Making Sense of Sensors Randy Mayden, Mayden VP of Business Development Surdex Corporation randym@surdex.com
EARLYAERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 2
FIRSTAERIAL CAMERA 3
AERIAL CAMERA SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Aerial Camera System Development 4
TOPICS IMAGING SENSORS LIDAR SENSORS OBLIQUE SENSORS FUTURE SERVICES 5
Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black Henry Ford, 1909 For well over 50 years aerial cameras were film based using a 153mm (6 ) focal length lens. 90mm (3.5 ) and 300mm (12 ) lens cones available for special use Available film consisted of B&W, Color, IR and Color IR Zeiss/Jena LMK Leica Geosystems RC-30 6
Aerial Film Scanning Scan Resolution 3µm 120µm Aerial Photography Digital Raster Image! 7
Initial Aerial Digital Sensors, introduced ~2000 8
Initial Aerial Digital Sensors, introduced ~2000 These sensors were designed to replicate/replace traditional film cameras Digital data easily incorporated dinto existing digital workstation processes Metric design to achieve required H&V accuracies Provided similar flight height capabilities Analytical Triangulation Plan and Contour mapping Orthophoto generation Produced common pixel resolution provided by film scanning technology 9
Where Are the Imaging Sensors Headed? HIGHER ACQUISITION AND HIGHER RESOLUTION Reduced line breaks from terrain variance Fly above problematic airspace in metro areas Higher flight height reduces radial displacement providing near true ortho WIDER SWATH Fewer flight lines less acquisition time/cost More coverage each day DECREASING COSTS & HIGHER PERFORMANCE 10
Imaging Sensor Design and Manufacturing Trends Pixel sizes decreasing now 5 microns 12 micron 5 micron in 10 years Triggered by medical imaging advances Longer focal lengths From 60 100mm now 200mm+ Denser array and CCD matrix configurations Pushbroom: 20,000+ pixels Frame: 20,000 000 x 13,000 11
Imaging Sensors Diversity Addressing Requirements 12
Z/I DMC II 250 CCD Array 17,216 x14,660 Resolution 5.6µm Focal length 112 mm Leica ADS 100 CCD Array 20,000 x1 Resolution 5.0µm Focal length 62.5 mm Microsoft UltraCam Eagle CCD Array 20,000000 x13,000 Resolution 5.2µm Focal length 80 mm 13
The Leica ADS100 Pushbroom Camera Surdex receiving multiple units starting May, 2013 2+ years participation in design with Leica Next generation ADS80 Large swath width 20,000 pixels 5µm pixel Full RGBN arrays at nadir, forward, backward Improved mount for maximum stability Improved image motion sensitivity Faster integration time higher aircraftspeed No panchromatic array 14
Color 10cm (~4 ) Test Flight Image Under Cloud Layer 15
CIR 10cm (~4 ) Test Flight Image Under Cloud Layer 16
Spectral Responses Varying designs Discrete vs. overlapping Near vs. further infrared All capable of multispectral 17
Pushbroom vs. Frame Camera Seamlines Left: ADS80, summer 2012 Right: DMC, spring 2012 90% fewer linear seamlines Fewer seamlines Less production Reduced QC effort Higher quality product 18
Airborne LiDAR Increases in scanning rates 5 years ago, 100kHz was the standard Now it is 500kHz Increased density Commonly 10 1 1.0 1.4post spacing for topographic data 10+ points/meter for forestry, geotechnical, 20+ energy. 50 to100+ points/meter with new systems Can we deal with the increased storage of this data? 19
Laser Scanner Specifications Long Range Scanner LMS Q280 Laser Wavelength: Nominal Range: 1.06 um Eff. Pulse Rate: 10 khz Scan Angle: Applanix POS/DG 510 Inertial Measurement Missouri Unit (IMU) Statewide most Mapping Program accurate IMU commercially available Riegl LMS Q280 Laser Scanner 1200 m (3950 ft) for 80% reflective target 10 khz 22.5 deg 80 Hz Scan Rate: Beam Divergence: 0.5 mrad (1.7 arcsec) Range Accuracy: 20 mm Angle Accuracy: 0.0025 deg Returns: Either last or first return (or alternating pulse to pulse) plus 24 bit color return Eye Safe Range: 100 m Laser Safety Class: Class 3B (eye and skin hazard if viewed directly or specular reflections) 20
LiDAR Sensors Max Flight Altitude: 16,400 Laser Pulse Rate: 500kHz Scan Frequency :140 khz Field of View: 75 Range Returns: 4 returns Intensity Returns: 4 intensity returns Pegasus ATLM Courtesy of Optech 21
LiDAR Sensors Max Flight Altitude: 10,000 Laser Pulse Rate: 266kHz Scan Frequency :400 khz Field of View: 60 Range Returns: up to 10 returns IntensityReturns: up to10 intensity returns LMS-Q780 Courtesy of Riegl Measurement Systems 22
LiDAR Sensors Max flight Altitude 11,500 Pulse rates up to 500kHz Scan rates up to 200kHz Unlimited range returns from each outbound pulse FOV of 75 Unlimited intensity returns from each outbound pulse 3 user selectable scan patterns, sinusoid, triangle and raster Leica ALS 70HP SP3 23
As installed in aircraft 24
Changing Oblique Marketplace Pictometry patents expiring openings for others ESRI, Intergraph now focusing on applications Google, Microsoft, Apple, etc fighting in another space How much do geospatial professionals use/depend on this data? 25
Sampling of Available Oblique Camera Systems Leica RCD30 5 Head configuration (Penta) 3 Head configuration (Trio) MIDAS (Track Air) Up to 5 cameras Pictometry 5 or 9 cameras Vexcel Osprey (Just Announced) 5 cameras 26
Leica RCD30 Oblique Camera Penta: 5 cameras Nadir+fwd+aft+left+right 4 band nadir Ideal for urban areas Trio: 3 cameras Nadir+fwd+aft Corridor applications 27
RCD30 Oblique System Surdex s Penta configuration Clayton, Missouri (Fall, 2012) Approximately 6 GSD 28
Intriguing New Value Added Data Leica/Intergraph 3D Orthos From vertical or oblique imagery Pixel level stereo correlation for DEM An ortho with elevation Images Courtesy Leica/Intergraph 29
So.Where are we going from here, What can we expect? IMAGE SENSOR TECHNOLOGY MAY HAVE HIT ANOTHER PLATEAU UAV S S. WATCH YOUR HEAD! OBLIQUE TECHNOLOGY MARKET SHOULD EXPAND DATA PROCESSING LIDAR SENSORS AND EXPLOITATION SHOULD CONTINUE CONTINUE TO TO EVOLVE MOVE AT A RAPID PACE 30
We have great technology but remember. 31