'b': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'c': System.out.println(ch); 59

animation Trace switch statement ch is 'a': switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'b': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'c': System.out.println(ch); 60

animation Trace switch statement Execute this line switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'b': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'c': System.out.println(ch); 61

animation Trace switch statement Execute this line switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'b': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'c': System.out.println(ch); 62

animation Trace switch statement Execute next statement switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'b': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'c': System.out.println(ch); Next statement; 63

if (x > 0) y = 1 else y = -1; is equivalent to Conditional Operator y = (x > 0)? 1 : -1; (boolean-expression)? expression1 : expression2 Ternary operator Binary operator Unary operator 64

Conditional Operator if (num % 2 == 0) System.out.println(num + is even ); else System.out.println(num + is odd ); System.out.println( (num % 2 == 0)? num + is even : num + is odd ); 65

Conditional Operator, cont. (boolean-expression)? exp1 : exp2 66

Use the printf statement. Formatting Output System.out.printf(format, items); 1. Where format is a string that may consist of substrings and format specifiers. 2. A format specifier specifies how an item should be displayed. 3. An item may be a numeric value, character, boolean value, or a string. 4. Each specifier begins with a percent sign. 67

Frequently-Used Specifiers Specifier Output Example %b a boolean value true or false %c a character 'a' %d a decimal integer 200 %f a floating-point number 45.460000 %e a number in standard scientific notation 4.556000e+01 %s a string "Java is cool" int count = 5; items double amount = 45.56; System.out.printf("count is %d and amount is %f", count, amount); display count is 5 and amount is 45.560000 68

Operator Precedence var++, var-- +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var (type) Casting! (Not) *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and remainder) +, - (Binary addition and subtraction) <, <=, >, >= (Comparison) ==,!=; (Equality) ^ (Exclusive OR) && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator) 69

Operator Precedence and Associativity The expression in the parentheses is evaluated first. (Parentheses can be nested, in which case the expression in the inner parentheses is executed first.) When evaluating an expression without parentheses, the operators are applied according to the precedence rule and the associativity rule. If operators with the same precedence are next to each other, their associativity determines the order of evaluation. All binary operators (except assignment) operators are leftassociative. 70

Operator Associativity When two operators with the same precedence are evaluated, the associativity of the operators determines the order of evaluation. a b + c d is equivalent to ((a b) + c) d Assignment operators are right-associative. Therefore, the expression a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b += (c = 5)) 71

Example Applying the operator precedence and associativity rule, the expression 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1 is evaluated as follows: 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * 7 1 3 + 16 > 5 * 7 1 3 + 16 > 35 1 19 > 35 1 19 > 34 false (1) inside parentheses first (2) multiplication (3) multiplication (4) addition (5) subtraction (6) greater than 72

Companion Website Operand Evaluation Order Supplement III.A, Advanced discussions on how an expression is evaluated in the JVM. 73

(GUI) Confirmation Dialogs int option = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog (null, "Continue"); 74

Problem: Guessing Birth Date The program can guess your birth date. Run to see how it works. = 19 + 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 3 6 7 10 11 14 15 18 19 22 23 26 27 30 31 4 5 6 7 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 28 29 30 31 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Set1 Set2 Set3 Set4 Set5 GuessBirthDateUsingConfirmationDialog Run 75